...mother country system. Although many of the colonies’ economies in Latin America are influenced by the parent country, there different in nuance. Steve Stern does a great job of showing Colonial Latin America utilize attributes from both capitalism and feudalism to create its own sense of an economic system. The fusion of feudalism and capitalism helped to sustain slavery and provide European colonists with political and monetary power over indigenous people living in Latin America. Systematic forced labor proved Stern was correct about how European settlers established a feudalistic society in the Americas. The first establishment of forced labor came in the form of the Encomienda. The Encomienda allowed conquistadors to control Indigenous...
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...Ann Fain September 2004 Political, Social and Economic Oppression 500 Years of Mexican Indigenismo For the last 500 years, the indigenous populations in Mesoamerica have been marginalized and viewed by first the Europeans and then by the Criollos and modern Mesoamericans as an inferior, powerless and primitive race. Subsequently, they have been forced to endure extreme social, economic and political inequalities, which originated during the colonial period and persist to present day. Although they have initiated countless protests and uprisings and are arguably the backbone of Mesoamerican economic development, they remain in a subordinate position in society and suffer considerably from the lack of education, inadequate health care, malnutrition and repeated human right violations. This essay discusses the disproportionate social, economic and political circumstances of the Mexican indigenous population throughout the last 500 years, and the institutions, ideas and attitudes that have persisted in terms of three major stages: the colonial period, post independence and the post revolution era. First, through the ecomienda system, Spanish political sovereignty, and social reorganization, the colonial period established the foundation for most of the oppressive institutions in Mexico today. Second, the post independence era did not bring sovereignty, equality and freedoms to the indigenous as it did to other sectors of Mexican society, but rather served to propel ...
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...extensive breadth and volume of study that interstate conflict enjoys in international relations. This is especially surprising considering the remarkable longevity and death toll associated with intrastate wars. The Republic of Guatemala, a post-colonial representative democracy, is the most populous Central American country; incidentally, this nation of sixteen and a half million people have been wrought with the military and socio-political disputes provoked by the ethnic and socio-economic status of its citizens. The resulting civil war had been one of the most deadly and enduring military contests on the American continent. The fighting between the government and rebel groups lasted over...
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...emphasis on traditional, nationalistic, conservative or religious values is inevitably a step in the direction of the FAR RIGHT "ending in Fascism." Yet history has demonstrated that both political extremes share a basic common appeal to the “masses” and depend on a collectivist ideology that glorifies abstractions such as "The Nation," "The People," "The Throne" or "The Working Class." On the eve of World War II, various so called “Right Wing” authoritarian regimes of the conservative, traditional, national and religious type (always considered by the Left to be "proto-Fascist") in Ethiopia (Emperor Haile Selassi), Austria (the “Clerical-Fascist” regime of Engelbert Dollfus and Kurt Schuschnigg), Poland (General Jozef Pilsudski and his successors), Yugoslavia (General Simovic and his supporters in the armed forces) and Greece (Ionnas Metaxas), all stood up and opposed Hitler and the Axis forces that threatened to blackmail, intimidate and subjugate their nations. All these leaders were labeled as “Fascist” by Soviet and Left-Wing propaganda up until the German invasion of the USSR in 1941. The Spanish Civil War has frequently been portrayed as an epic struggle between the forces of the LEFT (variously identified as progressive, liberal, socialist, internationalist, democratic and "anti-Fascist") and the RIGHT (labeled reactionary, conservative, religious, and "anti-democratic"). In American political discourse, “Fascist!” is the ultimate epithet bandied about and frequently...
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...city in the late 17th and early 18th centuries. The sistema de castas was what the social class structure was referred to as, with the Spaniards on the top of the caste, the Natives and Africans at the bottom, and everyone else in between. The novel dealt with issues such as race and class, economic status, and the riot of 1692 are all discussed. Cope had stated that race was not the major cause of division between the classes, as there were other reasons for the separation of classes. He set out to study the lives of the “urban poor”, their values and daily actions, how race affected their lives, and how they differed from the privileged members of society. Mexico city, like any other city, had its wealthy areas and its poor areas. In the city you could see the Spanish influence that had taken precedence over that of the Aztec culture. The separation between the Spanish conquistadores and the Native people, referred to in the novel as “Indians”, was obvious. When the Spaniards took over they were careful not to give the indigenous people much power in fear that they would revolt and take back the land. For the most part the Spanish settlers gave themselves the better paying jobs so that they could afford the better houses and nicer lifestyles, while the native people lived in shacks referred to as cauchas. There were encomenderos, people put in place to gave Spanish colonists the right to demand work of select groups of indigenous people. This policy was put...
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...his fight alongside fellow Filipino revolutionaries for independence against Spanish rule. Mendoza’s military pursuits and motivational contributions as a soldier and organizer in the Filipino Revolution help to demonstrate the ultimate transformation of the Philippines and its sense of national identity. Although Spain made its positive socio-economic influences such as promoting Roman Catholic religion, improving economic development, and organizing rule, Mendoza’s journey with the growing organization and bonding culture of the Filipino country and community to fight for independence prove that the journey of the Filipino Revolution still brought this greater transformation of national identity in Philippine history. With issues such as continued control by the US and gaining no initial recognition from the Spanish and the US after the Philippine Declaration of Independence, the immediate aftermath of the Revolution may not have necessarily correspond to their desired goals of establishing independence as a nation. However, the path towards the end of the Revolution in 1898 in essence demonstrates the main focus – the turning point of developing more national sense of pride in being a Filipino. Before this phase of Filipino revolution and nationalism development, which can be primarily dated as 1892 to 1898, the Philippines actually started forming a sense of national identity through Spanish colonization, which went on from...
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...the past few years, in particular, first class Spanish Rioja wines. We believe that the sales of Spanish wine makes for a great economic opportunity in China, especially in the capital city of Beijing. Increasingly, the importers, distributors and, most importantly, the general public have become familiar with Spanish wine and its superior quality. Thus, China has become the third most important market for Spanish wine in the world. The sales of Spanish wine bottled to China increased 41,1 % in value during the first semester of this year, with 36.9 million euros sold between January and July, This has positioned Spain as the third world seller, with 6,9 % of the market, behind France and Australia. Statistics indicate that in a decade China will be a substantial market for Spanish partly due to the fall of tariffs since Chinas entry into the World Trade Organization , the fast growing middle and upper class and therefore, the increase of purchasing power. According to Vinexpo, the wine consumption in China boomed between 2007 and 2011 reaching a growth of 142.1 % with a total of 159.25 million boxes purchased. Although it is foreseen that the growth rate will slow down to 39.6 % between 2012 and 2016, the Chinese will drink 252 million boxes of wine in 2016. In 2010 the Chinese bought nearly 47 million liters of Spanish wine. Six times more than in 2009, therefore our sale expectations are enormous. The mid and upper Chinese class is rapidly growing a fondness for quality...
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...Hispanic American Diversity ETH/125 Cultural Diversity For the assignment due this week I have had to do some research on Hispanic groups and learn more about their culture and more. In the following the political, social, economic, religious, and familial conventions or statuses will be discussed shortly about the Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, Cuban Americans, and ………… Mexican Americans are one of the fastest growing groups in the United States and for this reason they should be able to have a powerful say in politics. However when it comes to politics and more specifically voting, they just don’t have a voice very loud just yet. Although they due play a larger role in the southwestern states than other parts of the country since this is where the vast majority live. This is in part due to the fact that many are either younger Americans or just not U.S. citizens yet. Socially and familial conventions the Mexican Americans still in generally hold different thoughts and lifestyles than that of the majority of U.S. citizens. The core groups of Mexican Americans hold strong ties to family and even extended family is just as important as immediate. Woman are greatly respected and loved but still considered secondary when it comes to their husbands who are seen as the authority figure for the family. They typically very large families and everyone is kept very close. Catholicism is the religion that the vast...
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...The Latin American wars of independence were notably conducive to the decline of the Spanish Empire however, the decline can not be attributed singularly to the Latin American wars of Independence as there were other subsidiary factors involved. The Latin American wars of independence were a series of revolutions within South America causing Venezuela, Ecuador, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Chile, Peru, Mexico, Haiti and Columbia to become independent countries. These wars drained the Spanish Empire’s resources, enforcing its decline in the early 19th century. Prior to the wars of independence, poor economic conditions, the destruction of the Spanish Armada, as well as an imperialistic overstretch between territories, resulted in contributing to the downfall of the Spanish Empire. Colonial mismanagement in the Spanish Empire acted as a precluding catalyst in causing the Latin American wars of Independence, thus contributing to the fall of the Spanish Empire. The Latin American wars of Independence, whilst an influential factor in the decline of the Spanish Empire, were not the sole determinant in causing the downfall of the Spanish Empire. The Latin American wars of independence contributed to the fall of the Spanish Empire to a considerable extent, being the final element amongst other collective factors which ultimately resulted in the collapse of the Spanish Empire. During the 17th century, there were many indications of Spain’s erosion of power; the collapse of the empire...
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...Nusta Beatriz’s union was utilized to gain economic and social power. Although colonial society created new freedoms for elite women to participate in government and economics, Irene Silverblatt, Professor of Cultural Anthropology, illuminates that “All transactions involving goods that a woman inherited or brought into a marriage through dowry had to be conducted with the consent and permission of her male tutor” (119). Considering that women’s economic rights were empowered, the colonists profited from women’s gain of wealth and prestige through marriage. The Spanish easily justified their claim to the kingdom and colonization of the land through their prominent positions, however relied on the social and economic power of indigenous women to enforce their control. As well, the Spanish families are claiming Beatriz’s heritage as theirs to extend their royal connections. They accomplish so by representing Beatriz in a European style dress mixed with gold and by identifying the convergence of the two royal families in the cartouche. The Spanish are proud of Beatriz’s connection to the Inca, who are represented grandly behind her, in order to bolster the families’ status in colonial society. The colonists rely on Beatriz and her representation of political power to place themselves...
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...Identification. Christopher Columbus landed in Puerto Rico in 1493, during his second voyage, naming it San Juan Bautista. The Taínos, the indigenous people, called the island Boriquén Tierra del alto señor ("Land of the Noble Lord"). In 1508, the Spanish granted settlement rights to Juan Ponce de León, who established a settlement at Caparra and became the first governor. In 1519 Caparra had to be relocated to a nearby coastal islet with a healthier environment; it was renamed Puerto Rico ("Rich Port") for its harbor, among the world's best natural bays. The two names were switched over the centuries: the island became Puerto Rico and its capital San Juan. The United States anglicized the name to "Porto Rico" when it occupied the island in 1898 after the Spanish-American War. This spelling was discontinued in 1932. Puerto Ricans are a Caribbean people who regard themselves as citizens of a distinctive island nation in spite of their colonial condition and U.S. citizenship. This sense of uniqueness also shapes their migrant experience and relationship with other ethnoracial groups in the United States. However, this cultural nationalism coexists with a desire for association with the United States as a state or in the current semiautonomous commonwealth status. Location and Geography. Puerto Rico is the easternmost and smallest of the Greater Antilles, bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and the Caribbean Basin to the south. Puerto Rico is a crucial hemispheric access...
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...affected many peoples including the British, Spanish, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese, and even Native Americans in many positive and negative ways. Group one contains documents 2, 5, and 6, the focus of which being the negative effects of silver on generally low class people. Document 2 was written by a Spanish scholar to inform merchants of high silver prices in Asia that cause Spain to lose silver to China, resulting in trade imbalance. The scholar, Tomas de Mercado, spotlights the inflation in Spain but is disconcerned with high prices in Asia. In document 5, a Chinese writer’s article to the general public describes the changing economy. After switching from a barter system to a system that focuses on silver coin, the lower classes’ access to goods seems to be more limited. Document 6 focuses on a Spanish priest, de Espinoso, who wishes to inform the Spanish interested in the Caribbean of negative consequences in the colonies of the New World. As a priest, he’s concerned with moral issues...
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...Table of Contents 1.0 Executive Summary 2 2.0 Situational Analysis 2 2.1 Spanish Business and Environment Analysis 2 2.1.1 Political-Legal Analysis 2 2.1.2 Business Etiquette Analysis 3 2.1.3 Economic Analysis 3 2.1.4 Socia-Cultural Analysis 4 2.2 Hofstede’s Typology Analysis 4 2.2.1 Power Distance 4 2.2.2 Individualism 4 2.2.3 Masculinity 5 2.2.4 Uncertainty Avoidance 5 2.3 Market Analysis 5 2.3.1 Market Demographics 5 2.3.2 Main Segments 6 2.3.3 Market Needs 7 2.3.4 Market Trends 8 2.3.5. Market Growth 8 2.4 SWOT Analysis 9 2.4.1. Strengths 9 2.4.2. Weaknesses 10 2.4.3. Opportunities 10 2.4.4. Threats 10 2.5 Competition and Buying Patterns 10 2.6 Product Offering 11 2.7 Keys to Success 11 2.8 Critical Issues 11 3.0 Marketing Stragegy 12 3.1 Mission 12 3.2 Marketing Objectives 12 3.3 Financial Objectives 12 3.4 Target Markets 12 3.5 Positioning 12 3.6 Marketing Mix 13 4.0 Financials 14 4.1 Break Even Analysis 14 4.2 Sales Forecast 14 5.0 Controls 14 5.1 Implementation 14 5.2 Contingency Planning 15 1.0 Executive Summary Tiffany & Company was established in 1837 as a quality jeweler. They use only the highest quality of resources, such as their trademark platinum, to handcraft classic everyday pieces as well as trendy special occasion pieces. While Tiffany & Company is a high end jewelry retailer, there is something for everyone...
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...Spanish, English and French Colonial Outline Thesis: Throughout the early period of colonization in America, the three chief colonial powerhouses Spain, England, and France, tackled the issues of royal authority, sources of profit and trading rituals, as well as religious practice and toleration in shockingly different ways with few similarities. Background: As each of these world superpowers arrived in the new world during the 1500s, they were all looking to expand their empire and gain wealth. The Spanish came first and took the most action early. The French and English soon began to experiment in the Americas as well, although the French would only grasp a small portion of valuable land during their campaigns. Political Paragraph: Spanish, French, and English colonial empires had some clear similar political strategies in that this land was theirs for the taking, yet these similarities were shattered by the many other differences in their political policies. ● Spanish and French colonies both totally subservient to the crown, English had some degree of autonomy through salutary neglect. ● Spanish were extremely aggressive towards Indians, English were peaceful when it was good for them, brutal when it wasn't, and the French traded with the Indians and hired them to gather beaver fur under good relations. ● The English colonies grew much faster than the French and Spanish due to loose immigration policies and dedicated colonies. ● English colonies were populated...
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...America during the Spanish-American War of 1898 dealt a catastrophic blow to the Spanish nation. In the subsequent Treaty of Paris signed on December 10th 1898, Spain relinquished its remaining colonial territories in the Caribbean and the Pacific. The disaster evoked heavy criticism of the Restoration government and its inherent corruption amongst many groups within Spanish society and served as a catalyst for the emergence of new political forces seeking to contest against the ruling oligarchy, most notably Catalan and Basque nationalism. This essay will argue that the disaster of 1898 was largely accountable for the growth of this nationalist sentiment in Catalonia and the Basque country. However, it will go on to assert that it was not wholly responsible: Catalanism had been built upon a steadily growing tide of Catalan particularism throughout the nineteenth century, and in the Basque Country its growth was ephemeral and would in fact enter a period of a more accelerated development during the years of the First World War. In Catalonia, friction had long existed between its regional demands and the centralising mission of the Spanish state. This tension had grown as a process of modernisation encouraged by industrial development in Catalonia had widened the cultural and economic gap between it and a stagnant central and southern Spain characterised by an agrarian subsistence economy. However, Catalan industry maintained great reliance on the Spanish state for the protection...
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