...Most theories of crime focus on the individual, but social disorganization theory focuses on the community. According to this theory, some communities experience high levels of crime while others do not. Problem solving is needed for a successful neighborhood or community to prevent high rates of crime and deviance. Quality of life and strong social actions also deter delinquency. This theory explains why crime committed by lower class communities is more prominent than neighborhoods from communities in better economic areas. An element of social disorganization theory is poverty. A lack of wealth can be due to lack of employment opportunities. When employment opportunities increase, we see residents flee to more secure and stable communities. When employment opportunities remain low, this is the beginning of economic deprivation. When economic deprivation occurs, social disorganization occurs which can lead to crime. Poverty can have a big influence on crime. When there are not any positive opportunities like employment, people may turn to other methods to put food on the table. The Chicago School of Criminology refers to work conducted by faculty to understand why crime and delinquency rates are higher in...
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...White Collar Crime is committed by professionals generally in the context of their employment. White Collar Crime includes Ponzi Schemes, Insider Trading, Bribery, etc. White Collar Crime is looked at with three different theories, the Control Theory, the Social Disorganization Theory and the Strain Theory. The Control Theory “suggests that there are inner and outer controls which impact an individual’s decision to commit crimes. If these controls are not present, then a person will be more likely to commit crimes. This theory focus on why people do not commit crimes.” The Social Disorganization Theory “examines the environment in which people grow up. The further away from the inner city business districts and slums areas, the less likely people are to commit crimes. It is the degree of social disorganization that exists in the inner-lying communities that increase the likelihood of criminal behavior.” The Strain Theory “explores the frustration that occurs when society deems...
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...Fifty To have morals generally means as having a set of values or principles. These values, good or bad are most commonly instilled in us from infancy and usually evolve as we become older and make life choices. Perhaps we can say it’s the foundation of good values in people that bring out their decent and moral conduct. At least that’s what I believe. I would have never imagined that during my vacation, I’d end up shipwrecked out in the middle of the Caribbean Ocean and my sole existence would depend on three individuals aboard that cruise ship that were so different. I say this because prior to the shipwreck I got to socially interact with the other passengers who were on the cruise with me. It’s those three men that are now making all the decisions for one hundred and seventy four other passengers, crewmembers and myself, although very intelligent and equally portray a common sense type of character, have a set of totally different ethical beliefs. The theorist with the divine command type of personality preached daily about “doing what God wants us to do” and how it’s important for parents to raise their children with a strong religious background if we want them to find eternal life with God. Don’t get me wrong, its not that I think he’s wrong or disagree, I just believe that my vacation time involves a lot of RR and I certainly don’t want to be discussing such personal matters with complete strangers. Now, the second gentleman whom I call the “relativist” seems...
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...established solid relationships with their customers earn significantly more money than those who have not been able to foster good relationships with customers (Hellriegel & Slocum Jr., 2011). Employee rewards, bonuses, commissions or any incentive pay are powerful employee motivators to improve productivity and to build a strong customer relationship. Leaders must constantly review and evaluate both the sales people and the company’s selling strategy to see if there is a need for improvement. The most common improvement needy areas would be employee morale, encouragement, training programs, and the learning theories. The objective of this paper is to discuss the importance of how Mr. Salatino’s employees form perceptions and make attributions, and the learning theory that is most appropriate for his employees. It will also suggest how Mr. Salatino could apply the learning theory to improve employee performance and leverage an understanding of the value of self-efficacy to ensure he hires the most successful salespeople. Mr. Salatino stated that his employees are expected to take personal credit for the positive results as well as blame when things go bad (Hellriegel & Slocum Jr., 2011). Thus, it may be easy to determine the positive results because it is evidenced with the revenue growth. However, how would the employees determine...
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...argues that social learning does not require only direct experiences as radical behaviourists of operant and classical conditioning suggest (Wortley, 2011). Bandura (1977) supports his argument with three reasons. The first is that behaviour is learned through observation (Cherry, 2013). The second is that cognitive mediation is an essential part of the learning process (Cherry, 2013). The third is that not all learned behaviour is repeated (Cherry, 2013). This is because unlike traditional behavioralists, Bandura (1977) views the internal mental processes as important as the external processes in learning (Moore, 2011). His reasoning for this is that the modelling process requires attention, retention, reproduction and motivation in order to acquire the behaviour and determines whether they instigate it and maintain it (Bahn, 2001). As such, Bandura’s (1977) social learning theory, later called social cognitive theory is built upon reciprocal determinism (Moore, 2011). He proposed the triadic SOR model, which shows how interpersonal factors; locus of control, self-efficacy and moral disengagement (organism), interact interchangeably with behaviour (response) and the environment (stimulus) (Simon, 1999/2001). This is an expansion upon the pre-existing behavioralist S-R model, which argues that behaviour is purely the mindless response of the conditioned or unconditioned stimulus acting upon the environment (Parish, 2010). Thus it is clear that Bandura’s social learning theory is built...
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...Crisp (2010) defines prosocial behaviour as ay voluntary act which benefits another, although such acts can also benefit the helper. Prosocial behaviour (PB) is, like most human behaviour, influenced by a set of two factors that are, dispositional and situational. Dispositional factors are unique and internal, whereas situational factors are external to people. This essay will consider the interaction between these forces in explaining PB. Evolutionary theorists presume PB to be egotistically or selfishly motivated. They focus on principles of kin selectivity, sfafdf and reciprocal altruism in explaining such behaviour. Characteristics such as empathy have been observed in a varity of animals such as primates (De Waal, 2009). Social learning theorists argue that prosocial behaviour too is endorsed through observational learning and reinforcement. Wuzas (2011) for example has shown that the prosocial disposition of children is influenced by their parents. In contrast, cognitive theorists, such as Latane and Darly (1970) have proposed a situational model of behaviour in emergencies. According to these theorists, a person must make a series of correct decisions in order to intervene in emergencies. If any decision is not made correctly, intervention does not occur. So, in order for PB to occur, people must notice the happening, decide that it is an emergency and that help is required, decide that they are responsible, decide that they can help appropriately, and lastly, decide...
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...Social Learning Theory and Perception NAME Strayer University Online Business 520 Dr. Irene Zoppi 4 November 2012 Social Learning Theory and Perception Case Study Discuss how Joe could address the importance of understanding how people form perceptions and make attributions about others with his employees. Joe Salantino, as the President of the Great Northern American, has the charge of creating a successful sales force. A successful element in creating this successful sales force is the understanding of the perception of the sales team. According to Hellriegel & Slocum, perception “is the declaration of the way individuals sift, arrange, and interpret sensory information”. (Hellriegel & Slocum, 2011). It is Joe’s responsibility constantly assess the team develop a model and atmosphere that reflects his idea of type of people he envisions for his sales team. Also, this would include the development of a model for his sales team to use to screen customers and create a repeat customer base, which according to the case study, he believes is critical to become a top performer. Joe’s model should consider various internal and external factors that coincide with the vision that he believes makes up a successful sales force. The internal factors include learning, personality and motivation while the external ones consist of size, contrast, repetition, and intensity. These factors must be conveyed to the sales...
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...| Week 4/Assignment 2 | [Type the document subtitle] | | Shaneil white | | Bess | 1/30/2013 | | Great Western Supply, a division of Great North American Companies, offers a wide variety of promotional and marketing equipment. Operational for more than 35 years, GNAC serves numerous industries, including automotive facilities, bank and credit unions, day care, fire departments, funeral homes, hospitals, insurance and law firms, nonprofit agencies, post offices, and schools (NGA). The companys products include adhesive cubes and notes, apparels, auto accessories, plastic and paper bags, backpacks and totes, calendars, candy and food items, clocks, watches, coloring books, desk items, drink ware, flashlights and novelties, and sports items (NGA). It also offers household items, key tags, magnets, pencils and pens, stickers, static clings, decals, pins, stress relievers, and tools and measuring equipment. Additionally, Great Western provides arts and crafts and office supplies and computer-related products. The company is located in Farmers Ranch, Texas. One of the popular incentives that the company offers the employees is the blue light signal (NGA) . This is when the rotating blue light signals that a sale is on, and for the next hour the employees are able to take advantage of the great deals. Many of the employees of the company earn anywhere from 60,000 to 100,000 a year (NGA). This is remarkable. The employees earn commission from the sale calls...
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...1. Discuss how Joe could address the importance of understanding how people form perceptions and make attributions about others with his employees. As a President of Great Northern it is Mr. Salatino’s is accountable for building up, influencing and engineering the organizations sales team. Perception is a declaration of the way individuals sift, arrange and interpret sensory information and attribution is an explanation of how individuals respond to the actions of others (Hellriegel & Solcum, 2011). Mr. Salatino needs to demonstrate how perceptions are influenced in relations to his business. This would require him developing a model for his sales team to use as selective screening when seeking potential customers. Within the model he should focus on the external factors that relate to his organizations goals. These factors consist of as size, intensity, contrast, motion, repetition and novelty and familiarity. Then, internal factors should be infused into the equation, these factors include personality, learning, motivation. Combined, both internal and external factors create importance of perception into employees. Mr. Salatino is responsible as an effective leader to ensure they have an accurate perception of the organizational goals so that his sales team will be able to execute effective decisions in relation to customer sales (Duggan). In an effort to do so, he could address the importance of understanding how people form perceptions and make attribution through...
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...growing emphasis on asking people to set up personal systems of rewards and punishments to shape their own thoughts and actions.” The goal of self control procedures is to reduce behavioural deficiencies or behavioural excesses. They help individuals become aware of their own patterns of behaviour and to alter those patterns so that the behaviour will be more or less likely to occur. They are used by people who are dissatisfied with certain aspects of their lives for instance one may feel they smoke too much, exercise to little, or have difficulty controlling anger. Self control procedures include aspects like self monitoring and stimulus control and follow a particular process. Self control procedures are based primarily on the social cognitive theory of Albert Bandura. According to Bandura, ones behaviour is influenced by a variety of factors including one’s own thoughts and beliefs and elements in the environment. Self control procedures are useful for a wide range of concerns including medical, addictions, occupational and psychological. However self control procedures when used in situations where symptoms are severe, should be used in conjunction with other therapies. The self control procedures follow certain step so as to be effective. As in any application of behaviour modification the first step in self control is to define the problem. For example a person who smokes too much would be encouraged to actually count how many cigarettes he smoked every hour of the day...
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...formula: He suggested that environment causes behavior, true; but behavior causes environment as well. He labeled this concept reciprocal determinism: The world and a person’s behavior cause each other. Adding imagery and language to the mix allows Bandura to theorize much more effectively than someone like, say, B. F. Skinner, about two things that many people would consider the “strong suit” of the human species: observational learning (modeling) and self-regulation. Eysenck’s theory is based primarily on physiology and genetics. Although he is a behaviorist who considers learned habits of great importance, he considers personality differences as growing out of our genetic inheritance. He is, therefore, primarily The social learning theory of Julian Rotter represents an integration of learning and personality. Theories (Phares,1976). According to Rotter, individuals consider the likely consequences of their Actions in a given situation and act based on their beliefs. The theory comprises four major variables: a. Behavior potential refers to the probability that an individual will act in a certain fashion relative to alternative behaviors. b. Expectancy is the individual's belief concerning the likelihood that a particular reinforcement will occur as a consequence of a specific behavior. c. Reinforcement value refers to how much the individual values a particular outcome relative to other potential outcomes. d. The psychological situation implies that the...
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...Theoretical and Conceptual This study is anchored on Albert Bandura’s Social Learning theory. This theory states that learning is a cognitive process that takes place in a social context and can occur purely through observation or direct instruction (Bandura, 1963). Social learning theory holds that behavior is molded by rewards and punishment, or reinforcement. Past and present rewards and punishments for certain actions determine the actions that individuals continue to pursue. Reward and punishment structures are built into specific groups (Akers, 1992). By interacting with members of certain groups or social circles, people learn definitions of behaviors as good or bad. It is in the group setting, differentially for different groups, where reward and punishment take place, and where individuals are exposed to behavioral models and normative definitions of certain behaviors as good or bad . Social learning theory proposes that the use and abuse of psychoactive substances is caused by the differential exposure to groups in which use is rewarded. “These groups provide the social environments in which exposure to definitions, imitations of models, and social reinforcements for use of or abstinence from any particular substance takes place. The definitions are learned through imitation and social reinforcement of them by members of the group with whom one is associated” (Akers et al, 1979). Drug use, including abuse, is determined “by the extent to which a given pattern of behavior...
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...brewing in my head, “Do people often choose who they associate with based on the things the person brings to the relationship”. It can be as simple as going to hang out with someone only because they have the latest gaming device on the market or it can be associating yourself with a certain group of people to make you look cooler. It can also go as extreme as only being friends with somebody to achieve another purpose or catapult other areas of your life because of this relationship. This scenario is one that I believe happens all too often and we don’t even realize that this has become the basis for how we choose to determine some of our relationships. Social Exchange Theory applies directly into this scenario and I do not think it could be any more clear cut that this theory, it really is a perfect fit. Social Exchange Theory is when someone takes into account the good and bad aspects of a relationship and determines whether or not solely based on the pros and cons to further the relationship with that person. As I stated in the previous paragraph I believe this happens all the time, especially among younger children all the way up to my age as a college kids. As a young child you always want to play with the kid who has the latest toy or game. At that young of an age...
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...relationship, and drawing on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs it can be seen that this would help satisfy the two basic tiers of ‘psychological’ and ‘safety’ (Maslow, 1954). This essay aims to critically evaluate the concept of the psychological contract, then analyse why in managing the modern day employment relationship and understanding of the psychological contract is important, relevant theories and academic models will be used where appropriate. The question will be addressed in three sections; firstly the concept and history of the psychological contract will be briefly covered, secondly and critical focus will be shown towards the concept of the contract, and finally we will examine the practicality of utilising the contract to manage the contemporary employment relationship. The concept of the psychological contract was initially termed and documented by Chris Argyris in 1960 (Argyris, 1960), later being described as “A set of unwritten reciprocal expectations between an individual employee and organisation” (Schein, 1978, p. 48). Blau suggests that the psychological contract uses social...
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...This article is very interesting to me because it’s something I deal with on a daily basis. Trying to get my kindergarteners to be reading at the new benchmark levels set by our district through Common Core has become increasingly difficult. In this article, the teacher researchers found that many kindergarten and first-grade students did not have the reading readiness skills to be reading at their benchmark target. The purpose of the project was to improve the students overall reading ability. The project was for about four months. There were 74 students and 74 parents that participated in this research study. The teacher researchers noticed that the students lacked reading readiness skills that were necessary to meet grade level benchmarks. The teacher researchers used a parent survey, baseline assessments, and observational checklist to document evidence. The teacher researchers found from the parent survey that students who lacked interest in books and reading them demonstrated low reading readiness skills. The baseline assessment the students took showed an overall weakness in letter identification, initial sounds, medial sounds, and ending sounds. The observational checklist indicated difficulty with segmenting sounds, letter sound knowledge, inability to rhyme, decoding difficulties and reading miscues, poor comprehension, lack of interest in books, lack of print awareness skills, poor attentions spans, lack of response during whole group instruction, and off-task behaviors...
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