...Toadstool. Keychain. Bookworm. These are words that we understand as representing either a fungus, an organizational method for hardware or a studious individual. They are also words that would take on a completely different meaning were it not for our functioning corpus callosum connecting the two hemispheres of our brain. So much more than just a means of connecting the halves of the brain, the corpus callosum is crucial for maximum cerebral efficiency. For an individual that is missing that connection, these words (and many others) present a fascinating glimpse into the inner workings of the human brain’s ability to process different stimuli in each hemisphere. While technology has advanced to the point where such observations can...
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...Neuropsychology is the branch of psychology which investigates the function and structure of the brain as it relates to processes of cognition such as; memory, perception, thinking, recognition and the human ability to solve problems, ( Jansari, 2010 p.60). Since the second half of the nineteenth century neurologist began studying brain damage in patients, more specifically their research has examined the effect of brain damage and its implication for normal cognitive functions. It has therefore being argued that in order to understand a working system, one must understand how it can fail, (Jansari, 2010 p. 59). This can refine and possibly constrain existing theories, as well as inspire the formulation of future concepts with regards to the structure of normal cognition. Evidence is based on case studies of individual brain damaged patients who show deficits in particular areas of the brain, from such studies researchers infer that different areas of the brain are highly specialized. Furthermore the development of more accurate techniques, aided by more effective research paradigms has increased our understanding of cognitive functions, in areas such as disassociation, plasticity, memory, localization and face processing, which would be explored later in the essay. Cognitive neuropsychology has however shown that there are limitations in understanding cognition where questions regarding methodology may arise, for instance studying single patient symptoms may pose problem for...
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...side of body. * Sperry believes studies involving split-brain patients reveal ‘true’ nature of two hemispheres because commissurotomy disconnects the two hemispheres. This means they only work independently. * Previous research on animals showed behavioral effects. * Other research by Sperry on humans and monkeys suggested the behavioral effects of the surgery might be less severe than other forms of cerebral surgery, e.g. frontal lobotomy. * Akelaitis (1944) found that there were no important behavioral effects of surgical section of corpus callosum in humans, provided other brain damage was excluded. Research Method Aim and Hypothesis * Aim of the study was to investigate if each brain hemisphere: (i) Possesses an independent stream of conscious awareness (ii) Has its own separate chain of memories that are inaccessible to the other Method/Design/IV & DV/ Controls * Quasi experiment * IV- having a split brain or not * DV- participants ability to perform a variety of visual and tactile tests * Argued that because such extensive tests were carried out on a very small sample this study can be considered a...
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...illness. It seems to be the most serve of all disorders and the most mysterious. The term schizophrenia latterly means “split mind,” which contributed to the popular myth that symptoms come from a split personality. Bleuler, the psychologist that gave us the name recognized, the difficulties of individuals with schizophrenia arise from disturbances in attention, thinking, language, emotion and relationships with others. Schizophrenia has a typical onset of the mid-twenties for men and late twenties for woman, but it can also strike after age 45.It included different symptoms like delusions which re strongly held fixed beliefs that have no basis in reality, hallucinations...
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...* Case Studies Research Papers Analyzing Psychological Disorders Analyzing Psychological Disorders Brandie L. Coleman University of Phoenix August 29, 2010 INTRODUCTION Schizophrenia is a psychiatric disease that affects the neural basis of the brain. Discussion of the symptoms, the causes and drug therapies for schizophrenic patients will be discussed and covered. Schizophrenia is a mental illness that is yet completely understood. The areas of the brain affected in schizophrenia can not be named by one specific region of the brain. There are a number of regions of the brain that are affected by schizophrenia. Changes reported in the parahippocampal gurus may arise from abnormal neuronal development during formation of the cortex. Additionally, changes have been implicated in the basal region of the temporal lobe, the cerebellum and the mesolimbic system. There are also several regions of the brain that show altered level of function is schizophrenic patients. FMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) studies Is this essay helpful? Join OPPapers to read more and access more than 470,000 just like it! get better grades show reduced blood flow to the frontal cortex, dorsolateral pre prefrontal cortex and par limbic region, and increased blood flow to the anterior prefrontal cortex. The hippocampus shows higher than normal resting blood flow, but no increase in blood flow during cognitive tasks. The temporal, parietal and parahippocampal cortices are involved...
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...Biopsychology Click Link Below To Buy: http://hwaid.com/shop/psyc325-week-5-quiz-4/ Question 1 of 12 1.0/ 1.0 Points Cerebral ischemia is A.a condition characterized by cancerous brain tumors. B.a type of cerebral hemorrhage. C.a shortage of blood to the brain. D.an area of brain damage. Question 2 of 12 1.0/ 1.0 Points Which of the following is a correct statement about medial temporal lobe amnesics? They often have A.medial temporal lobe pathology. B.no ability to form long-term semantic memories. C.a profile of mnemonic deficits similar to that of H.M. D.both A and C Question 3 of 12 1.0/ 1.0 Points H.M. showed no long-term retention on the A.digit-span +1 test. B.mirror-drawing test. C.rotary-pursuit test. D.incomplete pictures test. Question 4 of 12 0.0/ 1.0 Points One major difference between the amnesia associated with advanced Korsakoff's syndrome and that associated with bilateral medial temporal lobe damage is that patients with advanced Korsakoff's syndrome have A.a retrograde amnesia that can extend back into childhood. B.a mild retrograde amnesia for recent events. C.deficits in consolidation. D.anterograde amnesia. Question 5 of 12 1.0/ 1.0 Points Damage to the brains of Alzheimer’s patients is often apparent in the A.medial temporal lobe structures. B.basal forebrain. C.prefrontal cortex. D.all of the above Question 6 of 12 1.0/...
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...Module 13 Notes Our Divided Brain • We have known for over 100 years that despite looking alike, each side of the brain has different purposes. -Research collected over this century (about damage to the left hemisphere) proved this hemisphere was for reading, speaking, writing, reasoning, math, etc. -Around 1960, it was discovered that the right hemisphere had its own unique functions. • In 1961, patients suffering from severe epileptic seizures had their corpus callosum (which links both brain hemispheres) cut. Their seizures stopped. • Afterwards, these patients with split brains were experimented on, their personality and intellect were surprisingly unaffected. • One of these experiments involved the phrase "HE.ART" being flashed at them, with the dot being at the center of their vision (therefore "HE" went to the right brain and "ART" went to the left brain). -When the patients were asked what they saw, they said "ART" (using the left brain) but pointed to "HE" (using the right brain). [pic][pic][pic] • As evidenced by this experiment, after split-brain surgery, the two brain hemispheres have different functions. -They struggle to communicate with each other and often think different things. __________________________________________________________________ Right-Left Differences in the Intact Brain • People who have their corpus callosum intact have hemispheres that instantly communicate with...
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...Schizophrenia LaSandra Holmes Walden University PSYC- 1001-8 Dr. Mary Campbell Introduction Schizophrenia is a serious and challenging mental illness that affects more than two million Americans today. Schizophrenia is a psychosis characterized by delusions, hallucinations, apathy, and a “split” between thoughts and emotions. People who have this disorder emotion may become blunted or very inappropriate (Coon & Mitterer, 2013). It has been misused and misunderstood for so long until it receives little attention, and people who suffer from it are deservingly stigmatized. Schizophrenia is not a split personality, but it is a rare and very different disorder. Individuals who display split personalities are known to have a dissociative disorder not schizophrenia. It’s a relatively common disease and has a biological basis with an estimated one percent to one and a half percent of the U. S. population being diagnosed with it over a period of their lives. Also, it is a treatable disease, in which, those affected by it can get therapy and medication. This will allow them to live successful and productive. Schizophrenia Symptoms: There are five types of symptoms characteristics of schizophrenia that individuals may portray. They are delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized behavior, and ‘negative’ symptoms. However, these signs and symptoms of schizophrenia don’t affect each person the same. Not every person with it will experience all of these symptoms...
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...hallucinations in Puerto Rico would be attributed to external forces (e.g. Spiritual visitations). However in the western world, the same hallucinations would be considered abnormal (Berry et al 1992). Mental Disorders are classified today by using, The Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) criteria 295.40 (Schizophrenia), and the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision(IDC-10) are used to aid in the psychiatric diagnosis of the disorder. Introduction The term ‘Schizophrenia’ was first used in 1911 by Swiss psychiatrist, Eugen Bleuler, and literally means ‘split mind’. He used the term to describe a general class of disorders that are characterised by a number of similar symptoms. These were: * Disorganised thought processes. * A split between intellect and emotion. * A split between intellect and external reality Schizophrenia typically begins in early adulthood; between the ages of 15 and 25. Men tend to get develop schizophrenia somewhat earlier than women; whereas most males become ill between 16 and 25 years old, most females develop symptoms several years later, and the incidence in women is noticeably higher in women after age 30. The average age of onset is 18 in men and 25 in women. Schizophrenia onset is quite rare for people under 10 years of age, or over 40 years of age. (NICE 2012) The main symptoms of the disorder according to Schneider...
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...forgotten, so attention is a very important stage in the process of memory as it will only process to the short-term memory in that way. Once the information has been received into the short-term memory, but will only remain there for a short period of time, as it has a brief duration suggested but Peterson and Peterson and minimal capacity of 7+/- 2, which was suggested by Miller. As the short-term memory has a limited capacity, if more information is taken in the older memories would be wiped out and forgotten. To prevent this happening maintenance rehearsal is needed and this is highlighted in the Peterson and Peterson study. To complete the process of remembering the information more maintenance rehearsal is needed lead the information into the long-term memory. Long-term memory is known to have a limited capacity and a longer duration, suggested by Bahrick et al study on long-term memory. Also the information from the long-term memory can return back to the short-term memory through the process of retrieval, if the memory needs to be used. There are...
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...Taylor Hogan BIO Research Paper Lawrence Cwik 14 April 2014 Over the past decade the debate between the relationship between brain disease and cell phone radiation has been a current issue. Whether or not the radio frequency cell phones put out can lead to brain bombardment of any type such as brain tumors, brain disease, etc. There have been many case studies, experiments, and the use of high levels of technology to be able to determine the answers to such a controversial issue. Through the explanation of different levels radiation and what radiowave/frequency the cell phones emits, the scientific effect of the radiation on the brain, and lastly through the research to answer the question of whether or not this could be a cause of brain disease to occur. Though there is a lot of supporting evidence that has been found on this topic, I do not believe that cell phone radiation can lead to brain disease. Mobile devices emit very small levels of radiation, though there are many different types of radiation: Electromagnetic radiation, x-rays, and gamma rays. These different forms radiation has been found electromagnetic radiation linking to some cancers (Leikind). Where as theses types of radiation can have a negative impact on the body and become very dangerous over time. Radiation can break covalent bonds in ones body (Lekind). When using a cell phone though one is allowing the electromagnetic fields to constantly bombard the body but not to the levels of harm. Electromagnetic...
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...Psych 100, Notes Sept. 6, 2012 History and Perspectives * Definitions of Psychology * The science of mental life (William James, 1890) * “The study of human or animal behaviour” (Webster’s Dictionary 1988) * “The scientific study of behavior and mind” “The scientific study of behaviour and its causes” (Passer & Smith) * Roots of the Word * Psyche – Greek for soul * Logos – Greek for the study of a subject * Related Fields * Philosophy * Rene Decartes (1595-1650) Dualism (interactionism) * Body is physical entity * Mind is nonphysical entity * Mind and body are separate, distinct entities involved in the production of behaviour * Pineal gland (Used for mind and body to communicate) * Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) * Materialism – position that since nothing exists other than matter and energy the concept of soul is meaningless * Form of monism * Empiricism (Position that all human knowledge and thought are derived from sensory experience * Branch of Biology concerned with the scientific study of how living organisms function (Muller, Helmholtz, Fechner) * Birth of Psychology * Wilhelm Wundt * Established first independent psychology lab at university of Leipzig 1879 (birth of psychology) * Established first psychology journal 1881 * Studied consciousness (one’s awareness...
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...“Water Can Kill?” by Susan D. Hester Page 1 NATIONAL CENTER FOR CASE STUDY TEACHING IN SCIENCE Water Can Kill? Exploring Effects of Osmosis by Susan D. Hester Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ Part I – Three True Stories Case 1: Jennifer Strange 1,2 Jennifer Strange was a 28-year-old mother of three who entered a radio contest to try to win a Nintendo Wii game system for her children. As part of KDND’s “Hold your wee for a Wii” contest, Jennifer drank bottle after bottle of water for hours without urinating. Initially, Jennifer seemed to be having fun, joking lightheartedly with the radio hosts and obligingly downing an 8-ounce bottle of water every 15 minutes. As the hours passed, however, she developed a splitting headache and dizziness. Finally, she couldn’t take it anymore and ran to the bathroom and vomited. Jennifer called her boss to say that she was going home for the day because her headache was excruciating and she was too sick for work. Jennifer’s mother found her that afternoon, dead in her home. Case 2: Cassandra Killpack 3 After a 3 ½-week trial, a jury found Jennete Killpack, 29, guilty of killing her 4-year-old adopted daughter Cassandra by forcing approximately a gallon of water down the girl’s throat in an attempt to discipline her. A few hours after the “hydro-discipline,” the Killpacks called the paramedics because Cassandra was unresponsive. The paramedics delivered her to the hospital...
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...psychosis, a label which implies that the symptoms arise from the disorderly activity of neurons without accompanying anatomical and pathological alterations of brain structure. This view is due to the failure of pathologists to find convincing pathological changes associated with the disease in the first seven decades of the century. Over the last ten years things have changed considerably. Recent CT and MRI scan, and also postmortem studies show that various brain areas of schizophrenic patients are altered. HISTORY The two key people in the history of Schizophrenia were Emil Kraepelin and Eugene Blealer. Kraepelin organized the seriously mentally ill patients by three diagnostic groups: dementia praecox, manic depressive psychosis, and paranoia. Kraeplin’s description of dementia praecox emphasizes a chronic deteriorating course, in addition to including such clinical phenomena as hallucinations and delusions. Kraepelin reported that approximately 4% of his patients had complete recoveries and 13% had significant remissions. The term "manic depressive psychosis" identified patients who experienced episodes of illness separated by virtually complete remissions. Patients diagnosed as having paranoia had as their major symptom persistent persecutors delusions. Blealer coined the term "Schizophrenia", which means split...
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...question : You are at a basketball game and the arena is packed; the crowd is evenly split between fans of the two teams. At one point, the referee makes a call. Half of the fans yell insults; the other half of the fans shout their approval. The event reminds you of the topic of today's lecture in psychology class. What was the likely topic of the lecture? Student Answer: * bias experiments psychoanalysis extraneous variables Instructor Explanation: Chapter 1 page 4 The fans are showing bias and this is an important issue. Points Received: 2 of 2 Comments: Question 2. Question : The school of behaviorism attempted to explain behavior by studying Student Answer: the reasons people give for their behaviors. the specific personality traits that lead to behavior. * how a specific stimulus evokes a specific response. the purposes of people's behavior. Instructor Explanation: Chapter 1 page 11 This relationship, called a stimulus-response association, is one of the major foundations of behaviorism. Points Received: 2 of 2 Comments: Question 3. Question : Who claimed that behavior is affected by reinforcement? Student Answer: William James Sigmund Freud * B. F. Skinner Wilhelm Wundt Instructor Explanation: Chapter 1 page 12-13 Skinner believed that behavior that is followed by...
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