...EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY AND AFFIRMATIVE ACTION IN WOMEN SPORTS March, 2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page i Table of Contents …..……………………………………………………………………2 Section I. Introduction 3 Section II. Review of Literature 4 Equal Employment Opportunity Laws 4 Affirmative Action 6 Effects of EEO and AA on Women Sports 7 Effects on EEO and AA on women playing sports 7 Effects of EEO and AA on women coaching sports 9 Effects of EEO and AA on women in administration………………...11 Section III. Summary and Conclusions 14 References ............... 17 INTRODUCTION Women in sports have indeed come a long way. Years ago it was socially unacceptable for women to do anything other than cook and clean. Men dominated the work place and the sports industry. But eventually women got fed up with being treated less significant than their male counterparts and began protesting. Not until the mid-1950s and early 1960s did nondiscriminatory employment become a strong social concern (Bohlander & Snell, 2004). While women were just beginning to make a name for themselves, the government began regulating Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) by passing a series of laws, in an attempt to correct social problems of interest to particular groups of workers, including women. EEO laws have made a major impact on women in all industries, but especially on women in sports. While EEO laws focused on non-discrimination, affirmative action went beyond providing equal employment...
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...1.0 Introduction In the modern sports industry, there is a need, more than ever before for UK sports organisations to take the partnership approach. This is important because there is no way one organisation can achieve all of its aims and goals on their own, and so this strategy is increasingly being recognised, and will need to be increasingly integrated into the industry. The main method that partnerships approach funding is usually by the government. Organisations such as Sports England are a good example that is funded by the DCMS, which are primarily funded by the government. Within sports, National Governing Bodies (NGB’s) are funding organisations such as Sports England as a strategy to grow, sustain and excel networks of community clubs, coaches and volunteers (Sport England, 2011). NGB’s are an important factor in how a sports partnership will run. Like all other organizations these national governing bodies (NGBs) operate in an ever changing environment and require effective systems of governing to defend against any unfairly allocated funds, as well as ensuring the long-term sustainability and strength of their sport (Taylor, M. O’Sullivan, N., 2009). There is always an importance in sport for there to be strong and productive grassroots and school participation. Although, recently there have been reductions in funding, on a national and an international level. Grassroots sports and young communities are primarily financed by local authorities. The trend in some...
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...Nike in the Action Sports Market The action sports industry serves a niche market. Only in recent years have action sports become mainstream and their athletes widely recognized. Similar to the music industry, it has been challenging to market to this “underground” demographic, as retailers seek profit, while consumers seek scarce products. Skaters, snowboarders, bikers, etc. desire one-of-a-kind or limited-edition active wear that can only be found at local shops. Much like music moguls want to be the first to hear new music, action sports athletes want to be among the first and the few to own specialized sports gear. This is where Nike has faced its greatest challenge—balancing the company’s desire to make a profit with the target market’s desire to remain “niche” or “underground.” Though Nike has been in the action sports industry for nearly 10 years now, it has only seen success in the market recently. Nike’s early attempts to enter the market were scoffed by counter-campaigns such as one competitor’s “Don’t Do It” slogan. Nike’s early attempts to make action sports shoes failed, in part because the brand was seen as “too corporate” for the underground lifestyle of athletes, and because the shoes lacked the quality athletes desired. Nike nearly offended the industry with patronizing commercials back in the 1990s, another failed attempt to reach the demographic. Nike needed to realize that they weren’t just selling shoes; they were selling a lifestyle, a...
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...ETHICS AND SPORTS Sport brings people together. From all over the world and each in his or her unique way. “Ethics in sport may not be a widely-discussed issue, but it is the most important one” Sport means emotions. They include respect for and responsibility towards oneself and others. Ethics: Ethics provides us with the tools to determine whether or not we should do a certain action and the extent to which a past action should have been done (Figure 1). While there are many different approaches to the question, What should I do?, it is possible to simplify matters by discussing ethics in terms of means versus ends orientation. What We Ought to do and Why We Do It? [pic] Teddy Roosevelt • Ethics is the study of morals or character; a study of the principles of human duty or the study of all moral qualities that distinguish an individual relative to others. Ethics, also known as moral philosophy, is a branch of philosophy that involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior ETHICS AND SPORTSMANSHIP • “Ethics is a matter of being good (character) and doing right (action).” • “Sportsmanship is a matter of being good (character) and doing right (action) in sports.” • “The majority of acts that we consider bad in sports and call ‘unsportsmanlike’ are bad precisely because they are unfair, dishonest, disrespectful, or against the rules.” Sports Ethics...
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...Why 6th Grade Should be able to Participate in School Sports Why should 6th graders be able to participate in school sports? My school, West Franklin Middle School, does not allow 6th graders to play any sport except track, unlike other schools. Other schools allow their 6th graders to play sports except for wrestling or football, of course, because kids could get seriously injured. Sports for 6th graders that play sports help build their self-esteem. Sports are an important factor in helping to build self esteem. Self esteem is something that needs to be learned at a young age, so the sooner that a kid can start to play sports, the better. Some kids do not have the means to play sports before school offers them, so 6th grade is a starting...
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...Executive Summary The report talks about the dilemma faced by All Sports, a sports equipment manufacturing company, as it is unable to decide whether or not to set up its operations in Washington. Cullen, a recent graduate provides the company with four alternatives after studying the situation. The first option is to hire an on-the-scene law firm, the second is to setup a full scale office in Washington, the third is to work out a combination arrangement and the last is to not take any action now. The pros and cons of each alternative are presented and it is suggested that the company adopt the combination approach. Word Count: 105 Situation Analysis All Sports, a firm in the Sports’ goods industry, manufactures and imports diverse range of products in the athletic field. It caters to domestic demands from individual sportsmen, recreational institutions, athletic sports teams and various others. Currently, it has four plants in two states with a workforce of 1200 and is headquartered in Chicago. The firm has plans of expansion through acquisition as it expects demand to increase in the future. This would help cut down operating costs and would be less time consuming. It also plans to devise a full scale national advertising and direct-mail campaign so as to increase its market share and customer base. It wants to enter the international market by setting up its own manufacturing plant in Japan to cut down costs of importing. Matthew Cullen is a business...
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...Screaming is a family sports comedy starring Will Ferrell, and Phil Duvall. In this movie Will Ferrell plays the role of a soccer Dad (Phil Weston) who is an average father who runs his own vitamin store. Phil ends up stepping up to become coach of his sons soccer team after the coach quits and no other parents volunteer. As the movie progresses Phil’s coaching style undergoes a transformation from being centered on learning and having fun, to being solely focused on winning the championship. Although this movie initially appears to be nothing more than a rather pointless comedy, it actually touches on many issues and controversies going on today in sports. Through the parents actions, and the way the kids react to different styles of coaching, the issues of sports for children, and race and ethnicity in sport are clearly displayed throughout the movie. From the very start of this movie clearly displays parents, especially fathers who push their sons very aggressively to succeed in sports. In fact the opening line of this movie is Phil Weston stating: “I was born a baby, a blank slate. I thought I was in control of my own destiny, and then I met my dad.” Following the quote, a baby version of Phil is handed a mini soccer ball from his father (Buck) and he tells him “You better be good at this stuff.” Just from this opening scene the viewer can clearly see the pressure to succeed in sports placed upon children from their parents. Coakly states that “sports are highly visable activites...
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...Contents. Introduction. 3 Literature review. 4-6 Impacts on the industry. 7-8 Conclusion. 8 Bibliography and Appendices. 9 Introduction Ayn Rand (1995) a Russian-born writer understood and wrote that "You can avoid reality, but you cannot avoid the consequences of avoiding reality." One reality that Event Managers must understand is there are certain risks when organising and operating an event that event managers are required to consider in order to successfully reduce risks and ensure safety at events. There are a large list of set laws and regulations of which event managers by law need to satisfy when staging an event, Bowdin et.al (2006 :342) teaches that depending on the stature or scales of event the larger the amount of regulations. These set of laws or rules are named Legislations which Worthington & Britton, (2000) state occupy a substantial proportion of current law including those that govern the operations of business such as sporting events. A vast majority of legislations emanates from previous event disasters such as the Bradford city fire. When a event disaster occurs and live are lost in the cases of the Ibrox, Hillsborough, Heysel...
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...Beneficial Sport Activities There are numerous benefits that you can obtained as a child or adult through the involvement of sport activities. These benefits are a significant characteristic and representation of our choices, responsibilities, and actions. Every skill you learned while in sports can be used to build positive structure and character. Sport activities involve physical benefits, personal benefits, and social benefits. These featured benefits apply to both sexes and people of all ages. Although an assistant professor of sociology, at Wittenburg University in Ohio, states, “Participating in athletics helps students perform well in academically during high school more than any other extracurricular activity.” According to an article on the America.gov Webitse, she explains, “They benefit developmentally in terms of building self-confidence and self- esteem and the ability to problem-solve; they develop socially in that they build relationships with students and teachers and parents that can act as resources for them in terms of their academics.” Being involved in sports as a young child can help build a foundation for cooperative play, teamwork, and good sportsmanship. It is extremely beneficial to participate with sports in your childhood. The article, “The Amazing Benefits of Sports For Kids,” simply expresses that researches indicate that sports help children develop physical skill, get exercise, make friends, have fun, learn to play as a member of a team...
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...Should playing competitive video games be considered a sport? Should video gaming become a sport? Many people may ask well, what is a sport? People say it’s an activity involving physical exertion and skill in which an individual or team competes against another or others for entertainment. Which means that you need to be physically active. A sport can also be a competition between two opponents. Is video gaming a sport? Yes but we call them Esports, where there’s an arena full of people waiting to see the battle between extreme gamers. In this day and time technology is being used everywhere all over the world. We have kids and adults who love the gaming system, they love it so much that they have their very own competitions such as Major League Gaming Tournaments. At these tournaments you’re witnessing talent and effort, but you’ll also see that eSports have fans and11.2 million viewers. Not only that but, when you’re at home playing the game you have the chance to compete or play with others all over the world? Their two types of sports physical and mental. For example basketball which is the physical sport and Chess which is not a sport but has to do with your...
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...Sport Franchises and Tariffs on Imported Goods Devry University Sport Franchises and Tariffs on Imported Goods page 1 A cultural factor that a sports franchise must overcome is managing and ownership.This includes acquiring a sponsor or sponsors that can pay the players good salary and help build the talents of the younger generation in competition.Alot of sponsors have failed in the past due to poor financial management and embezzling of managers funds(Eitzen,1999). Sports are activities that include encompassing competitions like the Olympics.They also include other activities such as basketball,football,skiing and other recreational activities.The cultural practices have affected the popularity of the nations sports capacity in the United States over the years.The professional leagues of sport's clubs are organized in sport franchise and the league has the role of overcoming cultural practices. Some products of sport franchise include jerseys,shirts and coats with team logos,mugs and cups with team logos,license plates with team names,blankets with team name and logos,and etc.One way to ensure the product sells in the international market is by building a strong team that wins several competitions.When a team is successful,the share of the club increases in the share market and the club can sell a lot of its products which are profitable both locally and professionally(MacCambridge,1997). Another way for sport franchise to ensure their products appropriate...
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...will be creating a documentary that looks at the life of college athletes and how they balance their lives in regards to their sport, academics, and their social life. With that being said, this Documentary will unveil the incredibly busy schedule that student athletes face day in and day out, outside of just academics. My reasoning behind this idea is that I myself am a student athlete and it has been brought to my attention that outsiders, in a way mislead about the lives that student athletes live. From an outside perspective, it is believed by many that student athletes get special treatment whether it be that they get paid, get off easily when it comes to disciplinary actions from the school, and can do whatever they please in regards to academics. This documentary will feature top athletes in the four most popular sports; basketball, football, baseball, and hockey. The colleges included in this documentary will consist of UConn, Duke, Syracuse, Tennessee, and Kentucky. Not only will men's teams be contributing, but female athletes as well from these same sports at these same schools. This documentary is targeting those who think athletes have it easy in comparison to a regular college student. Not only will this documentary be aired on ESPN networks, but it will also be marketed during sporting events on networks such as CBS sports, and FOX Sports. In regards to online streaming, which has become incredibly popular, “A Day in the Life of a College Athlete,” will be available...
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...Roscommon Sports Partnership (RSP) The Local Sports Partnership Initiative was developed by the Irish Sports Council in order to create a national structure to co-ordinate and promote the development of sport and physical activity at local level. The initiative was created following widespread consultation with other agencies and organisations with an interest in the development of sport. The objectives of the program are to: 1. Enhanced planning of sport at local level. 2. Increased levels of local participation, especially amongst specific target groups such as older people, girls and women, people with disabilities, unemployed people and those who live in identified disadvantaged communities. 3. Enhanced local coach deployment. 4. Club development. 5. Volunteer training. 6. Local directories of sports bodies and facilities. 7. Better use of existing facilities. 8. Clear priorities for local facility provision and improvement, with related quality management initiatives. 9. School/club/community. 10. Local sports event. Roscommon Sports Partnership focuses on the following Strategic Aims for 2012-2014: 1. Participation Pathways: To increase participation in Sports/Physical Activity for all of the citizens of County Roscommon through their life stages. 2. Training & Development: To promote Training & Development, both for all involved in Sports/Physical Activity and their clubs throughout County Roscommon. ...
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...The sport of ice hockey has been a significant part of my life personally from a young age all the way to my high school years. Contrary to popular belief hockey is actually not such a violent, physical sport I’ve learned it's one with lots of community and class. The NHS values of character are definitely exemplified within the sport. Helping and teamwork are one of the most needed things in the sport as you have to be willing to help your teammates out, some of which feel like your brothers. In hockey it's all about sticking up for one another, in my own experience I’ve seen my teammates get hit real hard, I had to stick up for him because that's what a true teammate would do. Being fair may not always be a possibility in hockey but you have to try as often as possible, I’ve seen other players who consistently take penalties, thus holding the team back. It also isn’t playing fair or respectful to be taking penalties, for myself I can say I followed that in the sport by taking almost no penalties. Respect isn’t only limited to teammates but to coaches as...
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...parents. She is the oldest of her three siblings and the only one involved in sports. Her parents Ray and Joyce ignore Patty’s athletic talents, make jokes and play cruel pranks on Patty. Patty goes to a party with a friend, gets drunk, and ends up getting raped by Ethan Post, a son of a family friend. The next day after a basketball game, Patty tells her questioning coach about why she had bruises on her arms. Patty’s mother finds out about the incident and is more concerned how the rape will affect her relationship with Ethan’s family, rather than how Patty is feeling about the rape. Joyce discourages Patty from taking any action against Ethan and asking if an apology would be enough. When Ray finds out he is not supportive either of Patty. Ray also discourages Patty from taking any legal action. Patty ends up dropping the whole situations and her senior year goes on with her athletic life, breaking school records. “Agreeable” shows how an all-star athletic girl is neglected by her parents and is discouraged from excelling in more athletics. Patty could be described as agreeable, low self-esteem, and determined. For example she is agreeable because, “…instead of being publicly humiliated Patty became a real player…” (17) Patty decides to agree with her parents and drop the incident, so she won’t be humiliated by the public. Patty has low self-esteem because her parents don’t support her in her athletic sports nor do they show up at her games, “If Joyce was her mother, then how had...
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