...GCE Sociology Advanced GCE Unit G674: Exploring Social Inequality and Difference Mark Scheme for June 2012 Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations OCR (Oxford Cambridge and RSA) is a leading UK awarding body, providing a wide range of qualifications to meet the needs of candidates of all ages and abilities. OCR qualifications include AS/A Levels, Diplomas, GCSEs, OCR Nationals, Functional Skills, Key Skills, Entry Level qualifications, NVQs and vocational qualifications in areas such as IT, business, languages, teaching/training, administration and secretarial skills. It is also responsible for developing new specifications to meet national requirements and the needs of students and teachers. OCR is a not-for-profit organisation; any surplus made is invested back into the establishment to help towards the development of qualifications and support, which keep pace with the changing needs of today’s society. This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and students, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which marks were awarded by examiners. It does not indicate the details of the discussions which took place at an examiners’ meeting before marking commenced. All examiners are instructed that alternative correct answers and unexpected approaches in candidates’ scripts must be given marks that fairly reflect the relevant knowledge and skills demonstrated. Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the published question papers and the...
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...management of care for patient with gastrointestinal illness resulting in stoma operation and will discuss the biopsychosocial factors affecting the patient and how this changes ‘normal’ biology, psychology and sociology. The individual chosen to focus on is named as Mrs. S. The patient involved in this case study Mrs. S. is a 48 years old lady who works in school as a teacher. She lives with her husband, Mr. S, in a small town. Her husband works as a builder, which has long working hours, leaving him not much time to look after their children. They have two girls and they are aged 12 and 10. They are a loving family. Mrs. S looks after the children, takes them to school and pick them up. Mrs. S is a very active lady with a very active social life, she likes to meet up with her friends during the weekend; she swims four days a week with her children, and she balances her time with family and her job. She is suffering from mild hypertension, drinks minimal amount of alcohol during the weekends and smokes 5-10 cigarettes a day. The term ‘bio-psycho-social’ refers to the relationship amongst biological, psychological and social characteristics of an individual. It implies treatment of pain when medical methods of pain treatment are connected with psychological help and therapy. It is a model which expands the scope of cognitive-behavioural model of pain and treats disease as a bilateral dynamic interaction of biological, psychological and socio-cultural factors, the result of which is...
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...different key theories on the origin of religion. The first theory that may explain where religion originated from is the Biological Theory; In this theory it is believed that religion developed as humans evolved. According to this theory when the human race first started out it is believed that we did not have the neurological notion of religion. But as time passed evolution and natural selection has chosen humans who have evolved to have deeper meaning in life by asking how and why questions and thus giving them a greater chance of survival and be able to procreate to pass on these neurological genes that help them process life this way. The second theory...
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...behavior and attitude of the halves and halves-not in society. Hence, the perspective establishes the changes that ensure the conflict and tensions. In society, modern leaders in community or government can use conflict perspective. Such is because these leaders will have a chance of determining how the society is governed within the competitive resources (Elwell, 2013). As such, the leaders will have a chance of knowing how to ensure that there is equitable distribution of the resources. It also becomes easier to restore social order, which may have declined over time in the society. Such includes identifying social problems and developing accurate solutions to these problems in order to ensure that individuals live in peace and harmony. Moreover, the leaders have a chance of understanding the nature of the complex relationships and societies where people live. As such, they can express the best symbols of power, which will not introduce tensions or conflict in society. Essay question 3 Sociological imagination is defined by Mills refers to the vivid awareness, which is related to the relationships that exist between the wider society and the experience (Mills, 2000). As such, sociological imagination depicts the potential of perceiving circumstances and situations within a wider social context. Such includes an observation of the actions and the interactions that people have and how they influence individual situations. Social structure can be both vertical and...
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...Criminological Theories of Crime Causation: Biological, Sociological, and Psychological Carrie Siewert, CJ499 Kaplan University Author Note October 5, 2015 Criminological Theories of Crime Causation: Biological, Sociological, and Psychological For centuries, documentation of criminal cases filled the inboxes of the numerous police officers’, investigators’, and forensic laboratory analysists’ exceeding the limits of caseloads possible for any given criminal justice professional responsible for solving criminal cases. Each giving everything they have to catch the guilty and thus, providing justice to the victims who suffered because of someone’s criminal behaviors and actions. Each with the same or similar inquiries; why do people commit the crimes they commit? Why do they behave this way? What is their purpose? Were the born this way? What, if anything, happen to them to make them behave in such a heinous manner? Are they a victim of their own environment and/or social status? Of course, these inquiries cover only a minute number of possible indications as to answering the “Why?” people commit these criminal behaviors and actions. Criminology identifies ascertains three amalgamations of theories, each of which attempt to justify inquiries by working exuberantly to establish a high level of credibility and reliability; the following will address how these biological, sociological, and psychological theories of crime causation affect human behavior and/or actions. ...
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...Reflective Writing Assignment 1,750 words 40% 1 2/17/2016 Topics for Today • A sociological approach and the sociological imagination • Biomedical model • Globalisation and health After this session you will be able to..... Explain basic features of a sociological approach to health and illness Describe the key characteristics of the biomedical model Define some of the key concepts that inform a sociological approach to health and illness Consider the value of a sociological approach to health and illness for health workers. Let’s start with some questions … o Why do people stop taking antibiotics before they have finished the packet? o Why do people smoke even when they know its unhealthy? o Why are women more likely to be diagnosed with depression than men? o Why are poor people sicker than rich people? o Why do people seek complementary and alternative remedies rather than going to the doctor? o Why do migrants to Australia have more accidents at work? o Why is there a 15‐20 year life expectancy gap between Indigenous and non‐Indigenous Australians? 2 2/17/2016 What is sociology? “The study of society” Links between individual lives & social forces Systematic patterns in groups of people – Behaviour – Meanings – Beliefs How do aspects of social life influence others? How does the distribution of power affect social life? Sociology offers: A ‘second opinion’ about common sense ideas...
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...criminal justice system deals with men and women. In some cases, the nature of female crimes means that they are less likely to be recorded. Men and women seem to commit different types of crime. Those committed by women are seen as more serious if they go against expected gender norms. For men, crime can be seen as an expression of masculinity and a way of gaining social status. Using material from Item B and elsewhere, assess sociological explanations of gender differences in the patterns of crime. There are an array of sociological explanations and theories as to why there is a significant difference not only in the crime rates of different genders but also in the crimes committed by each. Firstly,item B states that men are more likely to commit crime than women, official statistics support this statement as they show that of the 1.2 million criminals convicted and sentenced in 2011, only 24% of those were women and 72% were men; this shows that men are 3x more likely to be convicted and sentenced than women. There are a variety of explanations for this significant difference in criminal convictions; Parsons, and other functionalists, argue that this difference is due the Sex Role theory which states that men and women have different roles within the family, the women has the expressive role which causes her to be more caring and nurturing where as men have the instrumental role and that children learn these roles during primary socialisation, the girls are socialised...
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...Ruby-May Birch Homework Examine the patterns of and reasons for domestic violence in society (24 Marks) A definition of domestic violence is given by the Women’s Aid Federation in 2008 is 'physical, psychological, sexual or financial violence that takes place within an intimate or family-type relationship and forms a pattern of coercive and controlling behaviour. It may involve partners, ex-partners, household members or other relatives.’ Sociologists challenge the view that domestic violence is limited to the behaviour of a few disturbed individuals, they argue that there are sociological explanations for domestic violence, domestic violence is far too widespread to be simply the work of these people. According to the British crime survey domestic violence accounts for almost a sixth of all violent crime also domestic violence doesn’t occur at random but follows particular social patterns and in turn has social causes. There are four types of abuse outlined: partner abuse, family abuse, sexual assault and stalking. A shocking pattern in domestic violence is that it is more commonly women than men that experience ‘intimate violence’ across all four types; this was found by Kathryn Coleman et al in 2007. Catriona Mirrlees-Black found similar outcomes when carrying out a survey of 16,000 people in 1999. She found that 99% of all attacks against women were by men...
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...Assess sociological explanations for science and ideology as a belief system (33) Hannah-Mae Neve 13D Science has had an enormous impact on society over the last few centuries. The achievements in medicines have eradicated many fatal diseases; through which people have developed a large faith in science and so has become a strong belief system. However, it has been recognised that although science resolves many issues, it also creates problems. This contentious nature brought about a dimmed faith as science has created its own risks that increasingly threaten the planet such as global warming and nuclear weapons. Ideology is a worldview or a set of ideas and values. The main issues surround ideology as a belief system is that every set of beliefs is very one-sided. Each person only believes in their ideologies and is likely to be unwelcoming to any others. Consequently, friction and tension is built within society. According to Sir Karl Popper, science is an ‘open’ belief system. An open belief system is where every scientist’s theories are open to scrutiny, criticism and testing by others. For example everyone has access to scientific information and none is kept away from the public or other scientists. Popper believes that science is governed by the principle of falsificationism whereby scientists seek to falsify existing theories by deliberate experiments that might produce information which would contradict the current theories. In Popper’s views, the growth of our understanding...
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...Lecture #1: Defining Sociology and Using our Sociological Tools; Please read Ch. 1 Hello everyone and welcome to the start of what will hopefully be a wonderful semester. This semester we will be examining and analyzing science and technology using a sociological discipline. In the beginning of every lecture I will introduce the vocabulary. These words will be significant for the lecture, so put them to memory because you just might see them later, wink, wink, and wink. Vocabulary: Sociology: The systematic study of human societies. It is the scientific study of human social life, behavior, groups, culture and societies. Culture: A way of life including widespread values (about what is good and bad), beliefs (about what is true), and behavior (what people do every day). Social Problems: A condition that undermines the well-being of some or all members of a society and that are usually a matter of public controversy. Sociological Imagination: Is the quality of mind that enables one to see the connection between personal troubles and social structures. Theory: A statement of how and why specific facts are related. Structural-Functional: A theoretical framework that sees society as a system of many interrelated parts. Social-Conflict: A theoretical framework that sees society as divided by inequality and conflict. Symbolic-Interaction: A theoretical framework that sees society as the product of individuals interacting with one another. Technology: the practical use...
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...P3 Explain patterns and trends in health and illness among different social groupings Gender Men and women have different levels of risks of getting mental illnesses such as alcohol dependency. This is “more than twice as high in men than women. In developed countries, approximately 1 in 5 men and 1 in 12 women develop alcohol dependence during their lives” WHO 2015. This clearly shows that men and women have different risks when it comes to health and illness. Men are also twice as likely to have personality disorders, but women are more likely to have anxiety and depression than men are. Women have more accounts of sexual harassment and rape and this has a knock on effect to the amount of people with depression. Social class Different social classes have different levels of financial stability, which is also directly linked to the health care that is available and the housing and area in which they live. People in the lower class have higher levels of illness and bad health, as they cannot afford private healthcare so would then have to wait for appointments and go to public hospitals where they may be very busy and have a low amount of appointments available. Also people from the lower class may not be eating as well as others as they are on a strict budget this means they may be missing certain vitamins and minerals from their diet. Eating cheap microwave meals and processed food is not as good as eating fresh meals and organic fruit and vegetables. Table – poverty...
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...SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT STUDIES NAME: MWENYA MAKASA COMP NO: 14129965 COURSE: SOCIOLOGY 1110 LECTURE: MRS NTASHALA TUTOR: MR MWILA LUDAMO TUTORIAL DATE: WEDNESDAY 18-19HRS TASK: ASSIGNMENT ONE DUE DATE: 28TH January, 2015 QUESTION: Discuss the three Main Perspectives in Sociology and indicate their usefulness in Contemporary society? The nature of this essay is to discuss the three main perspectives in sociology and indicate their usefulness in contemporary society. The essay will first start with the definition of the term sociology and the term perspective. Later the essay will identify the three main sociological perspectives which are the key concepts of this essay. And a conclusion will be drawn at the end of this essay. The term sociology can be dated back in 1840. It was a word introduced by the French philosopher and the father of positivism (the use of scientific method in observing and studying social behavior). Auguste Comte (1789-1857) is considered to be the founder of the term sociology used to describe a new way of looking at the society. Therefore sociology can be defined as a scientific way of thinking about society and its influence on human groups (Taylor 2011). Perspectives in sociology provides us with different mindset in which we feel and see the world for example, a musician in America would rather sing about our great...
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...Unit 7: Sociological perspectives for health and social care Contents No. | Title | Page no. | 1 | P1: Explain the principal sociological perspectives | 3 | 2 | P2: Explain different sociological approaches to health and ill health | 4 | 3 | P3: Explain patterns and trends in health and illness among different social groupings | 5-7 | | Bibliography | 8 | P1: Explain the principal sociological perspectives Functionalism- The functionalism perspective is the main rule in society and sees society in different ways. Functionalism sees society as a system of highly interrelated parts that work together harmoniously. The main role of an intuition was to socialise with individuals and to ensure that they understood the underlying values of their society and behaved in acceptable ways. This ensured that was order in society. An example of the functionalist approach is that they view society as a body and each part has a function for society to work harmoniously. Marxism- Marxism perspective is a structuralism model. This approach was produced by Karl Marx. He also thought that individual behaviour was shaped by society, but then he realised the economic system was the definition of society and people’s place within it. He then identified that in the industrial society of his time there were two social classes. The bourgeoisies/capitalists– the small powerful group who owned factories and the employments and the proletariat– a much larger poorer group of “worker”...
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...2/18/15 DATE Social Science/Education DIVISION x REQUIRED COURSE NEW COURSE X ELECTIVE COURSE x REVISION LAKE LAND COLLEGE Course Information Form COURSE NUMBER SOC280 TITLE Introduction to Sociology SEM CR HRS 3 LT HRS 3 LAB HRS SOE HRS ECH COURSE PCS # (Assigned by Administration) PREREQUISITES: None Catalog Description (40 Word Limit): Study of human interaction focusing on social influences shaping personality, structure and dynamics of human society. Topics include: sociological perspective, culture, society, social interaction; social change in global perspective; socialization; families; social class; and social stratification; race and ethnicity; and deviance. | | |CONTENT LECTURE LAB OUTLINE | |HOURS HOURS | Study of Sociology (What is Sociology, Methods) 5 Individual and Society (Culture, Socialization, Social Interaction, Groups, Networks, Organization, Conformity and Deviance) 10 Stratification (Class, Global, Gender, Racial and Ethnic, Aging) 15 Social Institutions...
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...There is much debate in sociology about whether class is still important. Many argue that class is no longer important as an individual’s identity and life chances are based more status and cultural factors such as lifestyle, values, intelligence, education and the like, the post-modernists state that class has ceased to be the prime determinant of identity and suggest that societies are now organised around consumption rather than production, consequently people now identify themselves in terms of what they consume rather than in terms of social-class position. Class identity has therefore fragmented into numerous separate and individualised identities. Others argue that class is still a central influence on people’s lives, that it affects their life chances (health, education, voting, social mobility etc.), they argue that class inequality exists and that such inequalities are widening rather than narrowing. Early theories such as Functionalist theory argue that inequality is functional for society since it makes sure that those who show the most potential talent are encouraged to develop this talent through higher education and training, with the promise of higher incomes when they qualify (deferred gratification). They state that in order for society to function properly, society must make sure that people fully use their talents. Inequalities stem from the fact that society values different roles in different ways, based on the shared norms and values of a society. Davis...
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