In a different case, 1930, congress passed the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act to protect domestic industries and farmers. The Act raised average tariff rates from 40 percent to 47 percent, reached the highest in decades. It quickly turned into a trade war, U.S. trade partners responses included – “an increase in tariffs by the United Kingdom, prohibitive Italian tariffs on automobiles, significantly increased Spanish duties on products largely imported from the United States (e.g., automobiles, tires, tubes, and motion pictures), and similar Canadian actions against U.S. imports” (Deese et al. 63). During this period, U.S. export to Europe dropped from $2,341 million in 1929 to $784 million in 1932, while imported goods went from $1,334 million in