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Semiconductor Industry - Presentation and Report Assignment

The semiconductor industry has becoming a dominant influence in our lives for the last four decades, often without us being aware of its existence. The industry is still really young and stems from the late 1940s and 1950s. The most fundamental development has been the increased miniaturization of the circuits used in producing chips, permitting the incorporation of electronic components into a vast range of products like mobile phones and home computers.

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The main features of globalization of the industry

The production of circuits is highly complex because of a wide diversity of semi-conductor products. The semiconductor industry was the first industry where spatial hierarchy of production at the global scale first became apparent, with clear geographical separation between design and manufacturing on the one hand and assembly and testing on the other hand. Combined with the small size of the computer chips means that each production process does not need to be located in close geographical proximity. Design and fabrication of the chips requires high-level scientific, technical and engineering personnel along with an extremely pure production environment and availability of suitable utilities like a pure water supply and proper waste disposal for chemicals used in the production process. For the assembly in different electronic products and testing a clean environment is still important but can be managed by low-skilled, notable female, labor.

Changes over time in the global geography of the industry, associated with globalization and the emergence of new ‘players’.

Because of these distinct differences in the characteristics of the production sequence the geographical distribution of production is concentrated in different regions around the world. Commercial production started in the United States during the 1950s, for the next two decades the US dominated the production mainly because of high investment from the defense and aero industry in the US. During the 1980s however, Japan overtook the US by focusing on the next generation of memory chips, creating political tensions between the two nations. By 1985 Japan was responsible for almost half the world total but the need for low production costs meant other country’s gained market value, like Korea and Taiwan. The United States recovered by shifting out of memory chips into more design-intensive devices.

The question whether your industry conforms to the picture outlined by Dicken in chapter 2: e.g.

which production regions/countries, which trade patterns, role FDI?

Like stated before the production of semiconductors can be divided between design and wafer production requiring massive capital and high-skilled labor and assembly and testing which require low skilled labor. This distinction can be seen on a global scale. Designing and wafer production is mainly located in the USA, while assembly and testing is done in Asia.

Semiconductor Industry - Presentation and Report Assignment , Part 2

The motives main firms in your industry have to operate internationally

Om te kunnen concurreren op de mondiale markt gaan bedrijven in de semiconductor industry fusies, acquisities en strategische samenwerkingen met elkaar aan. Strategische samenwerkingen zijn hierbij veel doordringender dan acquisities, omdat de kosten voor R&D, het enorme tempo van technologische vooruitgang en de escalerende kosten om nieuw kapitaal te installeren zorgen voor de aantrekkelijkheid van een strategische samenwerking. Zo zijn beijvoorbeeld Intel en British Telecom gaan samenwerken om draadloze applicaties te ontwikkelen en Sony, Toshiba en IBM om een nieuwe microprocessor te ontwikkelen.

The position of main firms in your industry in the production-circuit/network/value chain (how

much of the chain do they cover?)

Om deze vraag te kunnen beantwoorden is het eerst noodzakelijk om uit te zoeken hoe de value chain van deze industrie eruit ziet:

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Source: Ballhaus, W., Pagella, A. & Vogel, C. (2009). A change of pace for the semiconductor industry? P. 23

Uiteraard begint de value chain met de delving van grondstoffen, in het geval van de semiconductor industry is dit voornamelijk silicium. Dit silicium wordt bewerkt tot halffabricaten, waarna ze luchtdicht verpakt worden naar de chipfabrikanten.

Een belangrijk deel van het productieproces is het ontwerp van de chip; dit is echter geheel afhankelijk van wat de markt of een specifieke klant vraagt.

‘Masks’ zijn glazen platen met ondoorzichtig chroom die gebruikt worden om chip layouts mee te kopiëren.

Vervolgens wordt alles bewerkt, waarna het verpakt en verzonden kan worden naar de klant.

Bij ondersteunde activiteiten kan worden gedacht aan infratructuur en financiële verslaglegging.

Intel en Samsung beheersen de hele value chain; zij ontwerpen, fabriceren en verkopen de producten helemaal zelf. Qualcomm, AMD en NVIDIA ontwerpen en verkopen alleen, de fabricatie wordt uitbesteed.

The power they derive from this position (i.e. what is their power relative to other actors in the

circuit/network?)

Doordat Intel en Samsung het hele productieproces in eigen handen hebben, hebben zij geen outsourcing kosten en daardoor een hogere omzet. Ook genieten Intel en Samsung meer naamsbekendheid door deze machtspositie en zijn consumenten sneller geneigd producten van deze merken te kopen, omdat dit als betrouwbaar overkomt.

The prevalence of externalization/outsourcing in your industry and what forms it takes

In onze industrie worden vooral de ‘back-end processes’ uitbesteed; hieronder valt het snijden van de chips uit de wafer, de montage in elektronica en het verpakken verzenden. Aangezien dit relatief secuur werk is en de kosten van de machines voor deze processen hoog zijn, wordt dit deel van de productieketen vaak uitbesteed aan lagelonenlanden.

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