...ABSTRACT: A solar tsunami is a rare astronomical phenomenon, caused by the magnetic explosion in the sun. The sun has spurted a huge cloud towards the earth which is full of electronic ions. The planet was hit by a “Solar Tsunami” racing 93 million miles across the space. Scientists have warned that the earth could be hit by a wave of violent space storm(Coronal Mass Ejection) after a massive explosion on the sun. This huge explosion could shut down the global communication and the satellites might get destroyed. “These eruptions occur when immense magnetic structures in the solar atmosphere lose their stability and can no longer be held down by the Sun’s huge gravitational pull. Just like a coiled spring suddenly being released, they erupt into space.” This means we have a very good chance of seeing major and prolonged effects, such as the northern lights at low latitudes.” The solar explosion that causes the tsunami has been observed by many satellites along with the Solar Dynamic Observatory, NASA. The blasts will reach to a maximum level in 2020 it is estimated. Along with this blast there was another blast of cold air circumference of the sun’s northern pole. A huge cloud has been thrown in to the space with these related developments. This paper focuses on the global changes caused by the future solar activity and also presented pre actions for safe guarding our lives. Key Words: Coronal mass Ejection, Solar storms, Magneto Hydro Dynamic Waves, Solar electric repulsion...
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...average weather. There are 2 causes of climate change. The first is human activity which includes deforestation, burning fossil fuels, agriculture, transportation and infrastructure. The second is natural causes which include volcanic eruptions and variations in solar outputs. These causes have negative effect on the natural environment which leads to increasing of temperature, increasing in sea level, changing of precipitations, extremely weather, killing species of animals, birds, fish and plants. This essay will show that the causes of climate change have different effects on the environment. Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations, volcanic eruptions and solar outputs, have negative impacts on animals, plants, and environment. Climate is always changeable. One winter can be early, another late; one summer wet, another dry (Carter 2000,34). For the last century climate has dramatically changed. Consequences of climate change may manifest itself as rapid and through the long period of time. Climate change could lead to number of catastrophic disasters as droughts, earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, tornadoes and volcanic eruptions. For example earthquakes in New Zealand, China, Chilie, and Haiti, floods in Australia, Pakistan and India, volcanic eruption in Iceland, tornado in Dakota in the USA, Montana supercell thunderstorm and recent disasters in Japan. By climatologists’ evidence there are two causes with several factors that have a response for the...
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...of any type of weather such as clouds, rivers, and dust storms. The planet of Mercury closely resembles Earth's Moon. Mercury's surface shows intercrater plains, basins, smooth plains, craters, and tectonic features. Many of the smooth plains located on Mercury seem to be a result from flood volcanism. Some other features of Mercury geology are vents that are a result from magma-carved valleys and "hollows" that are believed to be from collapsed magma chambers. There are mineral deposits and thrust faulting near the poles of Mercury. Overall, the planet of Mercury is a very barren planet with not much geology to study. The atmosphere of Venus is made up of different components. It is made up of 96.5% carbon dioxide and 3.5% of nitrogen. Though almost all of the atmosphere of Venus is made up of carbon dioxide and nitrogen, there are traces of carbon monoxide, argon, helium, and neon. The atmosphere...
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...Solar Activity Most people just look up at the sun and enjoy the warmth and brightness of the light. Without the sun there would be no life on earth. If a person took the time to analyze it, he or she would find more than bright light and warm weather. The sun is very active with solar cycles, sunspots, and most of all solar flares. It is amazing how much the suns activity can affect us on Earth. A solar cycle is when the sun's magnetic field rotates a full 360 degrees, causing its poles to switch. This solar magnetic activity cycle or solar cycle has been active for hundreds of millions of years. A solar cycle can be as short as nine years or as long as fourteen years, with an average of about eleven years (Zell). A solar cycle is observed by counting frequency and placement of sunspots visible on the sun. Solar cycles are periodic changes in the sun’s activity, changes in levels of solar radiation, and changes in levels of ejection of solar matter. The sun is currently in solar cycle twenty-four (Millis). There are phases of solar minimum and solar maximum. During solar minimum, the sun is the least active. Solar maximum is the period of highest activity. The sun is currently in the middle of a very active phase with a high number of sunspot and solar flares. The last time the sun was this active was August 28 through September 2, 1859 (Millis). These solar cycles create sunspots. Sunspots evolve rapidly, are temporary, and are caused by a magnetic disruption on the surface...
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...check your answers. 1. Which seismic waves actually penetrate the inner core? A. Primary waves B. Secondary waves C. Raleigh waves D. Both A and B E. Love waves 2. Based on historical data, only location to have experienced a M5 (moment scale) or greater within 300 km: A. Montreal, QC B. Vancouver, BC C. Sydney, NS D. None of the above have experienced such a large earthquake E. All of the above have experienced an M5 or greater 3. This is not monitored in order to predict volcanic eruptions: A. temperature of steam B. animal reactions C. changes in the shape of the volcano D. earthquake patterns E. CO2 and radon gas 4. Few, if any, masonry structures remain standing; bridges are destroyed; large fissures open in ground; landslides are common. A. III B. VIII C. XI D. XIII E. none of the above 5. Generally, this would be the more explosive event: A. ocean island shield eruption B. volcanic arc eruption C. caldera event D. none of the above (they all generally all the same) 6. Generally, this...
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...Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system. It is approximately 143,000 kilometers (about 89,000 miles) wide at its equator. Jupiter is so large that all of the other planets in the solar system could fit inside it. More than 1,000 Earths would fit inside Jupiter. Jupiter is like a star in composition. If Jupiter had been about 80 times more massive, it would have become a star rather than a planet. Jupiter is the fifth planet from the sun. Jupiter's average distance from the sun is 5.2 astronomical units, or AU. This distance is a little more than five times the distance from Earth to the sun. When viewed from Earth, it is usually the second brightest planet in the sky, after Venus. The planet is named after Jupiter, the king of the Roman gods. What Is Jupiter Like? Jupiter is a giant gas planet. Its atmosphere is made up of mostly hydrogen gas and helium gas, just like the sun. The planet's surface is covered in thick red, brown, yellow and white clouds. One of Jupiter's most famous features is the Great Red Spot. It is a giant spinning storm, resembling a hurricane. At its widest point, the storm is about three-and-a-half times the diameter of Earth. Jupiter is a very windy planet. Winds range from 192 mph to more than 400 mph. Jupiter has three thin rings. The rings were discovered in 1979 by NASA's Voyager 1 spacecraft. Jupiter's rings are made up mostly of tiny dust particles. Jupiter rotates, or spins, faster than any other planet. One rotation...
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...Table of content: Abstract 3 I. INTRODUCTION 4 II. Theory 1: GLOBAL WARMING IN THE PAST 5 • Article 1: Volcanism • Article 2: Orbital variation • Article 3: Solar output • Article 4: Plate tectonic • Article 5: Solar radiation III. Theory2: THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT 7 • Article1: Carbon Dioxide • Article2: Methane • Article Ni trous Oxide • Article Ozone • Article4: Synthetic Chemicals • Article 5: Aerosols IV. Theory3: EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING 13 • Article 1: Weather • Article 2: Ice Sheets and Glaciers • Article 3: Sea Level • Article 4: Agriculture • Article 5: Plants and Animals V. Theory4: The impact of global warming on humanity 22 • Article 1: Extreme storm affects health and infrastructure • Article 2: Heat wave increase death and illness • Article 3: Water and food supplies threatened • Article 4: Drinkable water become increasingly contaminated • Article 5: Large numbers of environmental refugee VI. Theory5: EFFORTS TO CONTROL GLOBAL WARMING 23 • Article 1: Carbone Capture • Article 2: Energie Sources • Article 3: koyoto • Article 4: Programs in the United States • Article 5: Montreal protocol CONCLUSION 27 Bibliography 28 Abstract: Throughout its long history, earth has warmed and cooled time, and again. Climate has changed...
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...PLANETS By Reanna Hinson The purpose of my project and essay is to familiarize ourselves with the different planets within our own solar system. I will present different, unique and amazing facts about each the eight planets. My project also displays a colored example of what each planet appears to look like as well as statistical information. Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars, are called the terrestrial planets because they have solid rocky surfaces. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune and are called gas giants. Earth is the only planet of the eight that has life forms as we know them. All other planets have extreme conditions such as temperatures, atmospheres and weather that make life as we know it impossible to exist, but we still keep looking for alien signs of life. Mercury Mercury is a small planet that spins very slowly in orbit around the sun. It is the planet closest to the sun and has extreme temperature changes. During the day the temperature can soar to 870° Fahrenheit and at night time down to -300° Fahrenheit. Mercury has no moons and a very small and weak atmosphere because the Sun’s solar winds have blown it away. This causes very little to no air on Mercury. Venus Venus and Earth are just about the same size, but Venus always has a thick cloud cover making it impossible to see the surface of the planet, and traps a lot of the Sun’s heat making it the hottest average temperature of all the planets. The average temperature is 850° Fahrenheit...
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...Thousands of scientists contribute to writing and reviewing reports. Does not carry out new research or monitor climate related data. There are 3 working groups and a special tasks force. Terminology – 99%-100% (Virtually Certain) 90%-100% (Very Likely) 66%-100 (Likely) 33%-60% (About as likely as not) 0%-33% (Unlikely) 0%-10% (Very Unlikely) 0%-1% (Exceptionally Unlikely) o Causes of climate change Relative forcing components – Long-live greenhouse gases (Global), Ozone (Continental to Global), Stratospheric water vapor from methane (Global), Surface albedo, Aerosol (Direct Affect, Cloud Albedo Affect, Surface to Continental), Linear Contrails (Continental) , Solar irradiance (Global) Earth’s energy budget & human use Quadrillion BTU 100% Incoming Solar Energy Wood 64% - Radiated to space Coal 51% - Absorbed by land and oceans Oil &Gas 23% - Carried to clouds Hydropower &Nuclear (1900-) 20% - Reflected by clouds 16% - Absorbed by atmosphere 15% - Radiation absorbed by atmosphere 7% - Conduction and rising air 6% - Reflected by atmosphere 6% - Radiated directly into space 4% - Reflected from Earth’s surface 3% - Absorbed by clouds Greenhouse gases (types and impact) – Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Nitrous Oxide, and Halocarbons (fluorine, chlorine, bromine) Ozone – Good up high, bad nearby Surface albedo - The proportion of the incident light or radiation reflected by a surface. Tropical deforestation...
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...Climate Change Two of the main human causes of climate change are greenhouse gases and land use changes. Greenhouse gases trap heat in our atmosphere and can remain there for thousands of years. Certain of these gases will block heat from leaving the atmosphere. These gases make the planet warmer and create a thick blanket on the earth. Approximately 35% of all greenhouse gases are generated from electricity production. This is the larges source of these gases. Seventy percent of our electricity is derived from burning fossil fuels, comprised mostly of natural gases and coal. Land use is another human cause of climate change. Non-human factors, such as volcanic eruptions and solar output also play a big factor in our climate and it changes. During a volcanic eruption, volcanic gases, aerosol drops, and ashes are sent into the atmosphere. These types of impurities are usually gone within days to weeks and will have very little impact on the climate. However, there are other types of gases, such as sulfur dioxide, that may cause global cooling, while carbon dioxide may promote global warming. Energy plays a big role in so many aspects of our lives. We depend on electricity for our lights and cooling needs. Fuel is used for many modes of transportation, our heating, and cooking. The production of energy and the way we use energy accounts for more than 80% of our greenhouse gas emissions. As temperatures begin to increase, we will likely see a change in the amount...
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... • Is it real? • How do we know? • Why should we care? • How sure are scientists? • What next—what can we do? What changes climate? Changes in: – Sun’s output – Earth’s orbit – Drifting continents – Volcanic eruptions – Greenhouse gases Scientists have a good understanding of what has changed earth’s climate in the past: • Incoming solar radiation is the main climate driver. Its energy output increased about 0.1% from 1750 to 1950, increasing temperatures by 0.2°F (0.1°C) in the first part of the 20th century. But since 1979, when we began taking measurements from space, the data show no long-term change in total solar energy, even though Earth has been warming. • Repetitive cycles in Earth’s orbit that occur over tens of thousands of years can influence the angle and timing of sunlight. • In the distant past, drifting continents make a big difference in climate over millions of years by changing ice caps at the poles and by altering ocean currents, which transport heat and cold throughout the ocean depths. • Huge volcanic eruptions can cool Earth by injecting ash and tiny particles into the stratosphere. • Changes in the concentration of...
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...inquiries into and develops measures to reduce negative impact of economic activity on climate and global warming. Taking into account the information mentioned above, it is evident that an interdisciplinary research is crucial, because one scientist is unable to solve the problem of global warming without any sort of collaborative effort with other disciplines. Natural disasters such: hurricanes and tornados are the result of global warming. In Recent years, hurricanes have become a great problem for many coastal villages and towns around the world. Scientists say that hurricanes are cause by heated water and variations of sea level. For example, according to Avery: “The computerized global climate models predict we’ll get more and bigger storms as the planet warms”, which results in severe weather conditions. Avery explains that “heat in the atmosphere is the fuel that leads to stormy weather, “and “weather disasters are occurring with ever greater...
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...AS GEOGRAPHY UNIT 1 WORLD AT RISK WORLD AT RISK GLOBAL HAZARDS Hazard – Potential threat to human life or property Natural Hazards – Caused by natural processes e.g. lava flow from volcanic eruption Hydro-meteorological Hazards – Caused by climatic processes (droughts, floods, tropical cyclones and storms Geophysical Hazards – Caused by land processes (volcanic eruptions, earthquakes) Disaster – When a hazard seriously affects humans Risk – Likelihood that humans will be seriously affected by a hazard Vulnerability – How susceptible a population is to the damage caused by a hazard. Disaster Risk Equation Risk (R) – Hazards (H) * Vulnerability (V) / Capacity to Cope (C) Risk increases if: * Frequency or severity of hazards increase * People vulnerability increase * Capacity to cope decreases (Capacity to cope is the ability to deal with the consequences of a hazard) e.g. people in remote areas are further from help in central areas, so have lower capacity to cope) * Global Warming – greatest global hazard * Recent increase in average global temp – climate change * Causes other types of climate change * Context hazard – global in scale (affects all parts of environment) – potential to trigger other hazards or make them worse * Chronic Hazard (Long term) * People who aren’t causing the problem are mostly affected * Difficult to find solutions * Hydro-meteorological hazards becoming more frequent ...
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...with the Industrial Revolution in Europe in the 19th century. In the last few decades, it has become the major problem for our environment. Clean air is normally made up of nitrogen (76 %) , oxygen (22%) , carbon dioxide and a few other gases. When harmful elements get into the air they may cause health problems and can also damage the environment, buildings and soil. They make the ozone layer thinner and thinner and lead to the warming of the earth’s atmosphere and climate changes. Our modern life style has led to dirtier air over the years. Factories, vehicles of all kinds, the growing number of people are some things that are responsible for air pollution today. But not all pollution in the air is caused by people. Forest fires, dust storms and volcanoeruptions can lead to the pollution of the atmosphere. Major pollutants and where they come from Carbon monoxide is a colourless gas that is set free when wood, petrol or coal are not completely burned. It is also in products like cigarettes. Because of it , less oxygen enters our blood and it makes us confused and sleepy. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that gets into the atmosphere when we burn coal , oil or wood. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are gases that come from air-conditioning systems or refrigerators. When they get into the air they rise high into the atmosphere ( about 20—50 km above the earth’s surface). There, they get into contact with other gases and destroy the ozone layer. We need the ozone layer because...
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...Study Guide: Final Exam Concentrate your studies in the following areas. Questions for the Final Exam will come principally from this material. Lutgens and Tarbuck Textbook: Earthquakes and Structures (Chapter 6) * Know the definition of an earthquake (pg. 190). --ground shaking caused by the sudden and rapid movement of one block of rock slipping past another along fractures in Earth’s crust called faults * Know the difference between the focus and epicenter of an earthquake. Which is located at the source of the earthquake? Which is located on the surface of the earth directly above the source? --Focus=Earthquakes tend to occur along preexisting faults where internal stresses have caused the crustal rocks to rupture or break into two or more units. The location where slippage begins is called the hypocenter, or focus. --Epicenter=The point on Earth’s surface directly above the hypocenter * Understand the concept of elastic rebound. What is it? How are earthquakes produced via elastic rebound? * --Elastic rebound=At some point, the stress along the fault overcomes the frictional resistance, and slip initiates. Slippage allows the deformed ( bent) rock to “ snap back” to its original, stress- free, shape; a series of earthquake waves radiate as it slides. Reid termed the “ spring-ing back” elastic rebound because the rock behaves elastically, much like a stretched rubber band does when it is released. * Know the three basic types of seismic waves...
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