...Social Cognitive Theory The social cognitive theory was formed in in 1977 primarily from the work of Albert Bandura, initially developed with the purpose of explaining social behaviors. It emphasizes that “learning occurs in a social context, and that much of what is learned is gained through observation” (Anderman & Anderman, 2009, p. 834). This theory has been applied to a wide spectrum of areas of study such as human functioning as career choice, athletics, organizational behavior, and mental and physical health. It has also been used in the areas of behavior in the classroom including motivation, learning, and achievement. The social cognitive theory has five major concepts. The first concept is observational learning. This idea is also known as vicarious modeling because learning is a result of watching behaviors in the environment. According to this theory, observational learning is dependent on attention, retention, production, and motivation (Anderman & Anderman, 2009). Attention is needed because students must first be watching a behavior in order to learn it. Retention is needed in order to transform what is observed into something that can be used for later. Production is necessary in order for students to draw on stored conclusions and perform what they have learned, and motivation is needed in order for students to participate in any of these processes. The second major concept is outcome expectations. These “reflect individuals’ beliefs about what consequences...
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...Bandura & Social Cognitive Theory Randy Wayne Rising Liberty University Psychology of Personality 341-D06 Timothy Williams May 07, 2013 Abstract Years of research has been conducted by Albert Bandura on the Social Cognitive Theory. The practical use of Social Cognitive Theory has an interesting approach to changing or maintaining behaviors. Bandura has researched Social Cognitive Theory and the individual differences that show the flexibility that people have dealing with behavior. The Social Cognitive Theory of Mass Communication discusses the role that mass media plays in society in regard to influences on behavior within society. The Social Cognitive Theory of Human Agency, by Bandura, which describes the power that people posses to influence their own actions to get the deserved results the individual, desires. Social Cognitive Theory on Gender Development addresses the development of people’s lives according to the gender and the roles that are stereotypical by society in regards to personality and behavior. Health Promotion from the Perspective of Social Cognitive Theory deals with health promotion and disease prevention from social cognitive theory. The approach of changing health practices of social systems rather than the habits of individuals. Social Cognitive Theory in Cultural Context explains that people adapt to diverse conditions all over the world. Parents from impoverished environments through sacrifices want their children to have a better...
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...Social Cognitive Theory Brynn Hill Liberty University EDUC 205-B02 Abstract This paper discusses the development of the Social Cognitive Theory and how it can be applied to education. When applied, this theory can help students stay motivated and focused in class. It can also help gifted learners reach their full potential in a diverse classroom. The Social Cognitive Theory was developed by Albert Bandura in the 1960s. This theory “stresses the idea that much human learning occurs in a social environment.” (Schunk 2012). For instance, if a basketball player wants to be able to improve his free-throw shot, he could do this by observing a coach, or other basketball expert, and imitate his or her free-throw shot. Initially, these principles were applied to social skills, but now can be “applied to the learning of cognitive, motor, social, and self-regulations skills.” (Schunk 2012). Through time, this theory was able to help give teachers the strategies to motivate and help their students reach their full potential. There are three basic conjectures when it comes to learning and behavior in this theory. The first is the idea of triadic reciprocality. This is the idea “that personal, behavioral, and environmental factors influence one another in a bidirectional, reciprocal fashion.” (Benzon, Denler & Wolters 2014). This means that a personals cognitive perspective is influenced by three different factors: behavioral, contextual and cognitive. The second conjecture...
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...The Social Cognitive Theory The social cognitive theory is a view that people simply don’t learn from environmental influences but often learn and behave due to their own personal thoughts, feelings, motivation and actions. Observing others, thinking about the consequences and setting performance goals are a just a few of the examples of the social cognitive theory. This theory can also be split up into three different but equally valid components: observational learning, self-efficacy and self regulation. Observational learning is the process of learning through observing, imitating and reflecting from the behaviour of others. In most cases, observational learning occurs when someone examines the actions of another and reflects upon the person’s consequences. According to the consequences of the actions, the observer will imitate the behaviour if the outcome is positive or reject it if it is negative. Observational learning in some cases can be seen as reinforcement but it is self-reinforcement. Self-efficacy is another component of the social cognitive theory and is the belief that an individual has about their capability to successfully complete a task. Self-efficacy is a cognitive belief and changes according to the task at hand. It is not a stable personal trait but rather is affected by one’s experiences and past successes while performing the specific task. Self- efficacy is also influenced by perceiving others performing the task, verbal persuasion, encouragement...
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...Social Cognitive Theory Research Presentation Introduction The purpose of this paper is to describe the purpose and at least four major points of the article. Discuss the generalizability and validity of the study. For example, will findings of this study generalize to other people and/or situations, can we generalize from the study participants to the general population, and do the methods employed have validity? Evaluate the worthiness of the study. Discuss the value in systematically studying the topic, rather than relying on common sense. Determine whether it would it be appropriate to fund this research with publicly-funded grants. Suppose that you are lab assistant (or graduate student) to the researchers who wrote the article. Suggest what you would do to follow up with the study. Then, identify a logical next step. Examining the Effects of Location, Neighborhood Social Organization, and Home Literacy on Early Cognitive Skills in the United States The purpose of the article is to show the different factors that affects or influence the development of children. “This study investigated the effects of community locale, neighborhood social organization, utilization of community cognitive developmental resources, and home literacy on early childhood cognitive skills”, (Froiland, 2011). The first point of the article indicates the importance of family, social environment, school and the neighborhood in the development of children. Basically, this first point...
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...Social Cognitive Theory of Learning Social cognitive theory of learning is a theoretical perspective that focuses on learning by observing others and eventually assuming control over one’s own behavior (Ormrod, 2011, p.323). Social cognitive theory is a perspective that helps us understand about learning by observing other people doing the same thing. This theory is a blend of behaviorism and cognitive psychology (Ormrod, 2011). Behaviorism theory relates to learning as a stimulus- response relationship and suggests that learning involves a behavior change whereas according to social cognitive theory learning is an internal process that may or may not lead to a behavior change. According to social cognitive theory, people and their environments mutually influence each other (Ormrod, 2011). People learn from the environment they are in, people they interact with, and behaviors they watch. People can learn by observing others and as they become older they can set their goals based on the accomplishments and the results of that learning. People learn by observation is the basic assumption of the social cognitive theory. The person who demonstrates a behavior for someone else is the model for the learner (Ormrod, 2011). According to instrumental conditioning, learning is a process of trial and error (Ormrod, 2011, p.324). Learners observe different behaviors and try to adopt those behaviors, if any of the learned behaviors bring desirable results; those behaviors stay with...
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...The European Journal of Counselling Psychology ejcop.psychopen.eu | 2195-7614 Social Learning Conceptualization for Substance Abuse: Implications for Therapeutic Interventions a Theodoros Giovazolias* , Olga Themeli a [a] Department of Psychology, University of Crete, Rethymno, Greece. Abstract Substance misuse and abuse among adolescents and young adults, especially students, remain a significant public health issue, often associated with serious academic, psychological and health problems. Theoretical models of social behaviour emphasize the importance of peer behaviour as a modelling or normative influence. The processes by which social influence factors contribute to substance misuse behaviour have been described in models derived from the social learning paradigm, including both socio-environmental (e.g. social modelling, perceived norms) and coping skills and cognitive variables (e.g. self-efficacy, outcome expectancies). However, this growing body of the literature often reveals contradictory findings regarding the precise mechanisms of processes by which social and cognitive variables may influence substance misuse in youth populations. This review critically examines the literature on different forms of peer influence and accordingly provides suggestions for intervention strategies that take into consideration the relevant research findings on social learning constructs. Keywords: social learning, norms, self-efficacy, youth, substance abuse, counselling interventions...
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...The social cognitive theory is a very popular model used to change a behavior. The word social refers to the social origins of thought and action. Cognitive refers to the influential causal contributions of thought processes to human motivation, affect, and action. The word theory contributes to the fact that this model has been tested and can explain, describe, predict, or control behavior. Social cognitive theory explains that human behavior can be described as a triadic reciprocal causation. One angle consists of the behavior. The second angle consists of environmental factors, and the third angle consists of personal factors. As a diabetes educator for the local hospital I will be helping middle-aged adults who have been referred to the hospitals diabetes education center for adult onset diabetes...
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...advances within the company to more and more difficult jobs with more and more responsibility until he reaches upper management where he finds himself not nearly as happy as the other guy. He is making much more money, yet he is unhappy. Perhaps, he never was “suited” for a management position. Is there a way to know which employees are better suited for which jobs? David McClelland thought there was. He believed that if we could identify what it was that motivated employees, than we could put them into the appropriate jobs to meet those needs. This in turn would produce a motivated workforce contributing to economic growth (Nohria, Groysber & Lee, 2008). McClelland developed a concept known as the Three Needs Theory, also known as Human Motivation Theory, Acquired Needs...
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...TITLE PAGE Abstract The purpose of this paper is to explain the career development process and outline an approach of how to progress through it. I will choose a specific Career Theory from the textbook that fits into my personal beliefs of human behavior and career development. I will provide the main points of this theory and use examples from my life to demonstrate how this theory will be beneficial. I will also identify any potential weaknesses or aspects that I may disagree with. What Is a Career? A career can be defined as the "time extended working out of a purposeful life pattern through work undertaken by the person" (Zunker, 2012). This also includes "activities and positions involved in vocations, occupations, and jobs as well as to related activities with an individual's lifetime of work" (Zunker, 2012). A career should be a job that one benefits from not only monetarily but also in some personal way. People should be careful in choosing a career because most people spend over half of their lives working. If one chooses the right career than they can lead a happier life. So many people have what can be considered job instead of a career. A job where one works only to receive money can lead one to be unhappy and cause quite a bit of stress. Overtime this can have an effect on an individual’s overall health. This is why the idea of career development can be so important. What is Career Development? Career development can be defined as...
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...University of Phoenix Material Behavior Plan Template Use this template to create behavioral plans for assignments in Weeks Two and Three. Fill in each section and provide additional information as needed. |Client Identifying Information | |List all pertinent and known identifying information. | |Name |Violet Doe |Age |20 | |Gender |Female |Religion |Unknown | |History | |Describe all pertinent and known history. | |Medical |After careful study, it was determined that my client suffers from paranoia and depression. Her promiscuous | | |past at no fault of her own has lead to these conditions. In addition, Violet also suffers from child | | |abandonment issues which created other unstabled relationships in her life. I will recommend that she...
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...Juliette Gordon Low: Analysis of Development By: Mary E. Dean May 3, 2014 Lifespan Development Walden University Spring Quarter 2014 Prof. V. Salzer Juliette Gordon Low is most recognized for founding and running what is now known as Girl Scouts of America. Her insight and forward thinking for her time led to this astonishing achievement but what did it take for her to get there, who or what influenced her to rise above the conventional thinking of her time and forge to such great heights? In this analysis I hope to discover answers to that question while exploring age old concepts like nature versus nurture and comparing such development theories like Erickson’s stages of development and Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Juliette Gordon Low, or Daisy as she was known in her childhood, was born October 31, 1860 into a life of privilege in Savannah, GA. Juliette was the second oldest of six children. Her father William Washington Gordon was born in the south and strongly believed in the true southern traditions such as owning slaves and that the South should succeed from the Union. While her mother, Eleanor Lytle Kinzie whose family helped to found the city of Chicago and believed intensely in abolition. These opposing views caused much anguish for Juliette’s mother during the Civil War and would play a strong influence on the family dynamics as Juliette grew up. While her parents described her has having a sweet personality and caring disposition her sibling...
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...University of Phoenix Material Learning Personality Theories Matrix |Theory |Assumptions |Reliability |Validity |Application | |Behavioral Analysis Theory| Behavior is the result of exposure to | Behaviorism is used in research to | The theory was falsifiable and generated | | | |external (environment) and internal (self) |collect accurate data or information. |research. |The treatment method is simple and quick approach | | |stimuli. |Critics argue that behaviorism does not|The theory was well organized and presented |to utilize. Application to real world use is easy.| | | |have a complete understanding of |material which reflected the human personality.|The information can be applied in psycho therapy, | | | |individual personalities or the |The theory demonstrated accurate use of terms, |education, and training purposes. | | | |variances. The theory met the criteria |clear meaning which is important...
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...Career Guidance Theories Career guidance theories provide insight into how individuals make career decisions and what influences impact on those decisions throughout the course of a person’s life. Most have derived from the different branches of psychology; personality, developmental, cognitive and social. More contemporary theories however consider the sociological influences on career journeys too. Most acknowledge the role of career guidance, although differ on opinion as to when, how often and the resulting impact of guidance. Career guidance practice is informed by theory. Theories are used to devise policies over careers education and guidance and to provide tools for evaluation and amendment of practices. In 1908 Parsons developed what is considered the first theory of vocational guidance. The ‘talent matching’ approach. Parsons based this theory on three ideas; (a) people are different, (b) jobs are different and (c) by studying both individual and jobs, it should be possible to match them up. This theory implies it is possible to measure individual talents and the skills required for particular jobs, assumes people perform best when matched to a job suited to their abilities and therefore assumes that career decision making is of a rational nature. Others have developed this theory, sometimes referred to as ‘person-environment fit’ or trait/factor further. Rodger (1952) developed a ‘seven point plan’ with matching at the centre of the process. He...
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...Running Head: Self Leadership (Name) (Course) (Professor) (University) (Date) Literature review The meaning and importance of self leadership has become apparent in the past two decades and this is attributable to several diverse changes that are taking place in the world today. Changes such as need for organizational suppleness, innovativeness and learning skills have resulted to organizations in various industries competing to achieve the most effective management of resources to empower their operations. Management training has gained focus on self leadership as there is need for companies to acquire human resource who are able to cope to the dynamic business environment (Sydanmaanlakka, 2002). This calls for the need to change management from the old conventional style to a shared leadership system. Shared leadership requires the transition from the command and control to employee involvement in decision making process (Pearce, 2007). In order to effect shared leadership, there is need to encourage self leadership which basically entails self direction and self motivation. One cannot influence others if he or she is not in a position to influence oneself. Self leadership in organizations is fostered through the involvement of employees in decision making processes as well as fostering their self leadership skills which will then trigger shared leadership responsibility as (Stewart, et al, 1999) puts it. According to (DiLeillo&...
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