...CAROLINA GARCIA SOC300 Sociology of Developing Countries DATE: 04-28-05 The Mexican Development I. INTRODUCTION During the last decade Mexico's economic performance has been positive. In 2001 Mexico became Latin America’s largest economy according to the IMF. The implementation of economic policies have strengthened Mexico's fundamentals and increased its resilience to external shocks. Due to the GDP1 growth (25.7% percent higher than the Brazilian) Mexico is considered the fourth fastest growing economy among the 30 largest economies in the world and it is expect that the economy will growth 3% and soon It could become the first and that is why further lending needs to occur. Mexico has also achieved political and social developments in the past 10 years. The administration of President Vicente Fox is an example of transparency and his government has fulfilled almost all of his commitments that he promised at the beginning of his campaign. Thru this easy we will mention some of the many of the projects that have changed Mexico’s history. II. CONTENTS I. Introduction …………………………………………………… II. Contents ……………………………………………………… III. Economic Performance ……………………………………… IV. Economic Program. …………………………………………. a) Fiscal Policy ……………………………………… b) Exchange rate policy …………………………… c) Debt management ……………………………… V. Structural Reforms ……………………………………………… a) Private Sector involvement in the economy ……… b) Tax system …………………………………………… ...
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...Inequalities, both domestic and global, illuminate the inevitability and functionality of stratification. Discuss. The title of this essay covers a very wide topic of stratification, and in this essay I will look at the many different forms of stratification that exist both at home here in Ireland and also on a worldwide scale, but to begin with I’m going to describe and define what stratification really means. In short stratification is basically how society ranks in hierarchy, which in detail means the vertical or hierarchical division of society according to rank, class or caste. Caste is defined as “a form of social stratification based on inherited status or ascription.” and this definition goes on to say that “ones social destiny is determined at birth with no chance or opportunity to change this class you have been born into.1”. It remains to be argued whether this statement is true or false, ! ! personally I think it is possible to change class or to move up or down a social class. Yes ones social destiny is determined at birth but it is possible to move up and down the social class ladder, all it takes is determination. Although if one is to begin at the bottom of the ladder, born into a family with harsh surroundings, it will be much harder to move up the ranks, as your success largely depends on your cultural background. If there is no one around you to support you with your studies or with any educational things you may be interested in, then doing any of...
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...apparently contradictory social implications. Division of labour is cooperative labour divided into an enormous number of different specialized occupations (Giddens,1993:493). Looking at theories of uneven development will give us a better understanding of global division of labour. Two theories stand for uneven development. The first being the world system theory developed by Immanuel Wallerstein. Wallerstein argues that world order was created by capitalism and not nation states. This theory refers to inter-regional and transnational division of labour. It divides the world into core countries, semi-periphery countries and the periphery countries. Core countries focus on higher skill, capital-intensive production, and the rest of the world focuses on low-skill, labor-intensive production and extraction of raw materials. This constantly reinforces the dominance of the core countries. Globalisation is the process of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas, and other...
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...cultural imperialism to influence a country, in lieu of either direct military control or indirect political control, i.e. imperialism and hegemony. Neocolonialism is the relationship between two nations in which one exercises strategic, economic and cultural domination, despite the legal independence of the other. The term neo-colonialism describes the influence of countries from the developed world in the respective internal affairs of the countries of the developing world. It is also defined as the policy of a strong nation in seeking political and economic hegemony over an independent nation or extended geographical area without necessarily reducing the) During the 1950s, African leaders began using a new word, neocolonialism, and there were even books published on the subject. Neocolonialism (neo = new; thus, “new” colonialism) refers to the idea that some countries can control their former colonies (or other less developed countries) by political, economic and cultural pressures. How Neocolonialism affects 21st Century? In post-colonial studies, the term neo-colonialism describes the influence of countries from the developed world in the respective internal affairs of the countries of the developing world; that, despite the decolonization that occurred in the aftermath of the Second World War (1939–45), the (former) colonial powers continue to apply existing and past international economic arrangements with their former colony countries, and so maintain colonial control...
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... Case: Country A “The Agrarian” Sociology has helped us to understand why different groups of the human race act the way they do, as well as introduces us to other cultures, and different backgrounds. The case study gives a good example of the different roles culture plays in the attitudes of the different groups and how everyday lives are affected. When we look at Case Study A, we must first examine the measurements of underdevelopment, socially, economically and politically. We must also know what defines a undeveloped country and its main theories of underdevelopment. These two theories respectively are the modernization theory and the dependency theory. Almost one half of third world families depend on agriculture to feed there families. One billion of the rural poor live in dangerous conditions. A large percent of the population relys on agriculture for its survival. Agrarian reform is what we are dealing with the case study that involves country A. The availability of land and crop prices play a heavy role here. We have to examine land ownership closely. In some countries only the elite own the land. Others may vary. In these countries like country A we have to take a close look at who owns the land. It has been difficult for these countries to reform due to rural class structures and...
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...Investigate a Social Issue By: Your Name Professor Sociology 100 November 4, 2013 Introduction: Social Issue Early studies of political and economic change in the Less Developed Countries (LDC) say nothing about women’s issues. In the past decade different organizations focused around women have heightened awareness of how women play an important role in the political and economic development. Women are significant to the success of family planning programs, bear much of the responsibility for food production and account for an increasing share of wage labor in developing countries. Women are very aware of the consequences of environmental degradation and can contribute to the development of a vibrant, civil society and good governance. In spite of their important contributions, women lag behind men in access to health care, nutrition, and education while continuing to face difficult social, economic, and political barriers. Women’s lives in the developing world are consistently hard. Often female children are less valuable than male children, resulting in higher female infant and child death rates. Gender Inequalities: Sociological View Gender is a dimension of social organization, shaping how we interact with others and how we think about ourselves. Gender also involves hierarchy, ranking men and women differently in terms of power, wealth, and other resources. That is why sociologists speak of gender stratification, the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and...
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...own self interests. The competition of individuals and groups for wealth and power is the fundamental process shaping social structure. The conflict of groups produces a progressive development of greater equality, democracy, autonomy and individuality, as different forms of privilege are abolished. Many factors interact to generate changes in people's behavior and in the culture and structure of their society, including the physical environment, population, clashes over resources and values, supporting values and norms, innovation (discoveries and inventions), diffusion, and the mass media. The need for the study of sociology is greater especially in underdeveloped countries. Sociologists have now drawn the attention of economists regarding the social factors that have contributed to the economic backwardness of a few countries. Economists have now realized the importance of...
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...current society. Consequently, this essay holds the view that technological solutions cannot adequately address both the ecological problems and the social problems for the reason that technological solutions are just the makeshift methods to alleviate the exterior problems, and have not raveled out these problems from the fountainhead. Technological solutions only can try to mitigate the greenhouse gas emissions, but cannot completely cope with global warming at the background of global motorization, which is the deniable fact. Apparently, it is unfair and unpractical for developing countries to limit the carbon emissions. According to Huimin Li and Ye Qi (2012), the carbon emissions have positive correlation with the increasing of GDP. Hence, it is no denying that developing countries like China have tremendous demanding for boosting the industry and the manufacturing. For instance: Developing countries widely use fossil fuel to produce electricity. In this circumstance, it will inevitably cause the carbon emissions. In Gonzalez’ article (2005), the WBCSD provides reforms including the development and application of technology, administrative schemes and the use of paperless. However, these methods are not to reduce the quantity of raw materials in order to prevent...
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...Current Sociological Theories and Issues in Tourism Your Name Institution Name Current Sociological Theories and Issues in Tourism The journal studies the development of sociological issues from the 20th century to the present day. It traces the foundation of these theories to the current events that are studied today. The author notes that postmodern era arguments were based on relations between western modernity and tourism. In the recent past, sociology theories have changed due to dynamism in human behavior and a broader definition of authenticity. Due to the different shifts occurring in the society today the journal concentrates on current sociology theories. The theory discussed in this article are reviewed in through three perspectives of the modern world that are Mobility, Performativity approach, and the actor network theory (p. 2178). The journal outlines the chronology of various changes that have been witnessed in the tourism sector over the years. The journal elucidates the significant historical events affecting contemporary tourism. Three theories are used to explain these changes and their impacts on tourism, these include performativity, mobilities, and the ANT approaches (p. 2195). Through evaluating the three postulations, a shift that occurred from the earlier authenticity discourses to tourist gaze is well evident. Moreover, the problems in the tourism sector are also evaluated. However, the article concentrates only with the Western travel...
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...Education is the most important factor behind the progress man has achieved in this world. It has been the permanent character of human history and evolution of thought. However, in the past, it used to be prerogative of only a few privileged men and the pace of development was quite slow. Since it has been disseminated to common people, there has been rapid growth in every sphere of development: science, technology, sociology, politics, anthropology, etc. Now it is treated as basic human right of every man. Though, it encompasses a wide sphere of knowledge, it has been metamorphosed by man according to his needs. It has been mainly applied as a tool of economic development, which has limited its application. Consequently, people are deprived of the potential education offers for the overall development of personality and stability of society. The chaos in modern world is also partly due to this fault. Therefore, in order to meet the multi-dimensional challenges, man faces in the world, it is essential to impart real education i.e. liberal education. The liberal education has been defined in many ways, though emphasizing the similar essential elements. The best definition is offered by the “Association of American Colleges and Universities”. “Liberal education means to empower an individual and prepare him to deal with diversity, complexity and change”. As manifest from the definition, the purpose of education is to enable man to surpass the challenges faced in the...
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...Global and Economic Inequality If I were a sociologist studying the Developing World I would choose to study Global and economic inequality. Global inequality has been little analyzed by sociologists despite their claim to be the scientific experts most in charge of the study of human inequalities and social stratification. Most undergraduate courses on social inequalities study race, class and gender without ever acknowledging that the greatest inequalities are between those individuals and households that live in developed versus less developed societies. Global inequality is a matter of sociological importance and sociologists should be more interested in it. As mentioned power, inequality and conflict have been central themes of sociology, including global inequality in wealth and human rights. Power, inequality and conflict are often, but not entirely, bound up with economic power, inequalities in wealth and income and how they affect life chances and shape other spheres of society such as culture and politics. Conflict is often over economic interests or the pursuit of resources or economic gain. Because global inequality taps into core sociological concerns, it would allow other developing countries a blue print. In fact the sociology of development is a sub-field of the discipline that has long been interested in global inequality. Increasing inequality was one of the most important consequences of nineteenth century globalization, and this fact is pregnant with importance...
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...This article provides information about the importance of sociology to society! The most significance of sociology is that it studied the society social institutions scientifically. Of late the importance of sociology as the science of human relationship is being realised. The scientific study of society and the scientific promotion of human welfare has been neglected for long periods. Now the truly scientific study of society has been well under way. Sociology Image Courtesy : sociology.arizona.edu/sites/sociology.arizona.edu/files/images/soc_club_3.jpg As a matter of fact the study of social phenomena and ways and means of promoting what Giddings calls human adequacy is one of the most logical and reasonable of all subjects that ought to be made scientific. This century must be one of developing human and social welfare if we are to make social progress. It is, therefore, rightly thought by many that sociology may be the best approach to all the social sciences and therefore a key study for the present situation. As Beach says, sociology has a strong appeal to all types of minds through its direct bearing upon many of the critical problems of the present world. Giddings has suggested that just as economics tells up how to get the things we want to have, sociology tells us how to become what we want to be. Thus, sociology becomes as the scientific study of society, the representative of a great advice. Society is the largest organisation of the individuals...
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...The concept of sociology had been recognized by independent philosophers since the dawn of organized civilization. Philosophers such as Confucius and Xenophanes in their works had hinted at the clash of cultures and social hierarchy. Later, in the 14th century, Arab scholars such as Al Jahiz and Ibn Khaldun's compliled books on the history of society itself. These works are known to be forerunners of sociology. In fact, books written by Ibn Khaldun on social cohesion and conflict were translated into Latin in the 15th century. However, Sociology as a discipline has only been around since the late 17th century. Sociology then was very much the product of a rapidly changing world, from the violent revolutions in France to the subtle urbanization of Europe over a period of hundred years. Each philosopher, depending on the time period he was born in, and his background, contributed to sociology in his own unique way.The term "sociologie" was first coined by a French essayist named Emmanuel in the 17th century. However, little is known about his other contributions towards the field. Among most notable of early sociologists was Auguste Compte. He largey thought of sociology as a positivist science. In fact he himself coined the term positive philosophy . In his works, he established three stages of attainment of knowledge, theological, metaphysical and positive. Many historians belief that his conclusions on positivism and sociology were a direct result of the bloody French Revolution...
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...Contribution and Limitation of Globalization “Globalization refers to a complex of interrelated processes, which have in common the idea that relationships and organizations have increasingly spread across the world, bringing about a growing awareness of the world as a whole” (Fulcher. J. and Scott. J., 2011). I. Contribution of Globalization A) Economic The essential dimension of globalization refers mainly to increase in international integration among trade and market all over the world is mentioned as economic globalization. “One who first commits himself to a theory of globalization is Marx. In so doing he identifies an economic dimension of the process” (Waters. M., 2001). The Idea of replacing national boundaries with global union especially in the case of economy was primarily supported by Marx and the other theorists of twentieth century who were struggling to make the big changes for the world’s future. It can be said that the process of globalization rose after industrial revolution (1757-1800) in Europe. Some examples of development and change from that time at which the process has been extended throughout the world so far are; “from farm to factory, division of labor increase, increase in child labor, new methods of administration, mass production and etc”. Nowadays, through the globalized situation, international trade and the achievement of the free market economy is increasing so that workers, consumers, and companies have the strong possibility to go...
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...defines Culture as a “the values, beliefs, behavior, practices and material objects that constitute a peoples’ way of life”, and Sociology as “the systematic study of human society” (Macionis and Plummer 2012, p.964). In light of this, Cultural sociology demands that culture and social structural forces, especially economic forces to be dissociated in order to allow a form of cultural self-governance, rather than these cultural structures to be seen as external to individuals. The following essay will discuss the frame work of cultural sociology developed by Jeffery Alexander. In order to discuss how important cultural sociology for the development of South Africa is, I will assess to what extent contemporary South Africa embodies the characteristics of a cultural society in comparison to surviving practices and traditional beliefs. Theoretical framework of cultural sociology is best described as the importance of culture being seen an independent variable. Alexander (2003), emphasizes the importance of culture shaping society instead of culture being a product of society. He puts culture first and highlights that, “To believe in the possibility of a cultural sociology is to subscribe to the idea that every action, no matter how instrumental, reflexive or coerced vis-a-vis its external environments” (Alexander 2003:12). Comparatively, “Sociology of culture” implies that institutions, irrespective of how impersonal and technocratic have an ideal substructure that essentially...
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