...area of research in cognitive psychology and human memory; studies into eyewitness testimony have found that it can be affected by many factors. Elizabeth Loftus, a leading researcher in eyewitness testimony, conducted studies to demonstrate that memory is not a factual recording of an event and that memories can become distorted by other information which occurs after the event. Loftus and Palmer (1974) study consisted of two laboratory experiments; both were examples of an independent measures design. The independent variable in both of the experiments is the verb used. The dependent variable in the first experiment is the participant’s speed estimate and the dependent variable in the second experiment is whether the participant believed they saw glass. In the first experiment 45 students from the University of Washington were shown video clips, short excerpts from safety films made for driver education, which were 5 to 30 seconds long. They were split into 5 groups, with 9 participants in each group. After each clip the students were asked to write a report of the accident they had just seen. They were also asked to answer some specific questions but the crucial question was ‘about how fast the cars were going when they _______ each other’. Each group was given a different verb to fill in the blank. The independent variable was the verb used, which were ‘smashed, collided, bumped, hit or contacted’. The whole experiment lasted about an hour and a half and the films were...
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...LAB EXPERIENCE PAPER MEMORY in HUMAN BEINGS SECTION I: OVERVIEW Memory, is an abstract term with no real concrete definition or absolute understanding thus making the word intriguing enough to draw attention to the greater subject of what it is, how it works and why it goes wrong. It is an essential concept in our daily life yet is the most elusive and misunderstood human attribute. Its constant presence in our everyday and its intricately complex mysteries is what ignites my interest in the research conducted in this field of Psychology. As a college student memory plays a great role in our academic performance, from weather we can recall mathematical formulas to recalling something a professor said in class to remembering certain solutions, key words and definitions we read in course material. Therefore from a personal standpoint the topic of memory interests me, as by understanding this complex concept and going into the depths of it’s functioning, I might be able to improve my own. Memory is formed from childhood and I am interested to see if memory is an natural capacity, and if so what factors lead to a better memory and if not can memory be affected by daily everyday factors. From a Psychological perspective memory excites me because the way we remember things and how can help us understand behavior and reactions to various situations. Memory hence affects decision-making and all other spheres of human life. The recollection of memory, the gaps, failures...
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...Similarly, to Sherrer, Valentine (2011) performed an experiment to show the effect of cross-examination on the accuracy of an eyewitness testimony. Twenty-two students watched a video of a crime individually or in pairs. The paired witnesses discussed the video with their co-witnesses. Yet, they had not known they had seen slightly different versions. Participants in that had pairs recalled less accurately than individual witnesses. In a cross-examination, there was no difference in accuracy between the two experimental groups. Thus, this experiment showed that the results demonstrated negative effects of cross-examination on the accuracy of adult eyewitness testimony. Likewise, as the third reason, some eyewitness testimonies lie to their advantage. For instance, Henry Drake was sentenced to death in 1977 for the murder of a 74-year old barber during a robbery in Georgia. Whether Drake was found guilty or innocent depended on an eyewitness testimony. The...
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...Outline and evaluate the different levels of accuracy of different types of witness Eyewitness testimony (EWT) refers to an account given by people of an event they have witnessed; it is an important area of research in cognitive psychology and human memory. Juries tend to pay close attention to EWT and generally find it a reliable source of information. However, research into this area has found that EWT can be affected by many psychological factors: anxiety, age, reconstructive memory and consequences. Anxiety is almost always associated with real life crime. Deffenbacher (1989) theorized the ‘Inverted U-theory’ stating that low levels of anxiety cause cognitive performance (memory) to also be relatively low. As the anxiety increases, so does the cognitive performance until optimum level. Any further anxiety produces a rapid drop in the performance. Therefore, it can be predicted that stressful incidents leads to witnesses having inaccurate recall due to their high anxiety levels. Research support for this theory and its relevance EWT can be found in a field experiment carried out by Peters (1988). Loftus (1979) aimed to see whether anxiety in EWT affected later identification. An experimental and control group were tested upon in which the control group overheard a low-key discussion in a lab about an equipment failure. A person then emerged from the laboratory holding a pen in grease covered hands. Next, the experimental group overheard a heated and hostile debate...
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...A Seminar Report ON Human-Oriented Interaction With An Anthropomorphic Robot CONTENTS ➢ Abstract ➢ Index Terms ➢ Introduction ➢ Related Work ➢ Robot Hardware ➢ Detecting And Tracking People * Face Detection * Voice Detection * Memory-Based Person Tracking ➢ Integrating Interaction Capabilities * Speech And Dialog * Emotions And Facial Expressions * Using Deictic Gestures * Object Attention * Dynamic Topic Tracking * Bringing It All Together ➢ Experiments * Scenario 1: Multiple Person Interaction * Scenario 2: Showing Objects to BARTHOC * Scenario 3: Reading Out a Fairy Tale ➢ Conclusion ➢ References Abstract A very important aspect in developing robots capable of human-robot interaction (HRI) is the research in natural, human-like communication, and subsequently, the development of a research platform with multiple HRI capabilities for evaluation. Besides a flexible dialog system and speech understanding, an anthropomorphic appearance has the potential to support intuitive usage and understanding of a robot, e.g .. human-like facial expressions and deictic gestures can as well be produced and also understood by the robot. As a consequence of our effort in creating an anthropomorphic appearance and to come close to a human-human...
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...was able to understand that his limbic system was affected. He was very aggressive and angry toward the staff at the hospital which was caused from the damage to his amygdala. He also displayed damage to each brain hemisphere, some symptoms were more severe than others. The damage to his frontal lobe caused him to try to leave the hospital every chance he could, not able to resist the urge to stay. Within approximately two weeks after the accident he struggled to recognize family and friends caused from damage to his occipital lobe. He also suffered from short-term memory loss which is an effect of damage to his parietal lobe. The most damage caused by the accident occurred within his temporal lobe. He explains long-term memories he remembers, however none of his memories actually occurred. He also remembers things that he couldn’t remember before the accident and forgets the memories he had. As soon as he woke up, after sedation, he would confuse his words, an example was when asking for his “clothes” he...
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...attitudes will predict behavior if they can be activated from memory at a time of decision. In order for this to transpire, the attitude must come spontaneously to mind in a memory. Second, the attitude must influence perceptions of an issue or person serving as a “filter” through which the object is viewed. (Fazio & Roskos –Ewoldsen, 1994 P. 85) Accessibility Theory complements the Reasoned Action Theory and the Theory of Planned Behavior approach because people carefully consider the consequence of behaving in a particular manner and weigh out the pros and cons of situation. When all else fails the decision is based more on spontaneity, channeling a thought or memory. The decisions however can also be based on how accessible attitudes are and how likely objects, good or bad can capture the attention of a person. Research supports these propositions (Krays, 1995) because studies found that individuals who were in touch with favorable attitudes toward a certain topic or product were more inclined to select or choose those with less accessible attitudes. Attitudes play a very important role because they range from strong attitudes to weak attitudes. When a person has a strong attitude toward something most likely the persons mind is made up and set in his or her ways. Vice versa with a weaker attitude which is more susceptible to change. When strong and weak attitudes are already implemented in the mind, thought and memory are automatically activated. Accessibility is also known...
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...Formal pathways for innovation that already exist Pg. 8 Opportunities to make processes and the business more innovation friendly Pg. 8 Systematic ways to track innovations and mesure their success Pg. 9 Processes that will help manage innovation Pg. 10 Conclusion Pg. 10 Works Cited Pg. 12 Executive Summary This report contains a current evaluation and analysis of applying strategic rules to innovate the entire Sea Ray organization. The 10 fundamental strategic rules will be discussed and I have chosen three of these rules as the most critical to Sea Ray’s success. Sea Ray must operate in fundamentally different ways when forming an innovation experiment to avoid organizational memory. The success of the experiments will hinge more on experimentation than the initial strategy used. Sea Ray then must not base success on financial performance, but on the ability to learn and adapt. Formal pathways which are currently being used for innovation will be assessed and characterized. Using this pathway data, new modern opportunities will be discussed in order to make Sea Ray more innovation friendly. Sea Ray will also use human resource data instead of research and development data to track and measure their success. Finally, an innovation committee will be formed to manage innovation across Sea Ray. INTRODUCTION Sea Ray Marine is recognized as one of the top premier boat manufacturers in the world over the last half...
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...Memory Drugs http://web.ebscohost.com.proxy.devry.edu/ehost/detail?vid=11&hid=17&sid=d55b4c31-fd6e-4988-99bf-359d8e35f8f0%40sessionmgr13&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=a9h&AN=12371571 Hijman, R., Jolles, J., Verhoeven, W. M. A., van Ree, J. M., Elderson, A., & De Wied, D. (1992, January 01). Human psychopharmacology: Clinical & experimental. This source talks about experiments involving a new med named vasopressin. This is a series of five trials that were for aid of neuropsychological ability to see if it could improve brain function in those with memory loss and other issues from trauma. The result was that this med helped minimally for those suffering with more severe brain trauma. I found this to be helpful in my research because it shows that meds can only do so much and how much more we still have to learn to improve medication in the future for trauma patients. It helps me to understand that not all brain functions can be cured with medication yet and therefore when you’re dealing with injuries to the brain you have to be sensitive to the fact that some people may have permanent effects such as memory loss. This to me shows that memory drugs today are not quite where they need to be but that they are a helpful tool. Vergano, D. (2011, October 05). Scientists debate the benefits of memory drugs. USA Today, News, 08A. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com.proxy.devry.edu/ehost/detail?vid=6&hid=17&sid=d55b4c31-fd6e-4988-99bf-35...
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...execution all other processes can get the chance to execute , so we may say that booting is the first process because of which all other OS processes can execute. This experimental study gives an overview on the similarity and difference in Booting Process. As every operating system have to initially do the booting and as every OS providing different feature of each others, the paper is highlighting those micro and essential similarities and differences having by the operating systems during the Booting Process. Keywords: Booting, Cold booting, Worm booting, Linux Booting, Windows Booting, Mac Booting. In Worm Booting the computer get restart without shutdown the system, in which the system application and memory just get cleared and then reloading the operating system in primary memory. With the above two booting types we also have some other flavor in the computer booting like Sleep, Hibernate. Power - ON Load Instruction from ROM Detect OS from HDD 1. Introduction Find Attached H/W Booting Process is the first step gets happened in the computer system when you switch on the computer. In computing, booting is the initial set of operations that a computer system performs when electrical power to the CPU is switched on. The process begins when a computer is turned on for the first time or is...
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...PSY111- Foundations of Psychology for Health and Human Services Workbook- Assignment 2 Sonia Chiciak Student No.11534832 Word Counts (excl. citations) provided for each section. PSY111- Foundations of Psychology for Health and Human Services Exercise 1- Memory Question 1- Summary: (253 words) Grant, H. M., Lane, B.C., Clay, J., Ferrie, J., Groves, J.E., McDorman, T. A., Dark, V.J. (1998). Context-dependent memory for meaningful material: information for students. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 12, 617-623. This study tested whether the environmental context dependency effect is seen through test performances where matched and mismatched study and test noise conditions were used. Throughout the study, the researcher used the same text to test the difference context dependency has on short answer (recall) and multiple choices (recognition). Using previous research that has shown that characteristics of environment are encoded in the memory, and can be used to retrieve other information; the researchers changed whether or not there was general background noise in controlled study and test conditions and measured the results based on performance in the test. Overall, studying and testing in the same environment resulted in better performance than in mismatching studying environments. This study also found that, unlike in Smith (1986, as cited in Grant 1998), the context dependency effect for newly learned material is seen regardless of whether short answer or...
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...Age and EWT 1. Describe the aims, procedures, findings and conclusions of Poole and Lindsay’s (2001) study of the effects of age on EWT – science demonstration Aims- The aims of their experiment were to assess whether children were able to source monitor. Procedures- They used child participants aged 3-8 years of age. They were shown a science demonstration throughout the day; later that day their parents read them a story, which contained aspects of the science demonstration. The next day, the children were questioned about the science demonstration and then were further asked to think about where they got their information from (source monitoring). Findings- It was found that the younger children were unable to source monitor as they could not identify where they learnt the information whereas the older children could. Conclusion- Poole and Lindsay concluded that the younger children are poorer eye witnesses than the older children as they are unable where they learnt the information. This means that they aren’t able to distinguish between original eyewitness memory and post event information. 2. What does this suggest about age and EWT? This suggests that age does affect EWT. 3. Explain why the story told at home could have been an extraneous variable… Interview bias (how the parents read the story) could have influenced the accuracy of the child’s response. The parents could have unintentionally prejudiced the child by how they read the story; techniques...
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...Eyewitness Memory in Accuracy on Recall of 2nd Year Students of Daughters of Mary Immaculate School (DMI) Beginning from the conception until our present condition, we possess a certain characteristics which can only be found in ourselves. It is a unique way to see that everyone can speak in different way and act in different manner. We perceive different things in accordance with what our sensation sense. We can see, hear, smell, taste, and feel a stimulus and tend to bring that information in the brain for our own interpretation. After reaching it to the brain, the person produces reactions whether it is acceptable or not on particular setting. If it is unanimously acceptable to all, it doesn’t mean that we all have the same way of thinking or in a state of group mind. Every individual can still showcase another different facial expression after they come up to a decision. This is why individual differences are obviously seen to all individual. One of the basic parts of the body that can be the medium for accepting information towards our environment are eyes. It plays a vital role in encoding all perceived stimuli to our brain. From the part of the retina which is rods and cones, the information is relay to the ganglion cells and transmitted to the optic nerve until it reached to the occipital lobe. This is one part of the brain that responsible for the process of visual information. Stimulus that reached to the brain can either be remembered or not. Memory has the ability...
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...real-life context, especially when the boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly evident.(Robert K.Yin)” Historical background: Case study method emphasizes the study of a single individual. And it comes in the category of single-case research designs. Single-case designs have been used since scientific psychology began in the19th century. Psychophysical methods had their origin in the work of Gustav Fechner and were described in his 1860 book, Elemente der Psychophysik. Fechner,and countless other psychophysicists since, relied on data obtained through experiments with one or two individuals. Hermann Ebbinghaus is another major figure in the early history of psychology who used a single-case design. In fact, the single case that Ebbinghaus studied was himself. He was both the participant and the experimenter for the research he published in his monograph on memory in 1885. Over a period of many months he learned and then attempted to relearn hundreds of series of nonsense syllables. His data provided psychologists with the first systematic evidence of forgetting over time. Single-case studies appear regularly in psychology journals, dealing with issues ranging from cognitive therapy for Vietnam veterans (Kubany, 1997) to the study of brain processes in amnesic patients (Gabrieli, Fleischman, Keane, Reminger, & Morrell, 1995) and the treatment of motor and vocal tics associated with Tourette’s...
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...Can you imagine having no rights to your own body? How about being cut open with no sedatives or freezing to death in a tank of ice water? Most of the Holocaust victims who were test subjects in the Nazi medical experiments endured those things. According to Baruch C. Cohen’s “The Ethics Of Using Medical Data From Nazi Experiments,” during the Nuremberg trials after World War II, twenty doctors were convicted and charged with “War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity...revealed evidence of sadistic human experiments conducted at the Dachau, Auschwitz, Buchenwald and Sachsenhausen concentration camps” (15). The Nuremberg trials brought fourth the attention to the ethics of the doctors while conducting these experiments. Ethics was a big issue, because there was and is clearly a fine line between research and the well being of a person. Evidently the Nazi doctors did not find what they were doing to be unethical, however the courts obviously disagreed. During the trials many of the Nazi doctors referred to there experiments as purely “research.” This had many scientists and other doctors question whether or not the “research” could still be used after the fact. After World War II, the use of the data and research found from the Nazi’s medical experiments is ethical, even though the process to obtain the data and research was unethical. This idea led to a lot of controversy on whether or not the data was unethical or ethical due to the Nazis breaking the ethics code of medicine. ...
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