...Detailed Notes - Socioeconomically Disadvantaged - People or families who lack sufficient income to obtain adequate health, food, housing and clothing that the rest of society can afford. - Find it difficult to ensure an adequate standard of living. - Often unemployed and rely on social security and services - Often in situation due to a disability, illness, living in a remote area. - Can be caught in the poverty cycle. - 12.6% of children in Australia live in households with incomes less than 50% of the national mean. - Sole parents, migrants, Aboriginals and low income employees usually fall into this group. Needs - Access to resources o Need to access a variety of services to improve their standard of living - Education o Need to develop knowledge, understanding & skill in identifying and accessing resources as well as problem solving in managing their own situation - Employment o Some have need for permanent employment o Need to be employed to improve their standard of living and self-esteem o The ‘working poor’ need to have their income supplemented with access to a variety of resources at no extra cost - Financial Support o Need in order to make ends meet o Cheaper loans, assistance in purchasing furniture, clothing and assistance in meeting the cost of schooling and sporting activities is needed - Health o They suffer from more chronic illness thus affordable, quality health care, medicines and treatments are required along with preventative...
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...The effects of poverty The effects of poverty are serious. Children who grow up in poverty suffer more persistent, frequent, and severe health problems than do children who grow up under better financial circumstances. * Many infants born into poverty have a low birth weight, which is associated with many preventable mental and physical disabilities. Not only are these poor infants more likely to be irritable or sickly, they are also more likely to die before their first birthday. * Children raised in poverty tend to miss school more often because of illness. These children also have a much higher rate of accidents than do other children, and they are twice as likely to have impaired vision and hearing, iron deficiency anemia, and higher than normal levels of lead in the blood, which can impair brain function. Levels of stress in the family have also been shown to correlate with economic circumstances. Studies during economic recessions indicate that job loss and subsequent poverty are associated with violence in families, including child and elder abuse. Poor families experience much more stress than middle-class families. Besides financial uncertainty, these families are more likely to be exposed to series of negative events and “bad luck,” including illness, depression, eviction, job loss, criminal victimization, and family death. Parents who experience hard economic times may become excessively punitive and erratic, issuing demands backed by insults, threats, and...
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...A LITERATURE REVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF EARLY YEARS PROVISION ON YOUNG CHILDREN, WITH EMPHASIS GIVEN TO CHILDREN FROM DISADVANTAGED BACKGROUNDS Edward C. Melhuish Institute for the Study of Children, Families & Social Issues Birkbeck, University of London Prepared for the National Audit Office The views expressed in this paper are not necessarily those of the National Audit Office. Address of author Institute for the Study of Children, Families & Social Issues 7 Bedford Square London WC1B 3RA Email: e.melhuish@bbk.ac.uk Table of Contents Executive Summary 3 1. Introduction 1.1. The context of childcare research 1.2 Types of childcare and pre-school provision 1.3 Evidence on developmental effects 1.4 Structure of report 7 7 8 10 10 2. Childcare as intervention 2.1 Research methodology 2.2 Randomised Control Trials (RCTs) 2.2.1 Ypsilanti/High Scope/Perry Pre-school Study 2.2.2 Abecedarian Project 2.2.3 Project CARE 2.2.4 Milwaukee Project 2.2.5 Infant Health and Development Program (IHDP) 2.2.6 Early Head Start (EHS) 2.2.7 Hackney study Table 1: Summary of Randomised Control Trials of Interventions 2.3 Quasi-experimental Studies 2.3.1 Head Start 2.3.2 Chicago Child – Parent Center Program 2.3.3 Syracuse Study 2.3.4 Brookline Early Education Project 2.3.5 Diverse State-based programmes in the US 2.3.6 Meta-analyses and reviews Table 2: Summary of Quasi-experimental Evaluations of Interventions 2.3.7 Summary...
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...based on whether one is female or male. In short these three forms of racism are different based on the basis of discrimination. Ageism is a form of discrimination that is based on the age of the person or group of people. In normal case a group of people with one or similar age range can be discriminated. The young people who are under five years can be discriminated against. The millennials can be discriminated based on their chronological years. However, generally, ageism refers to the old people of a certain age. In my reading I came across what is termed positive ageism, which seems to describe good things done to the old people. In my country all old people above 65 years do not pay medical costs in government hospital. This is positive ageism. However in most cases ageism is discrimination where there are some negative sanctions. Old people may be considered to be useless, senseless and old fashioned, for example. Why this type of ageism is bad is because some people tend not to take care of these old people, some do not listen to what they say. However some old people have got a lot to assist the younger generation. Another example I came across is that as a form of segregation the old people are targeted, for example by criminals. They become easy targets because they seem helpless. In some...
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...should be sent to Elizabeth Boulton at publishing@ofsted.gov.uk or Aviation House, 125 Kingsway, London WC2 6SE This publication is available at www.ofsted.gov.uk/accessandachievement. No. 130155-RR-005 In June 2012, Sir Michael Wilshaw, HMCI, stated his determination to address the issue of narrowing the gap of educational achievement between disadvantaged pupils and others. To support this intention, The Centre for Research in Early Childhood has been commissioned by OfSTED to conduct a review looking at the impact of Early Childhood Education (ECE) initiatives to combat social and economic disadvantage, both in the UK and internationally. This paper: Examines the impact of national and international initiatives in ECE over the last 10 years on the attainment of socio‐economic disadvantaged children and young people Sets out recommendations for action and further innovation The Impact of Early Education as a Strategy in Countering Socio‐ Economic Disadvantage The impact of early education as a strategy in countering socio‐economic...
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...These are the descriptions, understandings and different backgrounds of the following types of discriminations. If an individual is left out or disadvantaged because of one or more of these factors, then they are being discriminated against and their rights are protected under the (equality act). DISABILITIES- Disabilities is a way that people can If a health and social care setting (such as a school) does not have wheelchair access into the building or does not have access to higher floors in terms of a lift or other access, then this is discrimination. AGE- This is a process of becoming older. If an individual is disadvantaged in a job because of their age then this is discrimination. Some companies may not hire older people in their 40’s because they may not be able to carry out tasks that younger people may be able to. SOCIAL CLASS- Social class refers to the upper class, middle class and lower class. The class an individual belongs to depends on their wealth or family name/status. If an individual is being placed into a care home the type they get placed in will be determined on what they can afford. If they are of higher class, they will be able to afford a more expensive one with better facilities. SEXUALITY- This is the preferences of an individual. For example, a company may ask on an application form the sexuality of an individual and if the individual is homosexual (gay) then a company may not hire them. This could be because older generations are not always comfortable...
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...adulthood (Neufeld & Mate, 2005). Some of the major theories of child development are known as grand theories; they attempt to describe every aspect of development, often using a stage approach, such as, Urie Bronfenbrenner, Eric Erikson and Jean Piaget. Urie Bronfenbrenner (1979 - 2005) founded the Ecological Systems Theory which provides an understanding of how the complex relationship between the infant, the family, and society impact child development. Brofenbrenner’s theory looks at how each of the areas interplay in the development of humans and how all areas impact development instead of studying each area separately. Bronfenbrenner (1975) states that “as a child develops, the interaction within these environments becomes more complex. This complexity can arise as the child’s physical and cognitive structures grow and mature. So, given that nature continues on a given path, how does the world that surrounds the child help or hinder continued development?” Bronfenbrenner labeled five different aspects of the environment that influence children's development. These include the micro system, the mesosystem, the exosystem, the macro system, and the chronosystem. The microsystem is the immediate environment the child lives in. Children's microsystems will include any immediate relationships they interact with, such as family, friends, classmates, teachers, neighbours and other people who have a direct contact with them. How these groups interact with the child will...
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...Newcastle, UK ‡Centre for Integrated Healthcare Research, Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, UK (Received 10 December 2009; accepted 1 February 2011) Abstract Background: Previous studies have highlighted the level of communication difficulty experienced by children from socially disadvantaged backgrounds, but the pattern of difficulties remains unclear. Aims: The study asks whether the performance of a community sample of children from one of the most socially disadvantaged neighbourhoods in Scotland is best characterized by a general delay in all areas of development, by difficulties across the more formal structural aspects of language or in phonological skills. Methods & Procedures: The study included 138 monolingual English-speaking children: 63 (45.7%) boys and 75 (54.3%) girls aged between 5 and 12 years. All children were assessed blind to educational attainment in the school. Outcomes & Results: Nearly 40% of children had delayed language development with 10% having severe difficulties. The children presented with an uneven profile with much lower structural language scores than reading, general communication skills or non-verbal performance. Although service use was high in the group as a whole, the proportion who met criteria for specific language impairment on discrepancy criteria were not those who were being referred to speech and language therapy. Conclusions & Implications: Although many children were performing well within the normal range, a substantial proportion...
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...I. Introduction Youth who grow up in disadvantaged neighborhoods fare substantially worse than those who grow up with more affluent neighbors on a wide variety of health and socioeconomic outcomes. A fundamental question in the design of appropriate education, health, and social policies for low income families and communities is the extent to which these correlations reflect the causal impacts of neighborhoods as opposed to family and individual attributes that are not directly affected by the residential environment. This paper uses data from a randomized housing mobility experiment to estimate the causal effects on teenage youth of moving out of high-poverty neighborhoods. There are a variety of theoretical views about the potential effects of neighborhoods on youth.1 One school of thought argues that disadvantaged neighbors and neighborhoods have adverse causal effects on adolescent development through exposure to violence and poor peer influences, absence of appropriate adult role models, and lack of school, community, and health care resources. Indeed, teenage youth are often seen as the age group most susceptible to the adverse influences of disadvantaged neighborhoods (Ellen and Turner, 1997). An alternative view is that neighborhoods have only limited effects on youth outcomes since a wide variety of peers and role models are available in all neighborhoods, and even those in the poorest areas can find peers who stay out of trouble....
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...this, the program proposed major spending to address areas such as medical care, urban and transportation issues, and education. One portion of the education reform was a program designed to assist preschool children, ages 3-5, from economically disadvantaged families with a variety of comprehensive services, such as early education, medical, dental, and nutrition assistance. This program was termed “Head Start.” In the last four decades the program has met its goal of assisting numerous disadvantaged youth, but questions have arisen as to whether or not the program has had any real impact on the children as they have grown up. The Organization Since its inception in 1965, Head Start has assisted more than 25 million preschool children (Frisvold & Lumeng, 2011, p. 376). Children can be eligible for the program’s assistance if they are at least three years old, the family’s total income is either equal to or less than the poverty guideline, or if the child is disabled or in foster care (Office of Head Start, 2007). Currently, the funding and costs of Head Start restrict the program to only allowing about 55% of eligible children, and these restraints require that a selection process be conducted amongst those eligible to determine which children- the most disadvantaged-will be selected (Frisvold & Lumeng, 2011). HEAD START PROGRAM: ADMINISTRATION AND EFFECTIVENESS 3 For those who are both eligible and selected, the program offers a multitude of assistance to set young children...
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...living in poverty, which is 50% higher than 1969. Historically, the foundational basis for lifting the disenfranchised out of poverty is education. One of the first steps of the civil rights movement was a grassroots movement educating the poor and disenfranchised to a level of literacy that would enable them to register to vote. This strategy was led by Stephen Currier and his wife, Audrey Bruce, the granddaughter of Andrew Mellon, during the early 1960s. Their Taconic Foundation brought the leading civil rights groups together with other foundations including the Stern, Rockefeller, and Norman foundations. The funding to civil rights advocacy associations was matched with volunteers throughout the South who tutored prospective voters in literacy and then sent them back to their own communities to teach others. The Currier’s Taconic Foundation also funded a program in Harlem that had been developed at New York University. The goal was teaching disadvantaged children concepts and skills needed for school, while developing motivation and self-confidence. It was possibly the first project to focus on...
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...organization and for businesses in general, legal precedence the ruling sets for most businesses, and the role the federal enforcement agency plays in ensuring the organization’s compliance to regulation standards. Case Summary The University of California at Davis developed and implemented a special admissions program to increase enrollment of “disadvantaged” applicants, which meant minority students. The number of minority students increased. The special admissions goal was to fill 16 of the 100 positions with “disadvantaged” applicants whom would be selected by a special admissions committee. Allan Bakke, a Caucasian male, was denied admission to the school twice. Bakke brought a suit against the university on the grounds of Civil Rights Act violation and reverse discrimination, alleging preferential treatment of one group (minority or female) over another group opposed to equal opportunity (Byars & Rue, 2008). Court’s ruling The Supreme Court ruled in a five-to-four decision in favor of Allan Bakke and deemed the schools admissions system to be illegal. However, by another five-to-four vote, the Court held that at least some forms of race-conscious admissions procedures are constitutional. the Court stated that race or ethnic background may be deemed a plus in particular applicant’s file, but it does not insulate the individual from comparison with all other candidates for the available positions. The decisions in this...
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...Health and socioeconomic disadvantage Although the overall level of health and Data source and definitions wellbeing of Australians is relatively high compared with other countries, there are significant disparities in the health outcomes of different populations within Australia. In particular, people who live in areas with poorer socioeconomic conditions tend to have worse health than people from other areas. Previous analysis has shown that disadvantaged Australians have higher levels of disease risk factors and lower use of preventative health services than those who experience socioeconomic advantage.1 This article mainly uses data from the ABS 2007–08 National Health Survey. The analysis is restricted to all people aged 15 years and over unless otherwise stated. The ABS has developed four indexes to rank the level of social and economic wellbeing of a region. The analysis in this article uses the Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA) of Disadvantage based upon the 2006 Census of Population and Housing. The SEIFA index of relative disadvantage combines a number of variables (such as income, education and unemployment) of people, families and dwellings within an area, and ranks these areas on a scale of relative disadvantage. In this article the scale is divided into quintiles – with the first quintile representing the areas of greatest relative disadvantage and the fifth quintile representing the areas of least relative disadvantage...
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...Using material from Item A and elsewhere, assess the claim that the main aim of education policies in the last 25 years has been to create an education market Educational policies have been introduced by the government in order to guide or inform schools on how to function through the laws and strategies provided. Over the last 25 years- since 1988 there have been many educational policies in order to improve education. Some sociologists would argue that although these policies have improved education, the main aim of this was for marketisation. Marketisation meant that schools had to compete in order to attract students to their schools. However, this appears to be somewhat questionable when the outcomes of these policies and others are taken into consideration. Policies that have been introduced due to the 1988 Education Reform Act can be used to clearly show that the main aim of educational policies in the last twenty five years has been to create an education market. As item A states, policies such as league tables create an open enrolment to increase competition. The league table is where schools would post grades achieved by the students in their exams. This was introduced because it was able to give parents a choice in where they wanted to send their child based on what schools achieved the higher grades. Therefore this can be used as an example to support the claim that the main aim of educational policies have been to create marketisation, as league tables drive...
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...By the time they are three or four years old, children are able to acquire language spoken around them, regardless of its complexity. Development of language is universal thing and is mostly influenced by the surrounding of the one who is a language learner. Language enables children to share their feelings, intents, desires and to express themselves. Parents and caregivers share this significant role in children's language development. Children's first attempts are greatly influenced by the information and meanings directed to them by their social communicative partners. However, that conversation is dependent upon many factors, the one that shall be further examined is the effect of social class. There is wealth of empirical studies suggesting that all aspects of language that children learn are highly influenced by the socioeconomic status of their communicative partners. For example, Irwin's studies (1948, as cited in Raph, 1965) have shown the superiority of the speech sound of infants whose parents belonged to middle-class families over those of infants whose parents belonged to lower-class. Clearly, there are big differences between classes in the way they speak. Furthemore, Bernstein (1972, as cited in Piché, Rubin & Michlin, 1978) said that the language is characterised by the dissimiliraties in socialization process which are reflection of different social structural orders within the family. Additionally, the social structural bases of family have an effect on...
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