...benefit from education, employment/vocational, health and other social services. CBR is implemented through the combined efforts of people with disabilities, their families, relevant government and non-government organizations and communities. CBR is "a strategy within community development for the rehabilitation, equalization of opportunities and social integration of all people with disabilities” (provided by United Nations) "CBR is a strategy for enhancing the quality of life of disabled people by improving service delivery, by providing more equitable opportunities and by promoting and protecting their human rights" (Einar Helander; Internationally Recognized Expert on CBR) Goals/objectives of CBR The goals of CBR are to ensure the benefits of the Convention on Rights of Persons with Disabilities reach the majority by: ✓ Supporting people with disabilities to maximize their physical and mental abilities, to access regular services and opportunities, and to become active contributors to the community and society at large; ✓ Activating communities to promote and protect the human rights of people with disabilities for example by removing barriers to participation; ✓ Facilitating capacity building, empowerment and community mobilization of people with disabilities and their families. CBR is a strategy within general community development for rehabilitation, equalization of opportunities and social inclusion of all children...
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...theories that crossed my mind are behavioral and biosocial. In Behavioral theory it describes the outcomes of the consequences of a certain behavior on occurrence of such behavior in the future. Conditioning is one of the learning methods according to which the likelihood of behavior is increased or decreased by the use of reinforcement or punishment. In case of positive reinforcement a certain behavior becomes stronger by the effect of experiencing some positive condition. In case of negative reinforcement a certain behavior becomes stronger by the outcome of stopping or staying away from some negative condition. In case of extinction a certain behavior is becomes weaker by the outcome of avoiding to experiencing some positive condition or stopping some negative condition. Negative and positive reinforcements and extinction strengthen certain kinds of behavior of individuals. Punishment is a big form of conditioning used all over the world. When people are punished, it is to decrease that certain behavior produced by the individual. Therefore, behavioral theory refers to conditioning which leads to different behavioral pattern of juvenile offenders. Preventive programs based on the social learning theory require placing an individual in favorable environment where he/she would be less tempted to imitate violent behavior. One of the examples of such environment is the social services of the church. The actual...
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...To date online is to look for a partner using the internet, more specifically with the use of social media sites or dating applications. With dating online comes the creation of a dating profile. This is where individuals can edit a blank page to represents them in the online world. This is made so that others can view the page to determine if their compatible. However, dating online is completely reliant on the information disclosed by the user who can change everything about themselves with a touch of the keyboard. Jiang et al., study compares the effects of self-disclosure on relationship intimacy in computer-mediated communication. The article attempts to advance interpersonal theory by examining how receivers of disclosures react and the role of between self-disclosure. This is to say that with more positive responses from potential dates because of how they are presented online than the more likely they are to continue this editing with their online self-presentation. Gibbs et al., investigates self-disclosure in online dating using a national random sample of Match.com members. The authors explore the relation between self-disclosure and perceived success in online dating with support findings from the social penetration theory. Duguay’s article focuses more on the mobile dating applications, more specifically an application called Tinder, to identify the influences technology has on creating...
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...Early Childhood Development and Social Inequalities by all families should have the same opportunities to live a descent life. But due to the backgrounds of some families, and children, they may not have a chance for this. There are certain risk factors that have a bearing on social inequalities in health, and particularly those that are prone to preventative intervention. There are many that I could talk about, but I have picked out four of these factors to talk about. They are biological factors, family and social factors, parenting factors, and attachment. Even these I feel that I will not be able to cover completely, because there is only a certain part we see, and then there is the that is kept hidden from all. There are many factors that influence the development and social inequalities in a child’s life. These include biological, family and social factors, parenting factors, attachment, and the way non-maternal care is influenced. All of these are risk factors that are likely to have a bearing on the child’s social inequalities on their health. The biological factors include premature birth, low birth weight, and a serious medical illness. The significantly influence and infants growth. “Low birth weight, less than 2500 grams, has a prevalence of 6 percent in white middle-class U.S. women, and 15 percent in ethnic minority teenagers. These teenagers tend to be single mothers.” At the Infant Health and Development Project, they found that in a large amount of premature infants...
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...solution for it. As community development seeks to improve the quality of life, it observes and notices the ability and helps people to develop it. It also helps people to built a trust and respect each other within their communities. Community development ranges from small initiatives with a small group to large initiatives that involve the broader community. It also encourages the societies to be more health promoting by developing supporting groups and gathering people together to address the issues of power, inequality and social injustice. Community development is both a practice and an occupation which aims to bring about change that is empowering, fair and inclusive. It can be a method to help the local people’s voices to be heard through their communities. It will develop and expand the local society by setting up the communities action and giving feedback in order to develop the economics, social and environmental policy. This will help people to have positive prospects for their future. Also it help people to...
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...This helps them make better decisions and prepares them to bear with the consequences that come with the decision made. Thus, teenagers are now capable of questioning the norms and boundaries they have grown accustomed to, such as house and school rules, religious beliefs and also cultural practices. Also, the setting of new personal goals and the achievements in various fields is not uncommon among teenagers. Alongside decision making, teenagers are also expected to be able to distinguish right from wrong and facts from opinion. For example, teens may bring up the question of the importance and relevance of a curfew. However, unlike 10 year olds, they tend to start acting out to protest against having a curfew instead of just taking instructions as they are. Some may even bring up examples from peers on their curfew...
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...Cyber Bullying in High School Aby Kuruvilla July 2, 2013 Cyber Bullying in High schools As advancement of technology increases with items such as smart phones, tablets and laptops for the use of social media sites over the past several years, so has the incidence of harassment and bullying with teens. New technologies offer beneficial as well as consequential opportunities for social connections and communication in a given community as across the world. According to “stopbullying.gov”, cyber bullying is referred to as “bullying that takes place using electronic technology… includes devices and equipment such as cell phones, computers, and tablets as well as communication tools including social media sites, text messages, chat, and websites.” (U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, 2011). While cyber bullying in high school is an easy way for bullies to attack their victims without having to be seen, it continues to be a serious problem among teenagers and should be strongly combated. Cyber bullying occurs in many different forms such as cruel and harsh messages via emails and texts messages, posting vicious messages and pictures on social media sites such as Facebook, Twitter and MySpace etc. Other forms include making unwanted and negative statements in chat rooms, and even breaking into someone else’s personal accounts to send damaging messages to hurt them or someone else. (Cyberbullying Research Center, 2004) Who Does Cyber bullying Affect? According...
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...why not think about reconstructive surgery. There are thousands of cases of skin cancer, sears or deformity of body parts. The following paragraphs also report issues such as, reasons for plastic surgery, pro's and con's, and safety or the risks of surgery. In the last part of this thesis I will introduce a discussion and finally a conclusion. 3 Introduction A plastic surgery or cosmetic surgery is a surgical procedure without a medical indication. The plastic surgery is so often a perceived beautification of the human body. Cosmetic surgeries are aesthetic surgeries. The society places a high value on appearance and beauty. Even as a small child, we learned, without to realize, to look beautiful and have good manners. All the media, the Internet and Hollywood have created a generation, that thinks to be beautiful is more important than anything else. People are bullied because of their appearance, both verbally and via the Internet. Young people commit suicide by bullying. Many young people precede a surgery even at the age of 16, just to look one day like “Barbie”. Even the television forces us literally to look beautiful and tells us modern fairy tales. TV shows about Hollywood stars and fame, or series such as "Nip / Tuck", are examples of this. But not only the television is to be blamed....
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...TEENAGE PREGNANCY IN AMERICA: AND OTHER RELATED COMPLICATIONS Teenage Pregnancy in America: And Other Related Complications Teenage pregnancy is defined as a teenager or underage girl (usually within the ages of 13–19) becoming pregnant. The term in everyday speech usually refers to women who have not reached legal adulthood, which varies across the world, who become pregnant (MedlinePlus 2008). Adolescent mothers are more numerous in western societies and especially in the United States. Today, young people are sexually active at an earlier age compare to the previous generation, and there are several associated consequences. Sexual activity among adolescents is often associated with unprotected sex or use of ineffective methods of contraception. A large proportion of adolescents are suffering from sexual transmitted diseases (STDs) and girls become pregnant and young mothers. Given the increase in teenage pregnancies and the consequences on the quality of life of the young people, an intervention, is needed starting in the middle schools. According to a study done in late 2009 by the Alan Guttmacher Institute (AGI), a pro-choice organization, nationwide, teenage pregnancy rate was 71.5 pregnancies per 1,000 women ages 13 to 19 (Huffington Post 2010). Before intervention, however, it is essential to understand the factors underlying the premature and unprotected sex leading to unwanted pregnancies and STDs among adolescents. These risk factors include individual characteristics...
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...factors of Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) addictions. MDMA has a target population of young adults, more specifically college students. The drug has been used to distort perception and create a euphoric sensation among users. MDMA was not created for recreational usage, but to treat Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders (PTSD). Through MDMA’s growing popularity referenced in social media as “Molly” the clinical intention has been depleted. Introduction Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) has been highly influential on society throughout the course of time. The drug has served multiple purposes such as a psychotherapeutic treatment and recreational usage. MDMA provides a euphoric experience for participants, heightening their emotional status at the time of ingestion. MDMA has become extremely potent and easily accessible to youth and young adults. This once military based substance has become a mainstream party drug. Many refer to MDMA as “Molly” or “Ecstasy”. The drug appears as a powdered substance withheld in a capsule or tablet. Most individuals administer the drug orally. Due to popularity in social media, MDMA’s use among young adults has increased. History MDMA was first introduced and produced by Merck in 1912, a manufacturer and pharmaceutical corporation (Bouso, Doblin, Farré, Alcázar & Gómez-Jarabo, 2008).Merck distributed MDMA as a haemostatic drug, decreasing the amount of blood stream within blood vessels (Bouso et. al, 2008). MDMA originated in multiple...
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...Headnote This two-part exploratory study utilized a social cognitive theory framework in documenting gender portrayals in teen movies and investigating the influence of exposure to these images on gender-based beliefs about friendships, social aggression, and roles of women in society. First, a content analysis of gender portrayals in teen movies was conducted, revealing that female characters are more likely to be portrayed as socially aggressive than male characters. Second, college students were surveyed about their teen movie-viewing habits, gender-related beliefs, and attitudes. Findings suggest that viewing teen movies is associated with negative stereotypes about female friendships and gender roles. Research examining the effects of media exposure demonstrates that media consumption has a measurable influence on people's perceptions of the real world, and, regardless of the accuracy of these perceptions, they are used to help guide subsequent attitudes, judgments, and actions. For example, these results have been yielded for viewing media representations of race,1 the mentally ill,2 and the elderly.3 Past research additionally indicates that watching televised gender portrayals has an effect on individuals' real-world gender-based attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors.4 Based on this research, and the tenets of social cognitive theory, it would be expected that consumption of teen movies would have an analogous influence on audience members' gender-based attitudes and beliefs...
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...think it will not happen to them and do not use necessary precautions to protect themselves against pregnancy. There are several causes for teen pregnancy and the effects can be life changing. Research done has indicated that there is not one single cause to teenage pregnancy, but there are whole host of causes to this pandemic. Factors that can contribute to the number of teenagers who fall pregnant are for example, gender power imbalances (associated with significantly older partners in particular), early sexual debut, barriers to contraceptive use (seldom used at sexual initiation), and misinformation on sexual health matters. Pregnancy at a very young age may result in pregnancy complications that can lead to the death of the young mother and or her baby. Other associated consequences include increased risk of infant morbidity, as well as the possibility of emotional and financial strain for the mother. One may have a poor home life and look for affection from a peer. The simple desire to feel loved by another person may be a cause for an unexpected pregnancy; a teenager may have a low...
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...Complementary essay on Bariatric Surgery Week 7 Adil Khan English 112: Composition Professor Robert Zancy Devry University In a world where fast food is preferred over home cooked meals, due to convenient drive-through lanes, obesity has become an epidemic throughout America. According to the Mayo Clinic “Almost two-thirds of Americans are classified as overweight, obese, or extremely (morbidly) obese and these numbers are expected to increase.”(Curry, 2003) Obesity is basically the buildup of body fat, which usually is around 20% or more over the ideal body weight. The division of medicine that treats and manages of obesity is known as bariatrics. Obesity has become a key health problem in the United States, therefore Gastric Bypass surgery has become a significant therapeutic option because of its documented efficiency in causing significant weight loss with a consequent improvement in comorbid conditions such as coronary artery disease, hypertension and diabetes. Bariatric surgery is a very invasive medical procedure that can causes dramatic weight loss which is accomplished by decreasing the size of the stomach with a gastric band or by removing a portion of the stomach itself. Weight loss surgery is the most effective and sustainable treatment option for the morbidly obesity as long as the individual is motivated to make the lifestyle changes required (Madura, 2012). Currently, bariatric surgery is the one obtainable treatment for morbidly obese individuals that consistently...
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...than 240 million people have chronic liver infections, and more than 780,000 people die every year due to the acute or chronic consequences of hepatitis B.”("WHO Media Center," 2014) The HBV is transmitted from an infected carrier to the others via contact with blood and other body fluid. Hepatitis B is also a major occupational hazard for health workers. Fortunately the infection can be effectively prevented by safe vaccine. Since 1982, safe Hepatitis B vaccine has been available; the effectiveness of preventing the infection and its long-term consequences has been established. Hepatitis B vaccine is the first vaccine which against a major human cancer. “HBV infection may result in subclinical or asymptomatic infection, acute self-limited hepatitis, or fulminant hepatitis requiring liver transplant.” (Shepard & Simard, 2006, p. 113) The average incubation period is 90 days for a newly infected person who may develop acute hepatitis. The common signs and symptoms for acute hepatitis are nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, fever, jaundice, dark urine, changes in stool color, and etc. If the presence of HBsAg in the serum is more than 6 months, the infected person most likely will be diagnosed with Chronic HBV. Most of the people who are infected by HBV chronically may not present any symptoms, the cost of treatment associated with complication of chronic HBV are very high....
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...Psychosocial Development Through the Play Years Portland Community College Table of Contents Introduction 3 Stages of Psychosocial Development 3 The First Two Years 3 The Play Years 4 Psychosocial Developmental Challenges 6 Possible Causes: Maltreatment 6 Possible Causes: Family Structure 7 Possible Causes: Environmental Adversity 8 Influencers of Child Psychosocial Development 9 Teachers 9 Gender Roles 10 Child’s Play 11 Conclusion 11 References 13 Introduction Psychosocial development looks at the emotional and social development processes. There are many theories when it comes to how psychosocial development occurs, including the two most well-known theories by Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson. For the purpose of this paper I will be focusing on Erikson’s psychoanalytic theory of development for children through the play years, or age six. In addition to theories of development I will take a look into developmental challenges and the factors that affect development and the possible effects they may have. I will do this by taking a look at applicable case studies presenting their findings. The possible causes of developmental challenges that I will focus on are maltreatment, family structure and environmental adversity. I will also look into the influencers of psychosocial development on children and the impact they have on a child’s psychosocial development...
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