...The Snowball Earth Hypothesis [pic] FIRST NAME, LAST NAME ID# Course number Contents Introduction 3 Synoptic Description of the Snowball Earth Hypothesis 3 Causes of the Snowball Earth 5 Occurrence of the Snowball Effect 6 Impacts of the Snowball Effect 8 Personal Suggestions 9 Conclusion 10 Works Cited 12 Introduction Massive changes in the earth’s climate are of particular note to environmental studies as they bear the potential to affect life greatly. Such geological and climatological changes are associated with the different ages that the earth has lived through, as well as the extinction and generation of various life forms. The Snowball Earth Hypothesis represents a concept explaining a possible climate and geological change in a past age in which the earth was entirely covered with ice. It explains contemporary observations about rock type distribution such as equatorial sedimentary deposits considered being from glacial origin (Cowen 50-51). This study analyzes the Hypothesis, providing a synoptic distribution, cause explanation, occurrence, and impact, before presenting a personal suggestion based on reflection on the evidence analyzed. Synoptic Description of the Snowball Earth Hypothesis The Snowball Earth Hypothesis focusses on the unparalleled climatic fluctuations that occurred during the Neoproterozoic time, positing that a global ice cover characterized this period. The hypothesis posits that the earth completely...
Words: 2227 - Pages: 9
...One Earth Overview Astronomers have discovered dozens of planets orbiting other stars, and space probes have explored many parts of our solar system, but so far scientists have only discovered one place in the universe where conditions are suitable for complex life forms: Earth. In this unit, examine the unique characteristics that make our planet habitable and learn how these conditions were created. Surfaces of Mars, Moon, Venus, Earth. Source: NASA Sections: 1. Introduction 2. Many Planets, One Earth 3. Reading Geologic Records 4. Carbon Cycling and Earth's Climate 5. Testing the Thermostat: Snowball Earth 6. Atmospheric Oxygen 7. Early Life: Single-Celled Organisms 8. The Cambrian Explosion and the Diversification of Animals 9. The Age of Mammals 10. Further Reading Unit 1 : Many Planets, One Earth -1- www.learner.org 1. Introduction Earth's long history tells a story of constant environmental change and of close connections between physical and biological environments. It also demonstrates the robustness of life. Simple organisms first appeared on Earth some 3.8 billion years ago, and complex life forms emerged approximately 2 billion years ago. Life on Earth has endured through many intense stresses, including ice ages, warm episodes, high and low oxygen levels, mass extinctions, huge volcanic eruptions, and meteorite impacts. Untold numbers of species have come and gone, but life has survived even the most extreme fluxes. To understand why Earth has...
Words: 8890 - Pages: 36
...company by the name of Rayovac. Who would have thought that such hype could come from a battery company? Their campaign increased their followers by 30% in only 2 days (Black, L., 2011). This number is staggering, definitely one any company would want to replicate. Knowing mass media was the best way to their consumers, Rayovac Batteries maximized the opportunity they had of consumers being stuck at home during one of the worst snow storms in February of 2011. The basis of the campaign was to draw awareness of their company. They created a fun virtual snowball fight on twitter where every follower that threw a virtual snowball to someone also changed their twitter profile picture to a Rayovac branded image (Black, L., 2011). This campaign had to be created quickly as the time was limited for this weather situation when it would be most impactful. The company kept things light and fun. Nationally the campaign was being called one big snowball party (Rayovac.com, 2012). The fact here is Rayovac accomplished their goal to put their name out there for others to see. When a consumer goes to shop for a battery, the first battery company name the recall will be Rayovac. Now that Rayovac has their name in their minds, this is where some additional...
Words: 904 - Pages: 4
... Then, slowly mix in shaving cream. I used one large box of baking soda and almost a full can of shaving foam. As you slowly mix in the shaving cream you will discover a fantastic mold-able snow. The snow is super soft, silky smooth, and smells so clean and fresh. It is also naturally cold. I am not sure why exactly but it is! It feels just like fresh fallen powder in your hands. Playing with the snow just like this is LOTS of FUN! Rosie added glitter just for fun but it isn't necessary of course. She had a blast making snow balls and snow men for a while. Then I surprised her with the magical aspect of the snow. I gave her a spray bottle of vinegar and she had a blast makingMAGIC SNOWBALLS! She also loved making the snowmen she made erupt! Then she dropped a few snowballs in a bowl of vinegar to make a snow avalanche and huge snow ERUPTIONS! This ERUPTING Snow is just too fun! With or without the vinegar it makes a fabulous sensory snow! Now that we...
Words: 375 - Pages: 2
...Matt put his gear fast as he could so when it started he had a lot of snow balls than the other people and made a fort at that time for he could hide and he didn’t want to waste time. When Anna Tomy came they didn’t see Matt but they did see his fort that he made in the morning but they knew that it was suspicious and something was going down. They were standing there for three minutes and they were just looking at it and Matt knew it was the only time to do this he came up and throw snowballs Anna and Tomy went to their forts and started the war of snowballs. They both had something for the war that they brought, Anna and Matt new what Tomy had but they didn’t know that what Anna had but for Matt they knew that what he did when Matt was down...
Words: 263 - Pages: 2
...This is stage one of building the body of a snowman. In order to have a strong upright standing snowman, you must have a solid base. Pack a handful of snow tightly in your hand, and then roll it along the ground. It will very quickly accumulate more snow and begin to grow. Once it's reached around 2-3 feet wide your snowman will be ready for the next step. Once your base is complete you can begin stage two of building the body of a snowman. This is done the same way as the first ball only about 2/3 the size. You have to keep in mind that you'll have to be able to lift it up onto the first ball, so don't make it too large. Once you’ve rolled the snowball to the desired size, place it on top of the base, be sure that when you place it on top that it is snug and they stuck together, so that it doesn’t fall when you let...
Words: 825 - Pages: 4
...of things. We went skiing and tubing. We made big snowmen, and had lots of snowball fights. My big brother helped me make a snow fort. It’s awesome! I can stand up inside it cuz it’s so big! My grammy and grampa came and stayed with us for Christmas. I love when they come visit, grammy always brings lots of candy and presents and grampa tells the funniest stories. I got so much cool stuff for Christmas. Santa brought me a doll house and lots of dolls with a car and lots of furniture for it. Mommy and daddy got me clothes, art thingys, a baby doll that actually goes potty, and a bunch more. Mommy gave me a special necklace. It’s called a locket. It’s a heart and opens, and there’s picture of our family inside it. It’s so pretty. I wore it on Christmas with my pretty dress. My dress was red with silver sparklys in it and a silver bow. Mommy put my hair in braids and helped me get dressed for Christmas dinner. I ate so much. I had turkey and ham and stuffing and cranberry sauce and pie and cookies and candy and mashed potatoes and carrots and rolls. I was so full my belly hurt. Mommy told me to go play with my toys and relax. I didn’t want to relax though. I wanted to play with my cousins. I never get to see them, and they were here. I love my cousins. We have so much fun playing together. We played tag and hide-and-go-seek. Then we all went outside and had a great big snowball fight. After the snowball fight was over we all went inside had some yummy hot cocoa with lots and...
Words: 351 - Pages: 2
...Ice Ages Glaciations are long lasting periods during which temperatures around the entire earth down considerably resulting in the expansion of the continental ice of the polar ice caps and glaciers. "In periods of glaciation are more severe conditions and others a little more temperate glacial and interglacial periods called periods respectively." There have been several periods of glaciation throughout the life of our planet Earth, The Huronian (2400-2100 thousand years), Cryogenic (850-635 ty), the Andean-Saharan Africa (450-420 ty) Karoo (360-260 ty) and Quaternary (2.58 ty-present). Within each of those years of glaciation may have subdivisions depending on the geographical scope and the time of glaciation. The Huronian glaciation glaciation is the oldest known and most lasting. The second glaciation known as Cryogenic was considered the most severe and is believed to date produced more than one SNOWBALL EARTH in the balloon terraque froze completely. It is known as SNOWBALL EARTH to a series of global glaciations where oceans and continents were covered by thick ice sheets reaching temperatures of -50 degrees Celsius. His impact was so strong that he thinks that life was about to disappear from the planet. It is believed that periods of intense cold were obstacles to the evolution of multicellular life. The oldest known embryos appear a million years after completion of the global glaciation. It is assumed that the ice and the cold prevented the...
Words: 626 - Pages: 3
...Smaller Objects in the Solar System Asteroids are small, airless rocky worlds revolving around the sun that are too small to be called planets. They are also known as planetoids or minor planets. In total, the mass of all the asteroids is less than that of Earth's moon. But despite their size, asteroids can be dangerous. Many have hit Earth in the past, and more will crash into our planet in the future. That's one reason scientists study asteroids and are eager to learn more about their numbers, orbits and physical characteristics. Most asteroids lie in a vast ring between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. The main asteroid belt holds more than 200 asteroids larger than 60 miles long. Nearly all asteroids are irregularly shaped, although a few are nearly spherical. A comet is an icy body that releases gas or dust. They are often compared to dirty snowballs, though recent research has led some scientists to call them snowy dirtballs. Comets contain dust, ice, carbon dioxide, ammonia, methane and more. Astronomers think comets are leftovers from the gas, dust, ice and rocks that initially formed the solar system about 4.6 billion years ago. Comets orbit the sun but are believed to be located in an area called the Oort Cloud, far beyond the orbit of Pluto. Meteorites vary in size from a few millimetres across to several feet in diameter. Meteorites are rarely round in shape. They are typically irregular, with rounded edges. The surface of a freshly fallen meteorite will appear black...
Words: 302 - Pages: 2
...that nature should be appretiated a lot more for all to enjoy and be a part of. Nature can be both a wonderful and terrible thing, and we all have the power to make a positive or negative impact on it. Nature isn’t constantly the same due to changes in weather. As the year goes by, so do the seasons. A season is a subdivision of the year, and there are four subdivisions in a year. The seasons are based on the rotation of the earth around the sun. As the earth revolves around the sun, it gets closer and then farther, resulting in hot and cold weather throughout the year. Each season lasts 3 months and the temperature gradually changes in-between. Spring is when slightly warm weather comes through, during this time, the plants begin to bloom. During summer the earth is closest to the sun making it the hottest time of the year. This also brings more hours daylight. Fall is when the earth starts to pull away from the sun. During this time the weather starts to get cold and the leaves fall from their trees. Winter time is the coldest time of the year, the earth is far from the sun at this point. Nighttime hours are longer than daytime, and also comes the chance of snow. As seasons come and go, so do the activities that people enjoy doing. During the spring, people are excited for upcoming events since the weather will not be cold anymore. Going out for a walk through a trail would be best at this point. Summer is when people enjoy most of what nature has to offer. Since it is hot,...
Words: 614 - Pages: 3
...Global Warming: Fact or Fiction Margaret A. Brown AIU Online Global warming, also known as the green house effect is a topic that has received much attention in recent years. There are many who believe the global warming is real and will cause the destruction of earth as we know it. There are also many who believe that although global warming is happening, it will not lead to the destruction of the earth, but may in fact help it. For centuries, the earth gases were in balance. Humans and animals produce these gases by burning food in our bodies with the oxygen we breathe. Trees and other plants reverse the process with photosynthesis, turning carbon dioxide back into oxygen and vegetation which is food for us and the animals (Global Warming: background, 2009 ). With the growth of the human population and activities, there is no way that plants and oceans can absorb the billions of tons of greenhouse gases produced by the earth each year.. Yes the earth is already showing many signs of worldwide climate change. The average temperatures have climbed 1.4 degrees Fahrenheit (0.8 degree Celsius) since 1880, with much of this in recent decades. The rate of warming is increasing. These last two decades of the 20th century is reported as the hottest in 400 years. The average temperatures in Alaska, western Canada, and eastern Russia have risen at twice the global average. Arctic ice is rapidly disappearing...
Words: 1311 - Pages: 6
...Global Warming “We know that if climate change is not stopped, all parts of the world will suffer. Some will even be destroyed.”— (British Prime Minister Tony Blair, September 2002) There are many environmental issues that seem to be recognized by humans in today’s society. The most important one to me is global warming because it is one of the most serious challenges facing today’s society. Throughout the world, Earth is showing several signs of climate change. Research has shown that Earth is warming rapidly than ever in the past 1000 years. Global warming is due to the substantial increase in greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide. The burning of fossil fuel has already raised levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide to their highest for the last 20 million years. The most recent report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), shows there is clear evidence for a 1.1 degrees Fahrenheit (0.6 degrees Celsius) rise in global temperatures and a 7 ¼ in (20 cm) rise is sea level during the twentieth century (Maslin, 2007, p. 7). For example, Arctic ice is decreasing leaving polar bears suffering from the ice loss. The following paper includes what is global warming, causes of global warming, possible global warming effects, what the government doing to prevent global warming, and what is being done at the international level to address global warming. What is global warming? Oil and coal are two of the main problems behind global warming. Global warming is...
Words: 1441 - Pages: 6
...believe that nature, the sun and moon, the star, even human beings never had a beginning. There is an endless, external cycle of birth, life and death that constantly repeats itself and it never began and will never end. In the Book of Genesis in the Bible, it was written that at first the world did not exist and that God is the only one who existed. So He created the world. The universe is the totality of everything that has ever existed. It is so large that it contains billions of stars, and all of the planets, galaxies and all of space. The study of the universe is called Cosmology. Traditional Views about the Universe 1. Geocentric Universe Greeks believed that the earth was a sphere that stayed motionless at the center of the universe or the geocentric (Earth-centered) view. Orbiting the earth were seven wanderers (planetai in Greek) including the sun, the moon and the known planets, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn. Greece was centered as the “Golden Age” of early astronomy. Claudius Ptolemy created the book Almagest, the only surviving comprehensive ancient treatise on astronomy. His geocentric outlook later became the Ptolemaic system in the second century A.D. and dominated western thought for some 2000 years. 2. The Heliocentric System The view of the universe in which the sun is taken to be at the center is called the heliocentric system. It was first proposed by Aristarchus of Samos but is...
Words: 13032 - Pages: 53
...Susu You Professor Michael Blitz Alternate Worlds 2 October 2013 Movies’ scene I saw from the past has directly affected my thought sometime. I always imagine what happen in the movies is really happening in the real world. The most affective one was this scene where a guy threw his banana skin on the floor when he finished eating it. After a minute a passenger walked by, he steps on the banana skin while he was reading, then he lost his balance and fall down on the ground hard, where his head hits on a huge rock. He died when he was in the hospital. This scene makes me very uncomfortable when I eating banana. I always feel like very time I threw away a banana skin, I will kill a person on the street. At the same time when I see someone eating it or seeing a skin on the floor will also make me think that way. One day I realized its true. This is really happening in the real world. Banana has turn into an evil fruit. They try to revenge because we keep eating them. This will bring a big consequence to the world, because non-living thing started killing people for revenge, human population will start decreasing because we need the nutrients from the fruits, so people need to eat them it daily basic to keep sickness away from them, but at the same time they don’t know every time they finishing eat a banana, a person in the world will die. So in next ten years, human population will be decreasing on a big amount of portion. In end we...
Words: 285 - Pages: 2
...GEOGRAPHY STYUDY GUIDE William Morris Davis- father of American geography, Light year- a unit of distance equal to the distance that light travels in one year Terrestrial planets- Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars, The terrestrial planets in our Solar System are also known as the inner planets because these planets are the four closest to the Sun. Jovian planets- known as gas giants. There are four Jovian planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. These four planets also comprise the outer planets. Solar systems- comprises the Sun and its planetary system of eight planets Rotation- when a planet or moon turns all the way around or spins on its axis one time. The axis of rotation is an imaginary line going from the north pole to the south pole. Revolution- earth goes around the sun once a year Tropic of Cancer- also referred to as the Northern tropic, is the circle of latitude on the Earth that marks the most northerly position at which the Sun may appear directly overhead at its zenith Tropic of Capricorn- It is the southernmost point on Earth where the sun's rays can be directly overhead at local noon. It is also one of the five major circles of latitude dividing the Earth Contour lines- a line on a map or chart joining points of equal height or depth Often shortened to contour The weather elements- Insolation- is a measure of solar radiation energy received on a given surface area and recorded during a given time Electromagnetic spectrum- is the range...
Words: 887 - Pages: 4
