...Social Biases name Psych 555 date instructor Social Biases Bias comes in many forms, including race, age, gender, and ethnicity and can be universal or location specific (Fiske, 2010). It is described as favoring thinking of particular way, or something to watch. Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination are all forms of biases because of the treatment the individual receives from others (Fiske, 2010). Bias is defined as “a particular tendency or inclination, especially one that prevents unprejudiced consideration of a question; prejudice” (Bias, n.d.). Social interactions between some groups might create common biases. Social biases may be harmful and interfere with human interaction (Fiske, 2010). Define concepts of prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination Prejudice is a baseless and usually negative attitude toward members of a group. Fiske (2010) states “prejudice entails reacting emotionally to an individual on the basis of one’s feeling about the group as a whole” (p. 429). Prejudice can be based on a number of factors including, nationality, religion, sexual orientations, age, race, and sex. The most commonly seen prejudice in society is racism, sexism, ageism, religious prejudice, homophobia, and nationalism. Every race, culture, country, and community has a stereotype. By stereotyping a group, it has become a way to oversimplifying the group. Stereotyping is often negative and exaggerated; it is a set of generalizations about...
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...SOC 100 WK 10 ASSIGNMENT 4 PART 4 To purchase this visit here: http://www.activitymode.com/product/soc-100-wk-10-assignment-4-part-4/ Contact us at: SUPPORT@ACTIVITYMODE.COM SOC 100 WK 10 ASSIGNMENT 4 PART 4 SOC 100 WK 10 Assignment 4 - Part 4 Investigate a Social Issue - Final Paper Working from your previous assignments and from the feedback of your professor, you will now write the final draft of your paper. Specifically, you will submit a three to five (3-5) page paper in which you address all of the following: 1. Specific Hypothesis. Introduce your paper by identifying the specific hypothesis you are evaluating in this paper. 2. Applicable Sociological Concepts. Identify the sociological theories and terminology from the text that apply to your social issue 3. Practical Implications. Discuss the value of sociological research into your issue. Determine whether or not there are (or would be) practical implications of sociological inquiry into this issue. 4. Evidence. This is the most important part of the paper. Analyze at least two (2) lines of evidence that pertain to the hypothesis you are evaluating. Does the evidence support your hypothesis? For each type of evidence, consider possible biases and alternative interpretations. 5. Conclusions. Draw conclusions based on the evidence that you have discovered. Does the evidence confirm or refute your hypothesis? Is the evidence sufficiently convincing to draw firm conclusions about your hypothesis? Activity...
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...Social Biases University of Phoenix Dr. Kinsey August 20, 2012 Social Biases In today’s society social biases can be a problem because many people may look down on another person or group. People and groups can look down on another person believing he or she is better than the other. This type of social influence that some groups may have can generate common biases. Social biases can hinder interaction between people and become very damaging to people (Fiske, 2010). “Just as aggression research reveals the basic social psychology of processes that can prove deadly, the research on bias reveals processes that are demonstrably unhealthy and sometimes deadly for both agents and targets of bias” (Fiske, 2010, p. 428). Characterizing a specific way of thinking or the way a person is being view is sometimes called bias. People’s behavior and attitude which may be influenced by judgment can be displayed as bias. Many people do not realize they are bias, because it is not common to know you the person is bias. Others may identify a person being bias but one may not realize they are bias. In this paper I will define the concept of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination. Explain the differences between subtle and blatant bias, and identify some common bias and ways to prevent bias in today’s society. Concept of Social Bias Social Bias is “prejudice attitudes toward particular groups, races, sexes, or religions, including the conscious or unconscious...
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...Vulnerable Population and Self-Awareness Paper NUR/440 – Health Assessment and Promotion For Vulnerable Population 12 December 2011 Vulnerable Populations and Self Awareness Introduction This paper is a study of the vulnerable population of the elderly in the United States and will discuss the mindfulness of this author’s personal biases, attitudes, and conceived stereotypes regarding this population. The patient chosen as an example for this paper is Norma James from the University of Phoenix “neighborhood”. Mrs James is a widow who’s vulnerability relating to health care will be compared with information gathered through research and applied to the elderly population and those with chronic illness. The vulnerabilities faced by Norma will be a realistic representation of the challenges associated with this population. Elderly Patients with Chronic Illness Despite the efforts of healthcare providers and various organizations across the United States to reduce or eliminate disparities within vulnerable healthcare populations, significant disparities continue to cause limited access to healthcare. This limitation poses risk to populations such as elderly and those living in poverty. The health domains of vulnerable populations can be divided into 3 categories: physical, psychological, and social. Those with physical needs include the elderly, chronically ill and disabled, chronic medical conditions include respiratory diseases, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia...
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...some of the deepest levels of thought. Our cognitive processes are shaped by the categories established to continue the hierarchies based on colonial perceptions of race (Lowe 2015). I am referring to implicit biases, those unknown personal attitudes that impact our behavior. These biases arise from stereotypes, some of which are benign,...
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...even as he/she reports the facts. When we ask how to provide medical care, how to enforce the law, how to work in the legal profession, how to do science, how to educate children – when we ask how any profession should be done – there is always more than one possible answer. We have to decide which answers work best, and the research almost always provides some evidence for both (or many) sides. Facts mean nothing without interpretation – we have to decide what the facts mean, what their consequences are. So we need to get used to using facts, not just reporting them. We need to write expository essays that include our own opinions and points of view. Ethnography is a science that allows for this kind of writing. Ethnographers study social communities (“cultures”) from the inside out – the researcher lives in and among the people she studies for months or years, speaking the language, participating in daily life. He or she takes copious notes on the details of everyday life. He transcribes thousands of...
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...throughout this paper. I chose to write about these five activities because they were insightful, and I learned a lot from doing them. Agency’s Confidentiality Policy One activity I chose to complete in my learning contract was to read and follow Wright County’s confidentiality policy within the first week of my internship. This activity falls under objective one in my learning contract: Demonstrate Ethical and Professional Behavior. This activity connects to objective one because it helped me to better understand the expectations at Wright County. Additionally, this activity made me engage in professional behaviors. By understanding their confidentiality policy, I am engaging in professional behavior because I am following the agency’s policy. Social workers must understand their roles and responsibilities in not only the social work profession, but also their role at the agency. To complete this activity, I did the training on the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA). This training taught me the importance of confidentiality. In addition, my supervisor and I discussed...
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...Systems Reinforce Institutionalized Oppression Critical Response Paper Mother Blaming: How Welfare Systems Reinforce Institutionalized Oppression Introduction States have established several entities to ensure the safety and well being of their citizens; of particular importance is protecting the welfare of vulnerable populations, such as the disabled, minor children, and the elderly. Social welfare policies and programs also serve to afford equal and/or equitable opportunities for vulnerable populations, to level the playing field and minimize the effects that years of oppression tends to have on members of the non-dominant culture. Although welfare systems aim to improve the lives of our nation’s vulnerable populations, institutional oppression has also permeated this system, influencing the research, practices, and policies of professionals in their respective fields. Consequently, a system that was established to protect and assure the well being of vulnerable populations has also served to re/victimize and reinforces the oppression of the lives of those involved with these systems. The manifestation of gender bias and institutional oppression in the welfare systems are social justice issues with vast implications for vulnerable populations; according to the NASW Code of Ethics, as professional social workers, we have an ethical responsibility to challenge social injustice and pursue social change, particularly on behalf of vulnerable and oppressed individuals...
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...com/shop/elements-of-clinical-psychology/ Elements of Clinical Psychology PSY 480 Week 1 Clinical Psychology Paper Write a 1,050- to 1,400-word paper in which you examine clinical psychology. Address the following items: Discuss the history and evolving nature of clinical psychology. Explain the role of research and statistics in clinical psychology. Discuss the differences between clinical psychology and other mental health professions, including social work, psychiatry, and school psychology. Include a minimum of two sources from peer-reviewed publications. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Discussion Questions How does research affect clinical practice? Is all research equally trustworthy? Explain your answer. What are some of your biases about mental health? How do you think you formed these biases? Week 2 Discussion Questions Can effective therapy happen without administering psychological testing? Explain why or why not. Under what circumstances is testing useful? In what ways does culture influence psychological testing? PSY 480 Week 3 Psychological Testing Article Individual Assignment: Psychological Testing Article Analysis Resources: Electronic Reserve Readings, the University Library, or other resources Locate an article concerning the use of psychological testing in the workplace (e.g., the use of personality tests during the interview process). Write a 1,050- to 1,400-word paper in which you analyze your selected article. Address the following: Briefly summarize...
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...9th, June 2014 “Use Bruner’s perceptual model and social identity theory to explain why performance appraisals and interviewers’ judgement are frequently inaccurate.” Perception involves interpreting the messages of our senses to provide a personal understanding and meaning to the environment. One of the major perceptions that influence organizational behaviour deals with the perceptions that employers or managers have of their staff or potential staff. When dealing with perception, there are three components to take into consideration; a perceiver, a target that is being perceived and a situational factor which allows the perception process to occur. Perception is heavily influenced by the perceivers’ personal experiences, emotions, motives and basic understanding of behaviour. In this situation, the perceiver will be the employer and his judgement on any particular employee can often be very inaccurate due to the personal influences which allow him to formulate a particular conclusion. A perceiver’s past experiences and observations of people who he frequently interact with, would have embedded certain expectations within his subconscious and cloud current perceptions about new or existing employees. The employer’s motivational and emotional state during the appraisal or interview process can place major biases on his decision as these states often influence our interpretation and perception of target or situation that involves the target, such as an interview. The target...
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...hallucinations and delusional thinking, distorted thoughts or behaviours, even personality changes. Current criteria for diagnosis includes experiencing one or more symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized or catatonic behaviour, negative symptoms; disturbed social cognition and functioning, bizarre behaviour, emotional labiality (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). Traditionally treatment and conceptualisation of psychotic symptoms has been more the domain of psychiatry. The use of ‘psychosis’ as a term first emerged towards the end of the 1800’s as a new label for ‘madness’ and as a way of classifying illness of the mind. It wasn’t until the mid 1900’s there was a shift in the perception of psychosis and possible psychological processes contributing to psychotic experiences. Bentall (1993) further supported this by writing about understanding psychotic symptoms based on an individuals’ presenting distress/ difficulties rather than focusing on a medical model of psychosis treatment. Though Aaron Beck in the development of the cognitive approach to emotional disorders did explore the idea of adapting a cognitive model to psychosis in a paper in 1952, “Successful outpatient psychotherapy of a chronic schizophrenic with a delusion based on borrowed guilt”, it hasn’t been until the last few decades, with the expanse and empirical evidence for cognitive behavioural therapy as a treatment mode, and a focus of treatment of clients with psychosis...
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...different levels of capitalism, financial market experience and knowledge, Asia is definitely a fertile ground for the study od behavioral finance. According to conventional financial theory, the world and its participants are, for the most part, rational "wealth maximizers". However, there are many instances where emotion and psychology influence our decisions, causing us to behave in unpredictable or irrational ways. Asians in general suffer from cognitive biases, more so than Westerners, often being viewed as ‘Gamblers. Behavioral finance is a relatively new field that seeks to combine behavioral and cognitive psychological theory with conventional economics and finance to provide explanations for why people make irrational financial decisions .It calls for investigation into higher mental processes, memory, perception, problem solving and thinking .This paper looks at some of the anomalies (i.e., irregularities) that conventional financial theories have failed to explain. In addition, review underlying reasons and biases that cause some people to behave irrationally. 2.- Brief survey of the literature The following areas of research have been covered, from the mid 1980’s to the main focus of the article(special edition 2008): Overreaction and Availability Bias, Overconfidence, Cultural difference, Superstition, education and life experience, “house money effect” managerial optimism, collective orientated vs individual dynamic, or Gambler's Fallacy, Trading venue affect,...
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...HOW AN UNDERSTANDING OF PSYCHOLOGY AND/OR CULTURE CAN HELP MANAGERS THINK CLEARLY ABOUT RISK AND UNCERTAINTY By SALAMI, SIKIRU ADIO Matric No.: 129022064 BEING A TERM PAPER PRESENTED TO PROFESSOR R.O. AYORINDE PROGRAMME: MASTERS OF RISK MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT: Department of Insurance & Actuarial Science FACULTY: Business Administration University of Lagos April, 2014 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION PEOPLE’S ATTITUDE TOWARDS RISK CUTURE THEORY CHRONICLING RISK CULTURE STRENGTHENING RISK CULTURE Road Map For Continuous Cultural Improvement MEASURING CORPORATE CULTURE CULTURE PERSPECTIVE -Functionalist and interpretive view of culture ATTAINING RISK MATURITY CONCLUSION REFERENCES INTRODUCTION This paper intends to examine the influence of culture, and psychology of human behaviour on the appreciation of risk and uncertainty. In other words, the paper seeks to provide managers with the proper tools to develop sound responses to risk based on objective analysis of facts in lieu of distorted cultural biases and shallow psychological influences. Effort would be made to chronicle how our responses to risk are often influenced by heuristic biases, psychometric paradigms, and emotional literacy. These influences form the attitudes that become mental hurdles to approaching risk objectively and proactively. Risk in general terms is the possibility of deviation from expectations. Risk covers the entire spectrum of known and unknown possibilities...
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...abilities and behavioral biases Jörg Oechssler a,∗ , Andreas Roider a , Patrick W. Schmitz b a b Department of Economics, University of Heidelberg, Bergheimer Str. 58, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany Department of Economics, University of Cologne, Germany a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t We use a simple, three-item test for cognitive abilities to investigate whether established behavioral biases that play a prominent role in behavioral economics and finance are related to cognitive abilities. We find that higher test scores on the cognitive reflection test of Frederick [Frederick, S., 2005. Cognitive reflection and decision-making. Journal of Economic Perspectives 19, 25–42] indeed are correlated with lower incidences of the conjunction fallacy and conservatism in updating probabilities. Test scores are also significantly related to subjects’ time and risk preferences. Test scores have no influence on the amount of anchoring, although there is evidence of anchoring among all subjects. Even if incidences of most biases are lower for people with higher cognitive abilities, they still remain substantial. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Article history: Received 19 May 2008 Received in revised form 15 April 2009 Accepted 15 April 2009 Available online 13 May 2009 JEL classification: C91 D80 D90 J24 Keywords: Behavioral finance Biases Cognitive abilities Cognitive reflection test 1. Introduction Why should economists be interested in behavioral biases and cognitive abilities...
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...Retrospective Analysis of Personality Intro to Psychology August 31, 2014 I found doing this paper quite exciting to a certain point, until I really took a moment to glance back into my life and see the changes that have taken place. Through the years I have wondered what made me change my personality towards the way I look at things but now I see why. I drastically made those changes due to the different people and environments I have been. My personality started out as helping anyone I could, even if it left me broke. I still had that great feeling of helping someone out. My sense of humor and acting silly is something I can’t change because I myself enjoy it so much and need it; in this day and age. I have change me eagerness to help people if it means coming straight out of my pocket. I have been used, cheated, and lied to for reason I wouldn’t know why. But this is what has become of our world, and cause me to be more protective of my feelings as well as my outlook. It’s quite sad to add that majority of my friends I can’t like I use to but just as the saying goes. Keep your friends close but enemies closer. Fast-growing understanding of the human genome has made it clear that both sides of the debate have merit. Nature endows us with inborn abilities and traits; nurture takes these genetic tendencies and molds them as we learn and mature. That’s it, right? Ha! The "nature vs nurture" debate still rages on, as scientist fight over how much of who we are is shaped by...
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