...Sovereignty is understood in jurisprudence as the full right and power of a governing body to govern itself without any interference from outside sources or bodies. In political theory, sovereignty is a substantive term designating supreme authority over some polity. It is a basic principle underlying the dominant Westphalian model of state foundation. Derived from Latin through French souveraineté, its attainment and retention, in both Chinese and Western culture, has traditionally been associated with certain moral imperatives upon any claimant. Different approaches The concept of sovereignty has been discussed throughout history, from the time before recorded history through to the present day. It has changed in its definition, concept, and application throughout, especially during the Age of Enlightenment. The current notion of state sovereignty contains four aspects consisting of territory, population, authority and recognition. According to Stephen D. Krasner, the term could also be understood in four different ways: domestic sovereignty – actual control over a state exercised by an authority organized within this state, interdependence sovereignty – actual control of movement across state's borders, assuming the borders exist, The Roman jurist Ulpian observed that: The imperium of the people is transferred to the Emperor. The Emperor is not bound by the law. The Emperor's word is law. Emperor is the law making and abiding force. Ulpian was expressing the...
Words: 540 - Pages: 3
...ATTRIBUTES OF GOD - SOVEREIGNTY Michele Kennedy Box 563 Theology I February 27, 2013 Outline I. Definition of Sovereignty II. Scriptural Evaluation III. Personal Application Definition of Sovereignty The sovereignty of God is defined by Arthur W. Pink as “meaning that God is the almighty, the possessor of all power in heaven and on earth, and no one can defeat His counsels.[1] “As applied to God, the term ‘sovereignty’ indicates His complete power over all of creation, so that He exercises His will absolutely, without any necessary conditioning by a finite will or wills. The term does not occur in Scripture, although the idea is abundantly implied.”[2] “He does what He wills with His own.”[3] To some the light of the gospel is sent; others are left in darkness.”[4] Scriptural Evaluation God created all and He does as He likes with His creations, “Our God is in the heavens; He hath done whatsoever He pleased” (Ps 115:3).[5] He decides when we will be born, how we will live and when we will die, “Behold, all souls are mine; as the soul of the father, so also the soul of the son is mine” (Ez 18:4). All belongs to Him and man has no right to question His authority, “Is it not lawful for me to do what I will with mine own?” (Matt 20:15). “They rejoice that the Lord God omnipotent reigneth;...
Words: 603 - Pages: 3
...In the context of IPE, what is globalisation? To what extent has the authority of nation states been eroded by globalisation? Discuss with reference to any OECD country. IPE and Globalisation In order to explain globalisation in the context of International Political Economy (IPE), I will begin by discussing the frameworks that IPE uses to describe the social constructs upon which human society is based. This discussion will then extend to issues pertinent to the essay question, including the concepts of globalisation, the nation state, authority and sovereignty, and the extent to which a nation state’s participation in a globally interdependent system influences that nation state’s authority. IPE connotes a multidisciplinary method of enquiry to explain the ever-changing relationships between states, markets and societies across history and in different geographical areas. IPE includes a political dimension that accounts for the use of power by a variety of actors including individuals, domestic groups, states, international organisations, NGO’s, and transnational corporations. IPE also involves an economic dimension that deals with how scarce resources are distributed among individuals, groups and nation-states. (Ballam and Dillman, 2011, p7) To place globalisation within the context of IPE, one must view the concept in terms of the causes and effects of the world market economy, the relationship between 2 economic and political change, and the significance...
Words: 3076 - Pages: 13
...Insider, October 5) that the Malay Rulers “retained their sovereignty while under British rule, [even though] they were compelled to accept advice from their colonisers.” This may make practical sense to a political “spinmaster”, sloganeer or “message manager” and certainly to a political party leader and spokesman. But to an informed student of political philosophy it makes no good or clear sense. If by “daulat” one means a traditional aura of royal sanctity, grounded broadly in Southeast Asian (and originally Hindu-Buddhist) cosmology, then the largely powerless Malay Rulers may have enjoyed that kind of metaphysical prestige. The British not only permitted but actively encouraged them, in their mutual interest, to enjoy that kind of sublime elevation and closely managed dignity. But if one here means sovereignty in the jurisprudential and political-philosophical sense of absolute, or at least ultimate, reality-defining authority, then under the British the Malay Rulers were regrettably bystanders, or largely sidelined outsiders, to that kind of rule-grounding and law-founding political standing. That may be an unpalatable conclusion to draw. But unpleasant truths too must be faced. The Malay Rulers, sad though the point may be for many to accept, were not, during the years of British rule, the ultimate basis of effective, operative, everyday political reality. In that sense effective sovereignty had moved elsewhere. It had been seized and appropriated by...
Words: 428 - Pages: 2
...John Austin, in his Lectures on Jurisprudence writes : The notion of sovereignty and independent political society may be expressed concisely thus : ‘If a determinate human superior not in a habit of obedience to a like superior, receives habitual obedience from the bulk of a given society, that determinate superior is sovereign in that society: and the society (including the superior) is a society political and independent’. Laws are defined simply as the command of a superior to an inferior. In Austin’s words : ‘Law is the aggregate of rules set by men as politically superior, or sovereign, to men as political subject’. The chief reason for the bulk of a given society rendering habitual obedience to a determinate human superior is the power it possesses ‘to put compulsion without limit on subjects or fellow subjects’. As to what is the core nature of law, Austin's answer is that laws (“properly so called”) are commands of a sovereign. He clarifies the concept of positive law (that is, man-made law) by analyzing the constituent concepts of his definition, and by distinguishing law from other concepts that are similar: • “Commands” involve an expressed wish that something be done, combined with a willingness and ability to impose “an evil” if that wish is not complied with. • Rules are general commands (applying generally to a class), as contrasted with specific or individual commands (“drink wine today” or “John Major must drink wine”). • Positive law...
Words: 2480 - Pages: 10
...| Globalization and Sovereignty in Pakistan | | | With a relatively constant rise in economic production over the last forty years and continued advances in communication technology, it is clear that individuals, institutions, and states are connecting and interacting with each other through a variety number of ways. Whether it is chatting with someone on the other side of the globe through social media or the flow of capital in the international banking system, our world has become increasingly interdependent; however, the benefits are not universal. From a Marxist perspective on international relations theory, particularly Wallerstein’s capital economy, I will define “globalization” as a phenomenon constructed by the bourgeoisie (elite members of society) in order to take advantage of developing countries that constitute Marxist proletariat. Using this approach on globalization, I will discuss the effects it has on “sovereignty” followed by a case study on Pakistan as a prime example. Ultimately, I will argue why the idea of sovereignty should still play a role in states like Pakistan. I draw primarily on the work of the German philosopher Karl Marx who, in his Marxist (or ruling-class) theory, claimed that capitalist societies were dominated by the “bourgeoisie” – individuals who control the means of production (therefore power) and take advantage of the proletariat (also known as the working class). Applied to a global scale, the concept of bourgeoisie refers...
Words: 2698 - Pages: 11
...Parliamentary sovereignty, once the dominant principle of the UK Constitution, is now under considerable pressure. Discuss this statement with reference to the UK’s membership of the EU, the devolution acts of 1998, the Human Rights Act 1998 and recent judicial comments on the Rule of Law. "Certainly we want to see Europe more united… but it must be in a way which preserves the different traditions, parliamentary powers, and sense of pride in one's own country." Margaret Thatcher Over the course of the years many prominent figures such as politicians and academic writers have been concerned with the diminishing of Parliamentary sovereignty. “Parliamentary sovereignty is a principle of the UK constitution. It makes Parliament the supreme legal authority in the UK, which can create or end any law. Generally, the courts cannot overrule its legislation and no Parliament can pass laws that future Parliaments cannot change. Parliamentary sovereignty is the most important part of the UK constitution.” Historically, due to the lack of a single codified constitution in the UK, the Westminster Parliament is the most powerful and influencing factor on the British political frontier. As opposed to America where the constitution dominates US politics, and legislation can be deemed unconstitutional and revoked by the US judiciary. However, since further integration into Europe incorporating The European Communities Act 1972, The Human Rights Act 1998, European Conventions on Human Rights...
Words: 1911 - Pages: 8
...Sovereignty’s definition is dynamic; often changing with major geopolitical developments. As a result, this essay asserts that sovereignty has essentially changed with the Cold War’s end. To develop this assertion, a definition of Westphalian sovereignty will be established. Furthermore, the Cold War’s consequences will be explored to understand the reasons behind sovereignty’s change. Additionally, the recent upsurge in humanitarian interventions will be taken as evidence of change. The Responsibility to Protect will be considered as proof of change too. Finally, the impact globalisation has had on sovereignty will be explored. Ultimately, through analysis of these factors, this essay aims to prove that sovereignty has changed significantly with the Cold War’s end. During the Cold War, sovereignty had remained largely unchanged from its conception in 1648. Westphalian sovereignty revolves around the “principle that within its territorial boundaries the state is the supreme political authority and that outside those boundaries the state recognises no higher political...
Words: 1085 - Pages: 5
...To what extent has globalization had an impact on state sovereignty? Some suggest that nation state is still the dominant performer, other argue that state sovereignty is being undermined by non- state factors such as globalization. To answer to the question to what extent has the sovereignty of the nation-state been undermined by globalization, it is essential to look on the general definition of both terms. According to the more or less objective definition of globalization [there are many pessimistic and positive views of globalization], it is a term which illustrate the worldwide spread of influences of phenomena, such as culture, religion, language, transport, media, health concerns, technology and environmental concerns. Broadly speaking, state sovereignty is a supreme, absolute and uncontrollable power by which an independent state is governed without foreign interference. In this sense, internal aspect refers to the ultimate source of authority within a state. Basically, there are two dimensions of sovereignty in course of political sense, namely internal and external sovereignty. Internal sovereignty shows exclusive political control, where state government is the ultimate source of legal and political power. Externally, sovereignty means that other governments have no right to interfere in that state’s affairs. An example in the course of undermined external sovereignty can be present the UK, where sovereignty was compromised by European Union, Devolution, UN, WTO...
Words: 1136 - Pages: 5
...To what extent has the location of the sovereignty in the UK has changed? The sovereignty is the supreme and independent power or authority in government as possessed or claimed by a state or community. There are two types of sovereignty, legal and political. Legal sovereignty is the principle that one body has the authority and right to change any law in anyway it wants to, legal sovereignty in the UK has been said to lie in Westminster Parliament. Political sovereignty is where power effectively and actively is used and implemented, in other words who holds political power and who has can influence it. For example, political sovereignty lies with the electorate at election time, but at other times lies with parliament when debating legislation and constitutional statues. Although the UK parliament is a sovereign body, there was devolution to the regions under Blaire, as well as transferring powers to the European Parliament in the Brussels, which firstly happened after Maastrich Treaty in 1992. On the one hand, there was a some transfers of EU, whereby the UK Parliament cannot do anything on certain matters. The UK initially joined the EEC in 1973 since then the EEC has become the EU and has also become increasingly more powerful over the UK as time has passed. It could be argued that the EU is supreme over UK statues and the UK parliament. This is shown in the case whereby the EU allowed Spanish fishing boats to fish in UK waters, because it is EU waters, and every...
Words: 553 - Pages: 3
...Free University of Amsterdam Faculty of social sciences Department of political science Globalization: The end of state Sovereignty? Ofran Badakhshani: 1586513 Words: 1442 Ofran Badakhshani: 1586513 Written assignment for International Relations Index Introduction......................................................................................................................... 3 Globalization....................................................................................................................... 3 State sovereignty................................................................................................................. 4 Analysis............................................................................................................................... 4 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 6 Bibliography ....................................................................................................................... 7 2 Globalization: The end of state Sovereignty? Ofran Badakhshani: 1586513 Written assignment for International Relations Introduction “A specter is haunting the world’s governments, the specter of globalization”. The world order and politics are facing a new danger; the sovereignty of the nation states is under question. According to some theorists there is a constantly growing dependency and interconnectedness between the...
Words: 1626 - Pages: 7
...ordinary laws ▪ Not entrenched, constitution can be changed through the normal process for enacting statute law. ▪ Not judiciable, judges do not have legal standard to declare that actions of other bodies are constitutional/not constitutional. o However: ▪ No constitution is entirely written, written documents do not encompass all aspects of constitutional practice ▪ No constitution is entirely unwritten, no constitution consisting only of rules of conduct or behaviour. • Unitary and federal o Unitary – establish constitutional supremacy of central government over provincial and local bodies. Reflected in UK via Parliament o Federal – divide sovereignty between 2 levels of government, both central and regional posses a range of powers that the other...
Words: 2123 - Pages: 9
...‘The UK would benefit greatly from the introduction of a fully codified constitution’ Discuss Plan Arguments against * Ruins the doctrine of sovereignty-Parliament sovereignty is effectively beaten. * Judges have to police the constitution and effectively interpreted. – Threat of judicial tyranny. Codified constitutions cannot be interpreted by the public so the judges would have to interpret it which could bring out preferences and values of senior judges * Un-necessary- doesn’t Philly limit governments * Hard to change * Easily outdated * Legal documents created at one point of time rather than a document which has been endorsed by history and created over time Arguments for * Clear rules * One codified document * Limited government * Neutral interpretation * Protecting rights of individual liberty * Education value – highlight certain values and strengthen citizenship Introduction The argument of a codified constitution has been a debated subject for a long time within the UK political spectrum. The argument stands at present moment that if the UK should or should not implement a codified constitution. Both sides of the argument withstand staggering evidence both in favour and factors denouncing the idea being drawn at the same time. The fact of a codified constitution would invoke a greater judicial intervention within the UK – maybe even put the state under risk of judicial tyranny. On codified constitution we...
Words: 1530 - Pages: 7
...Modern society owes much of its origin to a great upheaval in the 18th century, the French Revolution. It was one aspect of a broader pattern of change that, since the Renaissance and Reformation, has set the West on a different path of development from that of the rest of the world. This pattern included the individualism and, in the end, the secularism, that was the Protestant legacy. It also included the rise of science, as a method and as a practice. This culminated in explosive events toward the end of the 18th century. The French Revolution ‘was a phenomenon as awful and irreversible as the first nuclear explosion, and all history has been permanently changed by it.’ The French Revolution is largely regarded as an important event in modern international history because of the way it has had international impact and continued to have international repercussions and influences on society and thought today. This essay will look at different aspects of the French Revolution and discuss how the different components of the revolution have affected the world and the impact of these at the time of the event. For the purposes of this essay the French Revolution will be defined as the insurrection in France that began in 1789 and ended in 1815 with the defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo. The actual dates of the revolution are widely contested but for the purposes of this essay, these dates will be used as a framework. Modern international will be assumed to mean the...
Words: 1808 - Pages: 8
...What is the difference between a nation and a state and why are they often confused? The term nation tends to be employed with little precision, often being used interchangeably with terms such as state, country, ethnic group or race. Nations have many features. First and most basically, nations are cultural entities. A nation is a group of people who share a common language, religion, history and traditions. Second, nations are political entities. A nation is a group of people who regard themselves as a natural political community. This is expressed most clearly in the desire to establish or maintain statehood. Nations are often based on rights, democracy, common laws and common territory. E.g. USA, South Africa. Lastly, they are psychological entities. A nation is a group of people bound together by shared loyalties or allegiances, often expressed in the form of patriotism. Nations can be viewed as either primary cultural communities or cultural political communities. A state is a formal political entity which has clearly defined territorial boundaries within which some form of government exercises the powers of the state. The state normally is seen to have certain duties e.g. ensure peace and stability, provide social welfare, protect property etc. The state is seen to be sovereign and has sovereign power over a certain jurisdiction. It is therefore superior to all other institutions including government. The government is a short term institution and just the principal...
Words: 644 - Pages: 3
