...Software Develpoment Models Elizabeth Hicks Strayer University IT 106 Dr. Hines June 3, 2013 Software Development Models A software lifecycle model is a standardized format for planning, organizing, and running a new development project. Hundreds of different kinds of models are known and used. Some of these include waterfall, code and fix, spiral, rapid prototyping, unified process, agile methods extreme programming, and COTS. Many are minor variations on just a small number of basic models. It is important to survey the main types of model and to consider how to choose between them. A lifecycle model is a description of the sequence of activities carried out in an SE project, and the relative order of these activities. . By changing the lifecycle model we can improve and/or trade off development speed, product quality, project visibility, administrative overhead, risk exposure, and customer relations. Here is a quick overview along with some advantages and disadvantages of five different lifecycles. The waterfall model is the classic life cycle model. It is widely known, understood, and used. In some respect the waterfall is the “common sense” approach. It was introduced by Royce in 1970. Advantages include that they are easy to understand and implement, that they are widely used and known, and that it reinforces good habits: define-before-design, and design-before-code. It identifies deliverables and milestones, its document driven, and works well on mature products...
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...Introduction Organizations must learn how to build and implement systems to remain competitive. Software that is built correctly can support agile organizations and can transform as the organization and its business transforms. Software that effectively meets client’s needs will help an organization become more productive and enhance decision making. Software that does not meet client’s needs may have a damaging effect on productivity and can even cause a business to fail. Employee involvement along with using the right implementation methodology when developing software is critical to the success of an organization History The Systems Life Cycle (SLC) is a type of methodology used to describe the process for building information systems, intended to develop information systems in a very deliberate, structured and methodical way , reiterating each stage of the life cycle. The systems development life cycle, according to Elliott & Strachan & Radford (2004), " originated in the 1960s, to develop large scale functional business systems in an age of large scale business conglomerates. Information systems activities revolved around heavy data processing and number crunching routines" . Several systems development frameworks have been partly based on SDLC, such as the Structured Systems Analysis and Design Method (SSADM) produced for the UK government Office of Government Commerce in the 1980s.Eversince, according to Elliott (2004), " the traditional...
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...Waterfall Software Development Life Cycle Model The simplest software development life cycle model is the waterfall model, which states that the phases are organized in a linear order. A project begins with feasibility analysis. On the successful demonstration of the feasibility analysis, the requirements analysis and project planning begins. The design starts after the requirements analysis is done. And coding begins after the design is done. Once the programming is completed, the code is integrated and testing is done. On succeeful completion of testing, the system is installed. After this the regular operation and maintenance of the system takes place. The following figure demonstrates the steps involved in waterfall life cycle model. The Waterfall Software Life Cycle Model With the waterfall model, the activities performed in a software development project are requirements analysis, project planning, system design, detailed design, coding and unit testing, system integration and testing. Linear ordering of activities has some important consequences. First, to clearly identify the end of a phase and beginning of the others. Some certification mechanism has to be employed at the end of each phase. This is usually done by some verification and validation. Validation means confirming the output of a phase is consistent with its input (which is the output of the previous phase) and that the output of the phase is consistent with overall requirements of the system. The...
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...Environmental Protection Agency Introduction Thе purpose of this paper is to review closely thе report entitled "EPA Needs to Improve Oversight of Its Information Technology Projects," with а major focus on its recommendations. In this paper, I will analyze different alternatives presented in thе report. I will also shed light on the Clinger-Cohen Act which directs that the Government Information Technology Shop be operated exactly as an efficient and profitable business would be operated. Acquisition, planning and management of technology must be treated as а "capital investment." Because this law is complex, all consumers of hardware and software in thе department should be aware of thе Chief Information Officer (CIO) leadership in implementing this statute. Clinger-Cohen Act Thе Clinger-Cohen Act was enacted as а response to а report released by U.S. Senator William S. Cohen of Maine in 1994 called "Computer Chaos: Billions Wasted Buying Federal Computer Systems." This report outlined thе many ways that the government squanders taxpayer funds on outmoded and unwanted computer equipment. Some of thе long-standing, systematic problems that thе Clinger-Cohen Act was enacted to resolve include: • Insufficient attention to thе way business processes are conducted and to opportunities to improve these processes before investing in thе Information Technology that supports them; • Investments in new systems for which agencies had not adequately planned and which did...
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...What is the Spiral Model? The Spiral Life Cycle Model is a type of iterative software development model which is generally implemented in high risk projects. It was first proposed by Boehm. In this system development method, we combine the features of both, waterfall model and prototype model. In Spiral model we can arrange all the activities in the form of a spiral. Each loop in a spiral represents a development phase (and we can have any number of loops according to the project). Each loop has four sections or quadrants : 1. To determine the objectives, alternatives and constraints. We try to understand the product objectives, alternatives in design and constraints imposed because of cost, technology, schedule, etc. 2. Risk analysis and evaluation of alternatives. Here we try to find which other approaches can be implemented in order to fulfill the identified constraints. Operational and technical issues are addressed here. Risk mitigation is in focus in this phase. And evaluation of all these factors determines future action. 3. Execution of that phase of development. In this phase we develop the planned product. Testing is also done. In order to do development, waterfall or incremental approach can be implemented. 4. Planning the next phase. Here we review the progress and judge it considering all parameters. Issues which need to be resolved are identified in this phase and necessary steps are taken. Why spiral model is called meta model? Spiral model is also called...
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...are here: Home / Models / Spiral Model Spiral Model December 22, 2011 by Tutor 19 Comments Sdlc spiral Model includes the iterative nature of the prototyping model and the linear nature of the waterfall model. This approach is ideal for developing software that is revealed in various versions. In each iteration of the spiral approach, software development process follows the phase-wise linear approach. At the end of first iteration, the customer evaluates the software and provides the feedback. Based on the feedback, software development process enters into the next iteration and subsequently follows the linear approach to implement the feedback suggested by the customer. The process of iteration continues throughout the life of the software. An example of the spiral model is the evolution of Microsoft Windows Operating system from Windows 3.1 to windows 2003. We may refer to Microsoft windows 3.1 Operating System as the first iteration in the spiral approach. The product was released and evaluated by the customers, which include the market large. After getting the feedback from customers about the windows 3.1, Microsoft planned to develop a new version of windows operating system. Windows’95 was released with the enhancement and graphical flexibility. Similarly, other versions of windows operating system were released. Spiral Approach Phases 1. Customer Communication: Includes understanding the system requirements by continuous communication between the customer and...
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...communications. IT manager monitors the organization's operational requirements, researches strategies and technology solutions, and builds the most cost-effective and efficient system to achieve those goals. 2. Describe the phases of the systems development life cycle, and compare the SDLC waterfall model to the spiral model. Phases of SDLC: 1. Planning * define the problem, make a view of the project by having : * preliminary investigation * feasibility study * survey * observation * determine the goals of that system 2. Analysist * Start analyse the user requirements * Redefined the project goals 3. Design * List out the desired features and operation in detail * Create the process diagram and pseudocode * Business rules 4. Implementation * Start the coding for the system. 5. Maintenance * Test the system with small number of users * Do the changes for the improvement * Test and make correction again and again. Waterfall model and Spiral model (buat dlm table) -pasal flow -pasal masa -risk * Waterfall model is a sequential flow of model which the stages are in sequential flow from the start to the end which when new changes exist, it is very hard to accommodate with while in...
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...Worker Reviewing This will be the step where the iterative process of prototyping starts where knowledge workers first initiate this step, they will evaluate the prototype and give out feedback such as suggestions on changing a certain part or additions of certain element. The involvement of more knowledge workers is important because it will help resolve any discrepancies in areas such as terminology and operational processes. 4.Revise and Enhancing the Prototype A final step in prototyping is to revise and enhance the prototype according to any suggestions from the knowledge workers. If there’s any changes and addition you did in this step, you will be required to repeat step 3 and 4 again. Waterfall Model The best-known and oldest process is the waterfall model, where developers follow these steps in order. They state requirements, analyze them, design a solution approach, architect a software framework for that solution, develop code, test (perhaps unit tests then system tests), deploy, and maintain. After each step is...
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...The Transtheoretical Model I. Introduction A. History of TTM B. Why the TTM is used for health promotion Thesis - The Transtheoretical Model is and will continue to be one of the most popular in the behavior change field due to its uniqueness and effectiveness. II. Transtheoretical Model A. Overview of the TTM B. Constructs of TTM III. Journal Article w| Transtheoretical Model A. How constructs are applied B. Critique on the model Shaquia Lewis UIN: 00965263 CRN: 29315 I pledge to support the Honor System of Old Dominion University. I will refrain from any form of academic dishonesty or deception, such as cheating or plagiarism. I am aware that as a member of the academic community it is my responsibility to turn in all suspected violations of the Honor Code. I will report to a hearing if summoned. The Transtheoretical Model The Transtheoretical Model has tremendously helped the health field progress to more inclusive approaches to research and other practices [2]. In the 1970s, James Prochaska laid the foundations for this model. In the 1990s, two scales were developed using the model [2]. This model is used for health promotion because it enables people to make behavioral changes and improve their health. The Transtheoretical Model is and will continue to be one of the most popular in the behavior change field due to its uniqueness and effectiveness. The Transtheoretical Model has six constructs with two being broken...
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...Early in the novel, it starts to show with his fantasizing during Evelyn's dinner party. Later he’s fantasizing progresses into torture, murder, and cannibalism. Bateman’s fall down a spiral of violence is mainly caused by his monotony lifestyle finally driving him mad and torture mixed with some murder are the perfect cure to his numbness.The never ending cycle of identical people, restaurants, clothing, and events in Bateman’s life sooner or later begins to create an identical numbness to his violent acts. As the novel continues the vivid and graphic depictions of sex, torture, and murder increases which causes the reader to become okay with the language and images within the novel, almost as if Bateman is normal. The organized ways of his violent acts becomes similar to his extremely organized daily hygiene routines or the detailed descriptions of the clothes that everyone he sees is...
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...SELECTING A DEVELOPMENT APPROACH Original Issuance: February 17, 2005 Revalidated: March 27, 2008 Introduction A system development methodology refers to the framework that is used to structure, plan, and control the process of developing an information system. A wide variety of such frameworks have evolved over the years, each with its own recognized strengths and weaknesses. One system development methodology is not necessarily suitable for use by all projects. Each of the available methodologies is best suited to specific kinds of projects, based on various technical, organizational, project and team considerations. CMS has considered each of the major prescribed methodologies in context with CMS’ business, applications, organization, and technical environments. As a result, CMS requires the use of any of the following linear and iterative methodologies for CMS systems development, as appropriate. Acceptable System Development Methodologies Waterfall Initial Investigation Requirements Definition System Design Coding, testing,... Implementation Operation & Support Framework Type: Linear Basic Principles: 1. Project is divided into sequential phases, with some overlap and splashback acceptable between phases. 2. Emphasis is on planning, time schedules, target dates, budgets and implementation of an entire system at one time. 3. Tight control is maintained over the life of the project through the use of extensive written documentation, as...
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...to continually review and provide new information relative to the change process and to our evolving society and culture. T here are many change theories and some of the most widely recognized are briefly summarized in this article. The theories serve as a testimony to the fact that change is a real phenomenon. It can be observed and analyzed through various steps or phases. The theories have been conceptualized to answer the question, “How does successful change happen?” Lewin’s Three-Step Change Theory Kurt Lewin (1951) introduced the three-step change model. This social scientist views behavior as a dynamic balance of forces working in opposing directions. Driving forces facilitate change because they push employees in the desired direction. Restraining forces hinder change because they push employees in the opposite direction. Therefore, these forces must be analyzed and Lewin’s three-step model can help shift the balance in the direction of the planned change (http://www.csupomona.edu/~jvgrizzell/best_practices/bctheory.html). 1 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCHOLARLY ACADEMIC INTELLECTUAL DIVERSITY...
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...Introduction The current technology modernization has made living much faster, easier, and comfortable because responsibilities can be easily done with not as much of effort and time. To a great extent, it changes the flow of information on the way we live. In addition, nowadays Information Technology has contributed a lot in enhancing global technologies particularly to education. Now in this generation of computers and web networks, the rapidity of doing tasks is very fast and anyone can perform anywhere at any time. With this progression, mobile devices are one of the momentous recent developments in information and communication technology that is one way of improving instructive issues. It introduces new types of attending attendance techniques like just by tapping the "Boxes" that implicates the students on a touch capable device specifically a Smartphone. Today, the current condition of the instructors is that they felt hassle in a manual calculation. They seemed in a need of another way to make their life easy in calculating the student’s attendance and for them to have a reliable results and information. This problem aims the faculties to have a system that will satisfy their needs and for the students to access in an easy way to their attendance records. This may one way of solving and providing the needs of faculties and students in an effective way of getting attendance and acquiring important information which is convenient and accessible for the users...
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...1 Learning through reflection 2 Reflection is an active process whereby the professional can gain an understanding of how historical, social, cultural and personal experiences have contributed to professional knowledge and practice (Wilkinson, 1996). Duffy (2007) believes that reflective practice is an active deliberate process of critically examining practice where an individual is challenged and enabled to undertake the process of self-enquiry to empower the practitioner to realize desirable and effective practice within a reflexive spiral of personal transformation. Learning is derived from experience but it doesn’t just happen. For it to take place you not only need to engage in reflection you must also record it. By thinking about what you are doing and why you are doing it is what turns your experiences into meaningful learning. If you are to become a reflective practitioner you have to use that learning to increase your professional knowledge and skills to the benefit of not only yourself but also to your patients / clients. Why Reflect Reflection is really a process that begins with looking back on a situation, pondering over it, learning from it and then using the new knowledge to help you in future similar situations. Reflection, which is learning through experience, is not a new concept. As humans, we naturally reflect on our surroundings and experiences. However, the conscious, deliberate and ordered process of using reflection as a learning...
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...A cross-level process theory of trust development in interorganizational relationships Abstract Most research on trust in inter-organizational relationships focuses on a single level of analysis, typically the individual or organizational level, and treats trust as a fairly static phenomenon. To stimulate more cross-level research, we propose a theoretical model that explains how trust in inter-organizational relationships is related across various levels of analysis. At the same time, our model emphasizes the dynamic aspect of trust by examining how trust develops throughout consecutive relationship stages. Drawing from several programs of research, we identify the mechanisms that drive the progression of trust across levels as the inter-organizational relationship unfolds. Starting with the boundary spanner as the key individual at the beginning of a new collaboration, we specify how trust gradually becomes part of the fabric of organizational action. By integrating micro and macro approaches over time, the proposed model contributes to a better understanding of how trust evolves in inter-organizational relationships. Keywords Alliance dynamics, cross-level effects, institutionalization, inter-organizational relationships, multilevel theory, strategic alliances, trust Introduction In the development of the management of inter-organisational relationships, the issue of trust has increasingly become the main focus (MacDuffie, 2011; Zaheer and Harris, 2006). ...
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