...When the Spanish first step foot in the America, they saw a vacant and natural landscape intended for the gradual spread of Christianity and European culture. However the spread of European culture and religion would proved more difficult than the spanish had originally thought it would. And this was because the indigenous peoples established a long-lasting resistance against their European settlers. For example, in Chile, when the Spanish attempted to establish a string of fort towns southward, they were meet with the resistance of the Mapuche people. They repeatedly annihilated the settlements of the Spanish empire because they threatened the very existence of the colony. 1 Similarly in Uruguay and Argentina, the Spanish were challenged by...
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...Fernando Tovar History 280 Dr. Hammond September 21, 2015 The Inflicted Spanish Pressure on the Mestiza/Indigenous Women of Colonial Latin America Colonial times in Latin America were tough for both mestizas/indigenous and Spanish women. Latin America’s status of indigenous women changed in terms of their positions in the hierarchy of society, labor roles, and their marriage responsibilities and their own freedoms. The Spanish women began to impose several changes in order to accustom the indigenous women to their level in order to make the “New Spain” a reality. During early conquest, mestiza women, especially those of noble classes were accustomed to be married off as soon as their fathers had an idea of who they wanted to be allied with and to move up in hierarchy. As Susan Socolow said, “Indeed, chiefs offered their sisters and daughters to Spanish conquistadors, continuing the pre-Columbian pattern of using women to appease the powerful and ally with them.” Reigning Spanish conquistadors or other tribal leaders sought to establish alliances, so women were in other words seen as objects to benefit them. Spanish women at the time of colonization were rare, but for instance, Juan Jaramillo was one of the early conquistadors who married. As said, “Her father, don Leonel de Cervantes was a comendador of the Order of Santiago…” The few rare Spanish women available during the colonization state tended to be noble daughters of comendadors, who were married off quickly...
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...Portugal where they worked on the sugar plantations. When Worlds Collide Possibly 3/5 of the crops cultivated around the world today originated in the Americas. Within 50 years of the Spanish arrival in Hispaniola, the Taino natives decreased from 1 million people to 200 people due to diseases brought by the Spanish. In centuries following Columbus's landing in the Americas, as much as 90% of the Indians had died due to the diseases. The Spanish Conquistadores In the 1500's, Spain became the dominant exploring and colonizing power. The Spanish conquerors came to the Americas in the service of God as well as in search of gold and glory. Due to the gold and silver deposits found in the New World, the European economy was transformed. The islands of the Caribbean Sea served as offshore bases for the staging of the Spanish invasion of the mainland Americas. By the 1530s in Mexico and the 1550s in Peru, colorless colonial administrators had replaced the conquistadores. Some of the conquistadores wed Indian women and had children. These offspring were known as mestizos and formed a cultural and biological bridge between Latin America's European and Indian races. The Conquest of Mexico In about 1519, Hernan Cortes set sail from Cuba with men and horses. Along the way, he picked up two translators - A Spanish prisoner of Mayan-speaking Indians, and an Indian slave named Malinche....
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...Christopher Columbus found America by accident. He was looking for a new route to the far east, but he found America instead. Conquistadors came looking for gold and fame at any cost. Colonization had a big impact on the people that got conquered because many of them died due to the diseases brought by the Europeans such as smallpox, influenza, and measles. Others were casualties of the conquest, and many became slaves. The Indians' culture was destroyed because the Spanish believed that the Indians worshipped the devil and that they needed to be converted to Christianity. The Spanish conquistadors justified colonization as a way to expand Catholicism and to gain a commercial advantage over Portugal. In my opinion, their justification is not...
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...the Incans for many years before being conquered and falling loosely into the Incan Empire in 1463. I found this really cool story about... well I’ll just tell you the story! When the Spanish conquistadors arrived, the Incan Empire was ruled by Huayna Capac with his sons Atahualpa and Huascar. With Huayna Capac's death in 1525, the empire was divided in two: Atahualpa got the north, with his capital in Quito; Huascar got the south, with its capital in Cusco. In 1530, Atahualpa defeated his own brother, Huascar, and claimed control over the entire empire. Atahualpa's victory was short-lived as he was soon captured by the Spanish conquistadors in Cajamarca, and later killed. Disease plagued the native population during the first decades of Spanish rule, a time when the natives also were forced into the encomienda labor system for the Spanish. In 1563, Quito became the seat of an administrative district of Spain and part of the Viceroyalty of Peru, and later the Viceroyalty of New Granada. After nearly 300 years of Spanish colonization, Quito was still a small city of only 10,000 inhabitants. It was here, on August 10, 1809, that the first call for independence from Spain was made in Latin America, under the leadership of the city's president Juan Pío Montúfar. Quito's nickname, Light of America, comes from the fact that this was the first successful attempt to make an independent and local government. The rebellion only lasted two months before it was...
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...1) Why does Chasteen believe that Latin-Americans come to the United States? Chasteen believes that Latin Americans wanted to be able to live and work in conditions similar to the United States middle class, along with poverty and proximity. 2) Who was Hernán Cortez? Cortez was a Spanish explorer and conquistador that led an expedition to overthrow the Aztec empire of Tenochtitlan. 3) Who was Bartolomé de las Casas? What is he best known for? Bartolome de las Casas was a university-educated, fortune-seeking young man. By the age of 40, he preached against Spanish exploitation of encomiendas to protect indigenous Americans from the system. He is best known for protection of the Indians and the famous writing “A Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies”. 4) What is the “encomienda”? A system that started in Spain where the conquerors were rewarded with people. Indigenous people were assigned to each conqueror, who had the responsibility of Christianizing them and using them for labor. 5) What does “mestizo” mean? “Mestizo” is a person of mixed race, such as indigenous and European heritage. ESSAY QUESTIONS 1. Give three examples of things that all Latin-Americans have in common according to Chasteen. According to Chasteen, Latin Americans are interpreted as “Hot-blooded Latins” with too much “nonwhite blood”. He mentions that as...
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...Bartolome de Las Casas was a Spanish historian, a religious leader, and a social reformer who has gone down in history as the “protector of the Indians.” He abolished the use of encomiendas, stressed equality, and influenced the Spanish crown to grant the native americans human rights. His brutally honest accounts of Spanish mistreatment have influenced not only the way people view natives, but, how they view the Spanish. As a young man, Las Casas found himself disgusted at the treatment of the Natives, and, when working as a merchant, he refused to use an encomienda for cheap labor (Stacy). In 1512, Las Casas was ordained as a Roman Catholic priest, and he dedicated himself to stand up for the rights of the Native Americans, arguing that they were “sons of God” with religion, history, and government. Las Casas sailed back to Spain in 1540 with a mission to reform laws that regulated relations between the races. The New Laws were adopted in 1542, limiting ownership of natives to one generation. In 1544, Las Casas returned to Spain to enforce the New Laws, which were met with great resistance by many...
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...Years Ago - North America was shaped by nature - Canadian Shield 2 Million Years Ago - Great Ice Age 35,000 Years Ago - The oceans were glaciers and the sea level dropped, leaving an isthmus connecting Asia and North America. The Bering Isthmus was crossed by people going into North America. 10,000 Years Ago - Ice started to retreat and melt, raising the sea levels and covering up the Bering Isthmus. Evidence suggests that early people may have come to the Americas in crude boats, or across the Bering Isthmus. Europeans Enter Africa People of Europe were able to reach sub-Saharan Africa around 1450 when the Portuguese invented the caravel, a ship that should sail into the wind. This ship allowed sailors to sail back up the western coast of Africa and back to Europe. The Portuguese set up trading posts along the African beaches trading with slaves and gold, trading habits that were originally done by the Arabs and Africans. The Portuguese shipped the slaves back to Spain and Portugal where they worked on the sugar plantations. When Worlds Collide Possibly 3/5 of the crops cultivated around the world today originated in the Americas. Within 50 years of the Spanish arrival in Hispaniola, the Taino natives decreased from 1 million people to 200 people due to diseases brought by the Spanish. In centuries following Columbus's landing in the Americas, as much as 90% of the Indians had died due to the diseases. The Spanish Conquistadores In the...
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...who inhabited the Americas but they reference the empires themselves. The empires were made up of many groups. The Aztec Empire encompassed the ethnic groups of the Acolhua, the Tepanecs and the Mexicas. The Aztec Empire was ruled by the Mexicas. The Mexicas were warriors. They built their capitol in a city called Tenochtitlan. It was located where central Mexico is today (Chasteen 28). Hernan Cortes was a Spanish leader who had a lot of experience with the indigenous people by the time he came upon the Aztec empire. The Mexica had no clued what the Spanish wanted or their intentions. After the Mexica accepted the Spanish into their land, Cortes took their leader Moctezuma hostage. Next Cortes made allies with long time Mexica enemies (a common tactic by the Europeans) and waged war on the Mexica. The Mexica also suffered from a rapidly spreading sickness which worked to Cortes advantage to decimate the Aztec Empire. The Inca Empire was located in the areas of what today makes up Columbia, Peru and Chile. It was south of the Aztec Empire and its capitol was called Cuzco. It was made up of a federation of four governments. The Chinchay Suyu , Anti Suyu, Kunti Suyu, and Qulla Suyu (Wikipedia). A distant relative of Cortes by the name of Franscisco Pizarro used similar techniques to defeat the Inca Empire. Pizarro took the Incan leader hostage and eventually killed him. He also used native enemies as allies to help defeat the Inca. Another factor in the Spanish victory was European...
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...1492 Jan 1 The black legend emerged after Spanish conquest used by enemies to largely discredit the Spanish monarchy claims to the Americas in particular. Ironcally moreover the black legend was based inrooted in the writings done by the Spanish. Espcially a figure whos name is Bartomlme Dailas Casis who was member of Dominican order and was writing in defense of indigouous people and indeed the cause of religion and proptization. He liked all members of churches was driven by political cocerns. Himself in fact had orgiannly been a Reconquista himself who enjoy spoiled of feudal rewards. Spanish interested in colonization. Antonio De Montesinos had a great influence Bartolom. Both of them asserted that the Spanish sovernty rested upon aboriginal people. Also meant their protection and guidance. This would emphasize Spanish brutallty and igore other major factors which wold play a major in the conquest itself. Included indigenous allies. Grandson Ferdenan Isabella asserted that indigenous people cannot be held in slavery and their own governments and recognize apart from Spanish empire. Also considered as wards of Spanish monarchy. Spanish crown stepped in governing any future conquest of indigenous people were to be conducted. This concluded the introduction of The Reconquista requirement. The White legend was able to acquire Christianity and was civilized. Got rid of human sacrifice by the Aztecs. The Spanish used indigenous people’s administrative records...
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...Journal Entry HIS/110 The Spanish migration to North America was an interesting topic in this week that piqued my interest. Learning more about this topic in the second chapter of US History through 1877 was a good starting point to keep my attention because it is something that I have been fascinated with beforehand. I used the artwork from this chapter because it is beautiful and seems to tell an excellent story of migration and the survival skills that were needed in this day in age. I researched more about the Spanish conquistador and was able to read on "Came Men on Horses: The Conquistador Expeditions of Francisco Vazquez de Coronado and Don Juan de Onate". This book speaks of any myths that may have been written or spoken of about the way the conquest of America. The Spanish was the first Europeans to enter the America Southwest. Stories about the city of Gold is what lured in a lot of people in hopes of riches. The conquistadors were fighting the decision to search for the city of gold or not. They did not want to have the burden on their shoulders of not attempting to search for it, and someone else find it if it deemed to be true. There were seven cities that were expected to contain gold for the conquistadors to search out. The conquistadors depended on navigation when it came to their needs of survival. This would be of great service to them when it comes to finding their way to their destination...
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...contradiction was still in play. However, the method that the indigenous used were writing texts and arts with many of their writing documents some of which were readily easy like the Mayans calendar that was left behind. Another example, the indigenous wrote a text how the Itzcoatl and Tlacaelel gave land to the Aztec after the defeat. The Indigenous did the best that they can by leaving history about the pre-Hispanic history in the Americas and by doing that that they used writing arts to do that and will forever by synonymous for arts and pottery in the early years of the Hispanic history....
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...the conquest of the Americas when Hernan Cortes landed in South America and eventually helped lead one of the most unbelievable conquests in world history. Cortes had arrived in South America with just about 500 soldiers. It was with these soldiers that he had managed to defeat and conquer one of the most militarily powerful civilizations in the New World. The Aztecs could field up an army of one quarter million battle tested soldiers at any given time. Even with these circumstances, Cortes was still able to defeat and conquer the Aztecs using various strategies and techniques that were vital in the conquering process. One of the biggest advantages that Cortes and his men had was the possession of superior military technology “… such as iron weapons and gunpowder…” which is something that the Aztec’s had never seen before. Canons were used to devastate the walls that were built as defenses by the Aztec’s and which led to the downfall of the civilization. Although the Spanish had a large weapon advantage, they were still outnumbered drastically. This led to the recruitment of some of the Aztec’s subject peoples “… who supplied him with thousands of warriors”. These warriors added large numbers to Cortes’ army and he was able to suit them up with iron armor and weapons that created a distinct advantage on the battlefield. Although these provided great advantages for Cortes and his men, one of the most distinct factors that resulted in the Spanish victory resulted from...
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...Columbus in the 1490’s written to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain, during Columbus’s time in the new world, depicts the rules and foundations Columbus had set to colonize the newly discovered island, named Espanola. These rules consist of how many colonists were to be allowed to enter said island, the establishment of towns, having colonists search the land for gold, and how the gold shall be divided between the towns, the townsfolk, and the Kingdom, which seems to be the primary reason for the letter being written. The document also goes into detail about setting up trade with the other islands, establishing churches, mayors, and future exploration. This letter was written in pertinence to the colonization of the Americas. Spain had its mind set on finding gold, and with the help of Columbus they might just do so. All colonists that wish to collect gold in the new land must file “colonists’ papers”, build their own homes in the towns that were assigned to them. But there are strict guidelines to how a settler can mine for gold. “None of the colonists shall go to seek gold without a license from the governor or Mayor of the town where he lives”. Each man that wished to search for gold had to file the colonist’s papers and receive a license from the towns Mayor. “He must first take oath to return to the place whence he sets out, for the purpose of registering faithfully all the gold he may have found, and to return once a month, or once a week, as the time...
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...In the years between 1519 and 1540, conquistadores invaded the Americas and ruined the lives of many, if not all, Native Americans who lived in the New World during that time period. According to “Makers of America: The Spanish Conquistadores”, a conquistador is someone from Spain who traveled to the New World in search of God, gold, and glory (18-19). The name conquistadores translates into “conquerors” in Spanish. The conquistadores claimed all the land from Colorado to Argentina in only a mere fifty years after Columbus’s discovery of the New World (Makers of America: The Spanish Conquistadores 18-19). Although others may argue that conquistadores should be named heroes for exploring the New World, it is important to remember that conquistadores...
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