...argument once can see that the qualifier stance does not change. For instance, consumer Reports tested the effect of higher speeds on gas mileage. David Champion, director of auto testing, found that boosting the highway speed of a 2006 Toyota Camry cut gasoline mileage dramatically: •55 m.p.h. – 40.3 miles per gallon •65 m.p.h. – 34.9 miles per gallon •75 m.p.h. – 29.8 miles per gallon On a hypothetical 1,900-mile round trip from New York City to Disney World in Florida, the Camry would use 47 gallons of gas at 55 m.p.h.. But at 75 mph, it would burn nearly 64 gallons – a $70 difference. If everyone could reduce their driving by just 10 percent, the savings would total nearly 1 million barrels of gasoline every day. (Retting, 2008) In regards to the fatalities, Institute studies show that deaths on rural interstates increased 25-30 percent when states began increasing speed limits from 55 to 65 mph in 1987. A 2002 study also evaluated the effects of increasing rural interstate speed limits from 65 mph to either 70 or 75 mph. States that increased speed limits to 75 mph experienced 38 percent more deaths per million vehicle miles traveled than expected; an estimated 780 more deaths. States that increased speed limits to 70 mph experienced a 35 percent increase, resulting in approximately 1,100 more deaths. As one can see maintaining the speed limit at 55mph conserves fuel and saves more lives on the road. (Elvik, 2005) For over four years following the...
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... Create an argument map based on the influence diagram presented in Include in the map as many warrants, backings, objections, and rebuttals as possible. Claim: “The U.S. should return to the 55- mph speed limit in order to conserve fuel and save lives” Information: Experts say reducing highway speeds from 70 mph to 60 mph would reduce gasoline consumption between 2% and 3%. That could translate into a price reduction of as much as 10%. At today's price, almost 38 cents a gallon. Additionally, a lower speed limit saves 167,000 barrels of oil per day and could save approximately 6,400 lives per year. Warrant 1. Decreased speed limit will improve fuel average of the vehicles. Backing 1. Cars are most fuel efficient when driven between 30 mph and 60 mph. Above 65 mph, mileage drops sharply. This isn't rocket science. If drivers are forced to slow down, we would all use less gasoline. On reducing speed to a lower level will also curb subsidies provided on fuel so it will cost less to the exchequer of the federal. Warrant 2. Decreased speed limit will decrease loss to the subsidies as fuel prices are increasing day by day. Backing 2. Besides, decrease in number of casualties will also reduce government burden of health coverage. Objections. Curbing the speed to the lower level will increase travel time and lead to traffic jams on most of the corridors. Rebuttal. Surveys show that drivers have been changing their habits in order to cut fuel costs. Above 65 mph...
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...Road Speed Limits Professor: Kanyo 08/03/2011 Mid-Michigan Community College Abstract Most of nations have their own road speed limits. This is also an argumentative problem in the modern society. A number of people think that it is necessary to use speed limits to protect people because they believe that lower speed limit can decrease fatalities, injuries and property damage. Others believe that we need to change this policy because it cannot correspond with the development of car quality. According to the data from many car manufactures, the technology of vehicles has changed a lot. I think we do not need to maintain the old standard. We should make new policy to accommodate new technology and new society. Lower speed do not means safer and not fast speed means dangers. I am the one who wish government can change this policy because I think that changing the speed limit cannot only save our time but also boost our economy. Road Speed Limits Most of countries have their own speed limit; it is used to regulate the speed of road vehicles. Speed limits may define maximum, minimum or no speed limit and are normally indicated using a traffic sign. Speed limits are commonly set by the legislative bodies of nations or provincial governments and enforced by national or regional police or judicial bodies. The first speed limit legislation was created in the United Kingdom with the Locomotive Acts. Drives are required to control at a safe speed for...
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...Introduction One of the problems linked with the assessment of research based on statistical analysis involves the determination of whether a true cause and effect connection between variables exists, or is it just a statistical relationship known as correlation. While there may be correlation between variables, there is not a causal relationship unless the variation in the independent variable or variables actually causes the variation in the dependent variable. Often correlation is misinterpreted as causation, as is the case in the examples presented in this essay. The first example is from a journal article that says watching TV increases a persons risk of heart disease and non-cancer related deaths. The second two examples are related to transportation, one saying that speeding causes car crashes and the other saying population in a traffic analysis zone (TAZ) causes trips produced. Although correlation is necessary it is not sufficient, it is important that a true causal relation exists before making conclusions. Body (Example A) The first study is presented in the journal, Circulation-Journal of the American Heart Association with the title, Television Viewing time and Mortality: The Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study (AusDiab). The baseline data for the study was gathered between the years of 1999 and 2000. The locations for data collection were chosen based on Census Collector Districts in each of the Australian states and in the Northern...
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...argument maps. The first argument is on reducing the national speed limit to 55 mph and the second looks at the conflict in the Balkans and the debate of U.S. intervention. Argument Maps for 55-mph and Balkan Conflict There are numerous reasons to argue for and even against the 55 mph speed limit, as well as the question as to if the U.S. should or should not intervene in the Balkan conflict. This paper and its attached argument maps are designed to look at each of these arguments from both sides and make an informed decision concerning the matters. First, it will examine the claim “The U.S. should return to the 55- mph speed limit in order to conserve fuel and save lives.” Second it will examine the claim of “The conflict in Bosnia is somebody else’s trouble. The U.S. should not intervene militarily.” In either argument, there are pros and cons which much be addressed in order to make informed decisions concerning if policy makers should agree or disagree with either premise. The U.S. Should Return to the 55- mph Speed Limit The argument continues again today as to if the United States should return to the 55mph speed limit. Higher gas prices have forced some American drivers to trade in their S.U.V.’s for smaller, more fuel-efficient cars; combine errands in an effort to drive less; or even add air to their tires to eke out a few more miles per gallon. Since 1975 when the U.S. government did lower the speed limit to a mandatory 55mph on major highways and then repealed the...
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...argument is on reducing the national speed limit to 55 mph and the second looks at the conflict in the Balkans and the debate of U.S. intervention. Argument Maps for 55-mph and Balkan Conflict There are numerous reasons to argue for and even against the 55 mph speed limit, as well as the question as to if the U.S. should or should not intervene in the Balkan conflict. This paper and its attached argument maps are designed to look at each of these arguments from both sides and make an informed decision concerning the matters. First, it will examine the claim “The U.S. should return to the 55- mph speed limit in order to conserve fuel and save lives.” Second it will examine the claim of “The conflict in Bosnia is somebody else’s trouble. The U.S. should not intervene militarily.” In either argument, there are pros and cons which much be addressed in order to make informed decisions concerning if policy makers should agree or disagree with either premise. The U.S. Should Return to the 55- mph Speed Limit The argument continues again today as to if the United States should return to the 55mph speed limit. Higher gas prices have forced some American drivers to trade in their S.U.V.’s for smaller, more fuel-efficient cars; combine errands in an effort to drive less; or even add air to their tires to eke out a few more miles per gallon. Since 1975 when the U.S. government did lower the speed limit to a mandatory 55mph on major highways...
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...SPEED ZONE STUDY March 14, 2013 INTRODUCTION Recently in many areas of the State of Texas the speed limit has been changed. While some areas have remained at the 70 mph limit that many drivers have become accustom to, other areas have seen increases from 75 mph up to 85 mph. But, what effect does this have on drivers that travel between these areas with varying speed limits? This study is being conducted to determine what these changes in speed limits have on drivers. With the current speed limit of 70 mph, how fast do driver truly drive? And given the average speed it is the goal of this study to determine if drivers will increase their speeds proportionally in the new high speed zones. While there is much debate on the speed limits and the effects it has on drivers, this study will serve to provide an accurate study on whether or not driver actually pay any attention to the posted speed limits. In addition the driving habits of today’s driver will be examined in relation to posted speed limits on many of the Texas highways. ABSTRACT The Speed Zone Study will be conducted in an effort to better understand how the recent changes in the posted speed limit affect drivers on those highways. To better understand how these changes affect drivers this study will monitor traffic in areas with different speed limits. The goal is to determine if driver adhere to the posted speed limit or if drivers exceed the posted speed limit. If drivers exceed the posted speed limit...
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...influence diagram presented in Case 1.3 and complete all the criteria provided in the exercise, beginning with this claim: “The U.S. should return to the 55- mph speed limit in order to conserve fuel and save lives. Make a contention map taking into account the impact chart exhibited in Case 1.3 and finish every one of the criteria gave in the activity, starting with this claim: "The U.S. should come back to the 55-mph speed limit so as to moderate fuel and spare lives." "The law was a reaction to the 1973 oil ban, and its plan was to decrease fuel utilization. In the year after the National Maximum Speed Law was sanctioned, street fatalities declined 16.4%, from 54052 in 1973 to 45196 in 1974" (eric.ed.gov). In 1974, the government passed the National Maximum Speed Law, which confined the most extreme allowable vehicle speed farthest point to 55 miles for each hour (mph) on every single interstate street in the United States. As indicated by the Environmental Protection Agency, "you can accept that every 5 mph you drive more than 50 mph resemble paying an extra $0.25 per gallon for gas, in extra; driving every vehicle achieves its ideal efficiency at an alternate velocity; gas mileage for the most part reductions quickly at paces above 50 mph"(colostate.edu). Forceful heading to incudes; speeding, quick increasing speed and braking squanders gas. Sensible driving can bring down your gas mileage furthermore more secure for you and others, so you may spare more than gas cash. Some...
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...Dan A Parallel Message Analysis of Ecovia’s Don’t Speed Speeding plays a role in over one third of all fatal car crashes. If this amount of people speeding could be cut in half, thousands of innocent lives could be saved. Driving too fast has become an issue ever since cars were put on the road but society feels it is time to put an end to this. There are many advertisements and commercials on the television and on billboards, but they don’t seem to be doing the job to stop the speeding. Ecovia, a transit company, is trying to get the message across in a different way. They are tying the message of “don’t speed” in with a very popular issue, of violence against women. Is speeding just as serious as violence against women? That is the question this image is trying to get humanity to think about. The use of text, color, shadows and contrast make this image prove that driving too fast is equally as appalling as domestic abuse. This ad portrays an image of what seems to be a man’s fist striking the jaw of a woman. Right above the man’s arm there is a text box with the words “STOP THE VIOLENCE DON’T SPEED.” The words “DON’T SPEED” are written in the color red. On the man’s hand there is a painting of a red truck. On the woman’s face there is a painting of a yellow SUV. The red truck makes the red writing really stand out. It also draws the message of don’t speed to the red truck to make it seem as if the driver of the red truck is the guilty party in the crash...
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...by studying the variables such as age, gender, socio-economic status and exposure to crime. In the direct context of speeding, contemporary punishment includes ‘positive punishment’ whereby giving the offender a fine and ‘negative punishment’ by suspension of their license. This essay will also assess the effectiveness of punishment. Attempts to neutralize the issue of speeding include implementing warnings showing the severity and consequences of speeding. However, many young irresponsible drivers cannot relate to the seriousness by influence of their peers whom they value higher than authority figures of the law. Golias, J., Kanellaidis, G., & Zarifopoulos. K. (1995) shows that the major reason for speeding is the belief that speed limits are unreliable with a mean grade of 6.67 thus; this supports the idea that people do not perceive road authorities as an influential figure. At a younger age, influential figures are not ones that are necessarily responsible, but they appeal to them in anintrinsic way. In many cultures, speeding is acceptable; growing with this idea leads many drivers to have a habit of speeding (Blincoe, K.M., Jones, A.P., Sauerzapf, V., Haynes, R. 2006). In the essay’s context, the aim of legal sanctions is for the subject to associate punishment with the unwanted behavior of speeding. (Stafford, M. C., & Warr, M. 1993) suggests although punishment may suppress actions temporarily; it may not completely abolish it. According to studies of operant...
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...in (a) 2 hours, (b) 5 hours, (c) 8 hours? Show how to find each answer using the formula. (d) Explain how to find each answer using the results from Exercise 51 instead of the formula. A.) 35mph x 2 hours = 70 miles B.) 35mph x 5 hours = 175 miles C.) d = 35mph x 8 hours = 280 miles D.) Multiply the hours traveled by the miles traveled per hour. 53. Use the distance formula to find out how many hours you would have to drive to travel the 3000 miles from Boston to San Francisco if your average rate is (a) 60 miles per hour; (b) 50 miles per hour; (c) 20 miles per hour (which was the speed limit 100 years ago). A.) d = rt 3000 miles divided by 60 mph= 50 hours B.) d = rt 3000 miles divided by 50 mph = 60 hours C.) d = rt 3000 miles divided by 20 mph = 150 hours 54. Use the distance formula to find the average driving rate (speed) on each of these trips. (Distances are from World Almanac.) (a) It took 11 hours to drive 671 miles from Atlanta to Chicago. (b) Sam...
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...Neighborhood Speed Control By Charles Russell, 21 May 2011 Thesis: Changing our neighborhood traffic speed so everyone can be safe, when they want to take a walk, jog down the road and or even ride their bikes but most important, protecting their most valuable asset; their children. There is a beautiful upscale Washington DC suburb called “Kingstown” located in Alexandria, VA. This is the area my family and I decided to live about five years ago. We purchase a townhouse located off a street called “Chelsea Search Way” which is a cuddly sac off another street named “Summer Ridge.” This is the main street going through our neighborhood and links many cuddle sacs together. Summer Ridge is like one big loop that turns off of Kingstown Village Parkway and then reconnects after a mile and a half. Summer Ridge is one of the liveliest streets neighborhoods you would ever see. Everywhere you look there are small children playing, people walking their dogs, joggers running and bicyclist’s riding. The only problem with this is that this neighborhood could be one of the most dangerous places because there is a lot of traffic going up and down this road. Each year over 4,000 sons, daughters, mothers & fathers were killed while walking in their neighborhoods or crossing streets. Fairfax County must not understand that there is a problem here, because the speed limit was set at 25 miles per hour, which I believe is way too fast for such a playground. Not only the speed is the problem...
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...Rider Library Catalog Publications Better Mousetraps Simplified spot speed studies Editor’s note This article is the first of five summaries of traffic studies described in the Handbook of Simplified Practice for Traffic Studies: (1) spot speeds, (2) traffic volumes, (3) sight distances, (4) crash analyses, and (5) school zone programs. The handbook was developed by CTRE and funded by the Iowa Highway Research Board (TR455). The handbook describes straightforward trafficstudy procedures to help local agencies “get their arms” around specific traffic-related questions or potential problems. Data collected from these studies can be critical to decision making and can help agencies communicate more effectively with community members and local officials. All procedures outlined in the handbook and described below follow national standards. Figure 1. Example stopwatch spot speed study layout Figure 2. Example radar meter spot speed study layout Spot speed studies are used primarily to determine the distribution of traffic speeds, or vehicle speed percentiles, at a specific location. These data help traffic engineers determine and/or evaluate traffic operations and traffic control practices at specific locations; establish design elements for roadways, pedestrian walkways, and bikeways; assess roadway safety questions; and make other traffic safety-related analyses. Rules of thumb For spot speed studies, a sample size of at least 50 and preferably 100 vehicles should...
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...left from a three lane, one way street, you should turn from the: Left lane A solid yellow line on your side of the center stripe means: Do Not Pass When parking near a corner, you may park your vehicle no closer than: 20 feet from a crosswalk If you are being passed, you should: Keep in your lane You must always stop when: A traffic officer tells you to. When you hear a siren coming, you should: Yield to the emergency vehicle. If you are teaching a beginner to drive, you must: Be a licensed driver age 21 years or older. You must give a signal either by hand and arm or by signal device: Anytime you change lanes. If a child ran into the road 60-65 feet ahead of your vehicle, what is the highest speed from which you could stop before hitting him? 20 mph The headlights must be turned on: 30 minutes after sunset. A vehicle should never be parked closer to a fire plug than: 15 feet. A flashing yellow signal light means: Always slow down. When you are taking medicine prescribed for you by a doctor you should: Ask your doctor...
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...Driver’s Training Course Written Examination HMMWV and LMTV 1. What does the acronym H.M.M.W.V. stand for? a. Heavy Mechanized Mobile Wheeled Version b. High Mobility Multi-Purpose Wheeled Vehicle c. Highly Mobile Mechanized Wheeled Vehicle d. Heavy Mechanical Multi Wheeled Victor 2. What type of engine is in the M998A1 HMMWV? a. 6.6 Litre Engine b. 5.0 Litre Engine c. 6.2 Litre Engine d. 4.6 Litre Engine 3. What are the 5 PMCS interval levels? a. Morning, Afternoon, Evening, Tomorrow & Next Week b. Quarterly, Semi-Annual, Annual, Monthly & Weekly c. First, Second, Third, Fourth & Fifth d. Before, During, After, Weekly & Monthly 4. What does the acronym P.M.C.S. stand for? a. Preventative Maintenance Checks and Services b. Put My Crap Second c. Please Maintain Consistent Standards d. Primary Maintenance Correction Skills 5. What type of equipment can you perform a PMCS on? a. Just maintenance equipment b. Just weapons equipment c. Any piece of military equipment d. PMCS is not required, only optional 6. What is the maximum payload capacity of an LMTV? a. 1500 pounds b. 2300 pounds c. 5000 pounds d. 10000 pounds 7. What is the maximum fording depth of the LMTV? a. 16 inches b. 4 feet c. 30 inches d. 12 meters 8. What does the acronym L.M.T.V. stand for? a. Light Mobile Tactical Vehicle b. Lifted Maintenance Terrain Vehicle c. Lightly Modified Tactical Victor d. None of the above 9. If you find yourself in a skid what...
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