...* Money is valuable because of the goods and services that it will purchase (medium of exchange) , but it also has social value. * Money satisfies many drives and needs. * Money often has high valence. Valence x Expectancy x Instrumentality = Motivation * Money as a motivator: an employee must want more of it (valence), must believe that effort will be successful in producing desired performance (expectancy), and must trust that the monetary reward will follow better performance (instrumentality)* * * Many employees are not sure that additional performance will lead to additional pay (the performance-reward connection) Desirable and Undesirable Instrumentality Conditions Situation | Level of Performance | Level of Economic Reward | Instrumentality Condition | 1 | High | High | Desirable | 2 | High | Low | Undesirable | 3 | Low | High | Undesirable | 4 | Low | Low | Desirable | ECONOMIC INCENTIVE SYSTEMS Incentives linking pay with performance ADV. & DISADV. OF INCENTIVES LINKING PAY WITH PERFORMANCE ADVANTAGES * Strengthen instrumentality beliefs * Create perceptions of equity * Reinforce desirable behaviors * Provide objective basis for rewards DISADVANTAGES * Cost (to both employer and employee) * System complexity * Declining or variable pay * Union resistance * Delay in receipt * Rigidity of system * Narrowness of performance Incentive Measure | Example | Description...
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...informs Vol. 36, No. 3, May–June 2006, pp. 191–193 issn 0092-2102 eissn 1526-551X 06 3603 0191 ® doi 10.1287/inte.1060.0214 © 2006 INFORMS Supply Chain Management: Technology, Globalization, and Policy at a Crossroads Tuck School of Business, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03768, m.eric.johnson@dartmouth.edu M. Eric Johnson Supply chain management is an important application area for INFORMS, with many opportunities for our community to contribute models and insight. The seemingly relentless forces of globalization and technology continually present us with new supply chain challenges and opportunities for further progress. Over the past decade, researchers and practitioners have developed many models and methods that have influenced supply chain practices. However, as managers and management scientists have embraced these new approaches for improving supply chain competitiveness, these initiatives have slipped into the middle of many important corporate and public debates. Key words: supply chain management; professional: comments on. T he forces of globalization and technology are changing supply chains. In many cases, the supply chains are literally disintegrating. Product designers, marketers, and manufacturers that were previously housed in a single facility are now spread over several continents in organizations with different cultures, languages, and business objectives. For example, not long ago, apparel firms, such as Levi Strauss and Company...
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...Sample Paper Coca Cola Instructions Total number of Sections = 04 Total number of Questions= 28 Time Allowed = 30 minutes The Sample Paper is totally MCQ Based, consisting of Question statements and four/five (i.e. A-D/E) Answer choices. You have to select the correct answer choice. Instructions about Answer Sheet + Right Answer Keys are at the end of Exercise. Note: This sample paper does not include quantitatively the same number of questions as there would be in actual paper. This is merely meant to provide conceptual guidance to the users or prospective candidates. VERBAL Complete the sentences by choosing the most appropriate word, from the given lettered choices (A to D/E) below each. 1. Intentions are closely related to fairness and certainly ________ the degree of honesty and dishonesty. A. affect B. effect C. affects D. effects 2. In many countries, the standard employment contract is to be at-will meaning that the employer and employee are both free _______ terminate the employment at any time and ________ any cause. A. for … in B. in … at C. to … for D. at … for E. to … at 3. Despite the ___________ of the materials with which Tahira had worked, many of her glass masterpieces have survived for more than seventy years. A. beauty B. translucence C. abundance D. majesty E. fragility Four lettered pairs (A to D) follow a related pair...
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...1.Aşağıdaki sözcüklerde yer alan anlam olaylarını bulunuz. - İki tabak yedi yine doymadı. ( Ad aktarması yapılmıştır. Dış söylenip iç anlatılmış.) - Altın Boynuz’da yapılan çalışmalar tüm hızıyla sürüyordu. -Yıllar onu olgunlaştırmış. -İki gündür bereket yağıyor. -Maç bitince Çanakkale sokaklara döküldü. -Uçağın kanadı fırtınada kopmuş. -Yüzüğü elimden çıkaramıyorum. -Eteklerine kent kurulmuş bir dağ düşün. -Derya kuzuları bunlar! 2. Aşağıdaki ikilemelerin görevlerini yanlarına yazınız. - İleri geri konuşmaları canımı sıktı. -Üzüm üzüme baka baka kararır. -Pazardan ıvır zıvır ne varsa aldı. -Soruları yalan yanlış cevaplayıp çıktı. -İrili ufaklı taşlar bulup denize attık. 3. “mi “ edatıyla ve “de” bağlacı kullanılarak yapılan ikilemlere örnekler veriniz. 4. Aşağıda verilen ikilemelerin çeşitlerini yazınız. Çarpık çurpuk işler yaparak başarılı olamazsın. Söylediklerime mırın kırın etse de ben onu dinlemeyeceğim. Yalan yanlış söylemlerde bulunarak bizleri yanılttı. Eski püskü kıyafetlerini dolaptan alıp çöpe doldurduk. Yorgunken nasıl da horul horul uyuyor. Fırından sıcak sıcak ekmek aldım. İş miş olmayınca insanın canı sıkılıyor. 5. Nitel ve nicel anlamlı sözcüklerin altını çizerek yanlarına nitel, nicel diye belirtiniz. Dar bir anlayışa sahipti. Odama dar bir koridordan gidiliyordu. Az olsun, öz olsun. Eğri otur, doğru söyle. Horozu çok olan köyün sabahı...
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...Chapter 19 BALANCED SCORECARD: quality, time, and the theory of constraints 19-1 Quality costs (including the opportunity cost of lost sales because of poor quality) can be as much as 10% to 20% of sales revenues of many organizations. Quality-improvement programs can result in substantial cost savings and higher revenues and market share from increased customer satisfaction. 19-2 Quality of design refers to how closely the characteristics of a product or service meet the needs and wants of customers. Conformance quality refers to the performance of a product or service relative to its design and product specifications. 19-3 Exhibit 19-1 of the text lists the following six line items in the prevention costs category: design engineering; process engineering; supplier evaluations; preventive equipment maintenance; quality training; and testing of new materials. 19-4 An internal failure cost differs from an external failure cost on the basis of when the nonconforming product is detected. An internal failure is detected before a product is shipped to a customer, whereas an external failure is detected after a product is shipped to a customer. 19-5 Three methods that companies use to identify quality problems are: (a) a control chart which is a graph of a series of successive observations of a particular step, procedure, or operation taken at regular intervals of time; (b) a Pareto diagram, which is a chart that indicates how frequently each type of failure (defect)...
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...A 1.00kg piece of aluminum metal at 90.0°C is placed in 4.00 litersA 1.00kg piece of aluminum metal at 90.0°C is placed in 4.00 litersA 1.00kg piece of aluminum metal at 90.0°C is placed in 4.00 litersA 1.00kg piece of aluminum metal at 90.0°C is placed in 4.00 litersA 1.00kg piece of aluminum metal at 90.0°C is placed in 4.00 litersA 1.00kg piece of aluminum metal at 90.0°C is placed in 4.00 litersA 1.00kg piece of aluminum metal at 90.0°C is placed in 4.00 litersA 1.00kg piece of aluminum metal at 90.0°C is placed in 4.00 litersA 1.00kg piece of aluminum metal at 90.0°C is placed in 4.00 litersA 1.00kg piece of aluminum metal at 90.0°C is placed in 4.00 litersA 1.00kg piece of aluminum metal at 90.0°C is placed in 4.00 litersA 1.00kg piece of aluminum metal at 90.0°C is placed in 4.00 litersA 1.00kg piece of aluminum metal at 90.0°C is placed in 4.00 litersA 1.00kg piece of aluminum metal at 90.0°C is placed in 4.00 litersA 1.00kg piece of aluminum metal at 90.0°C is placed in 4.00 litersA 1.00kg piece of aluminum metal at 90.0°C is placed in 4.00 litersA 1.00kg piece of aluminum metal at 90.0°C is placed in 4.00 litersA 1.00kg piece of aluminum metal at 90.0°C is placed in 4.00 litersA 1.00kg piece of aluminum metal at 90.0°C is placed in 4.00 litersA 1.00kg piece of aluminum metal at 90.0°C is placed in 4.00 litersA 1.00kg piece of aluminum metal at 90.0°C is placed in 4.00 litersA 1.00kg piece of aluminum metal at 90.0°C is placed in 4.00 litersA 1.00kg piece of aluminum...
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...Brochure More information from http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/1052577/ Drug Stores Description: Brief Excerpt from Industry Overview Chapter: Companies in this industry sell prescription drugs, over-the-counter medications, health and beauty products, and general merchandise from physical retail locations. Major companies include Walgreens, CVS Health, and Rite Aid (all based in the US), along with Rexall (part of Canada's Katz Group) and Shoppers Drug Mart (also from Canada), China Nepstar (China), AS Watson (Hong Kong), Matsumoto Kiyoshi (Japan), Phoenix and Celesio (Germany), and Alliance Boots (Switzerland). Global retail pharmacy sales are expected to reach $1.4 trillion by 2017, according to Lucintel. Growth drivers include the aging of the population and increased health awareness. North America, with about 40% of worldwide pharmaceutical sales, is the largest market, followed by Europe and Japan with about 25% and 10%, respectively. The US drug stores industry includes about 45,000 establishments (single-location companies and units of multi-location companies) with combined annual revenue of about $250 billion. Competitive Landscape Demand is driven by the aging of the US population, awareness of health issues, and advances in medical treatment. The profitability of individual companies depends on access to medical insurance groups. Large companies have economies of scale in purchasing and in access to large groups of customers. Small ...
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...102 年第 2 次期貨商業務員資格測驗試題 專業科目：期貨交易理論與實務 請填入場證編號： ※注意：考生請在「答案卡」上作答，共 50 題，每題 2 分，每一試題有(A)(B)(C)(D)選項， 本測驗為單一選擇題，請依題意選出一個正確或最適當的答案。 1. 客戶保證金區分為原始保證金及： (A)變動保證金 (B)維持保證金 (C)結算保證金 (D)避險保證金 2. 期貨商替客戶強迫平倉後所造成的超額損失（Overloss），應由下列何者承擔？ (A)客戶 (B)期貨商 (C)交易所 (D)結算所 3. 結算制度主要功能是： (A)權責區分 (B)確保交易公正 (C)履約保證 (D)選項(A)、(B)、(C)皆非 4. 期貨商除了因客戶之信用狀況不同可調整原始保證金外，對於下列何者除外的交易策略亦 收取較低的保證金？ (A)避險帳戶 (B)價差交易 (C)當日沖銷交易 (D)自營帳戶 5. 期貨交易人之未平倉部位獲利時，其帳戶內餘額之處理原則為： (A)可提領超過結算保證金額度之金額 (B)可提領超過原始保證金額度之金額 (C)可提領超過維持保證金額度之金額 (D)期貨商經理人核准即可提領任何帳內餘額 6. 在 CME 交易之外匯期貨，何者之最小變動值不為$12.5？ (A)日圓 (B)瑞士法郎 (C)歐元 (D)加幣 7. 美國 T-Bill 期貨契約以幾天期的美國國庫券為其標的？ (A)91 天 (B)180 天 (C)1 年 (D)45 天 8. 部位限制是指單一客戶能握有某商品期貨最大數量的限制，下列敘述何者正確？ (A)部位限制不適用於避險者 (B)部位限制只適用於投機者及價差交易者 (C)選項(A)、(B)皆是 (D)選項(A)、(B)皆非 9. 當交易人觀察日圓期貨價位，認為今天如果日圓往上能突破 0.010420 壓力帶時，將會有 一段多頭行情，否則局勢將不明朗，則交易人將會以下列那一指令來下單獲利？ (A)價位為 0.010421 的停損買單 (B)價位為 0.010421 的停損賣單 (C)價位為 0.010421 的觸價買單 (D)價位為 0.010421 的觸價賣單 10. 下列何者不是歐洲美元期貨之避險功能？ (A)鎖定貸款成本 (B)鎖定匯率成本 (C)鎖定短期票券投資之獲利 (D)鎖定浮動利率債券之收益 11. 若持有面值 1 億美元 1 年到期的美國國庫券（Treasury Bills）則要以多少口 3 個月期的 LIBOR 歐洲美元期貨契約來避險（粗略計算即可）？（歐洲美元期貨每口為 100 萬美元） (A)賣出 100 口契約 (B)買進 4,000 口契約 (C)買進 100 口契約 (D)賣出 400 口契約 12. 麥特玩具進口商三個月後須支付英鎊，目前之匯率為 1.525，英鎊期貨匯率為 1.508，三個 月後之即期匯率為 1.565，期貨匯率為 1.550，若進口商事先有避險，其有效匯率為： (A)1.567 (B)1.523 (C)1.508 (D)1.565 13. 在預期臺幣對美元之匯率穩定的前提下，臺灣出口商如何避免歐元貨款對臺幣貶值之損 失？（以下答案均為 CME 之契約） (A)買進歐元期貨 (C)賣出歐元期貨賣權（Put option） (B)賣出歐元期貨 (D)買進歐元期貨買權（Call option） 14. 晴晴賣 2 口瑞郎期貨，價格為...
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...Vol. 2, No. 2 International Business Research Total Quality Management in Supply Chain Guangshu Chang Zhengzhou Institute of Aeronautical Industry Management Zhengzhou 450015, China E-mail: cgs30@163.com This work is sponsored by Aerospace Science Foundation of China (2008ZG55019), Important Science and Technology Project of Henan Province (072102240037), Foundation for University Key Teacher by Henan Province (2008-708-94), and Education Foundation of Henan Province (2008B630009). Abstract Since 1980’s, the competition between enterprises has become the one between supply chains. Therefore, the implementation of total quality management (TQM) in supply chain system but not only in enterprise has become an exquisite premise for the survival of enterprise. This paper discussed the application of the eight modern TQM principles of ISO9000 in supply chain quality management, namely customer focus, leadership, involvement of people, process management, system management, continual improvement, factual approach to decision-making, and mutually beneficial supplier relationships. Keywords: Supply Chain, Total Quality Management, ISO9000 1. Introduction In nowadays, the core ideas of TQM set forth by W. Edwards Deming, Joseph Juran, and Kaoru Ishikawa gained significant acceptance and has become something of a social movement. The series standards of ISO9000 are implementing in many industries, such as manufacturing, service, health care, nonprofit organizations, educational institutions...
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...Business Economics Assessment The assessment addresses the following learning outcome: * Evaluate the impact that external micro and macro environments have on the activities and performance of organisations. Submission dates: Part 1 – Friday 4 February 2011 Part 2 – Friday 8 April 2011 Assessment Brief The assessment for the Business Economics module is a group portfolio (individual for re-sitting students) consisting of two parts to be submitted mid way through the autumn and spring terms. The portfolio will provide an analysis of the microeconomic and macroeconomic environments that impact on an organisation or sector of the group’s choice. The first part of this portfolio will consist of a group report to be submitted by the end of week 3 of the spring term which identifies the key micro economic constraints that impact on the organisation or sector under consideration. In terms of weighting the first element contributes 50% of the marks for the module. This first element will address some of the key microeconomic aspects affecting the business or sector selected. It will consist of a report that identifies the key features and constraints that impact on the competitive environment under consideration. Specifically, this will address: 1. The extent of competition in the sector/market – e.g. the number of competing firms, the size of these firms and any particular issues that arise from this, such as market dominance, price leadership...
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...CONVERT PASTEL TO REVELATION This module (PastelCV.exe) converts data from Pastel (versions 6 to 8 and XPress) to Revelation for Windows. “Pastel” is a registered Trademark of Pastel Software (Pty) Ltd. Unlike earlier Pastel to Revelation Conversion programs, this one also imports the Debtor, Creditor, Nominal and Stock transactions. Also, you do not have to first create the blank Company in Revelation itself – this Conversion program allows you to create a blank Company. This process involves first exporting data out of Pastel into various Text files which are then imported into a blank Revelation for Windows data file. NOTE: ALL OUTSTANDING BATCHES IN PASTEL MUST BE UPDATED BEFORE CONVERTING THE DATA TO REVELATION. PROCEDURE PASTEL EXPORT Procedure Exit out of Pastel. On the Windows Desktop, click the [Start] button in the bottom-left of the screen and select [Programs], then [Pastel…] (depending on the Pastel Version). On the Pastel sub-menu, click [File Export Utility]. This runs Pastel’s data Export program. In the Pastel “Select Company frame”, click the Company that you want to convert to Revelation. If required, click in the 'Password field' and type in the Company Access Password. Click [Open]. You do NOT have to export ALL 4 ledgers and you do not have to export ALL the files in each ledger. However, the more data you export, the more complete the conversion is. DEBTORS (CUSTOMERS) This exports the Customer Master file (names, addresses, etc)...
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...Case Study: Problem Statement- To control the population explosion in Bangladesh a non-profit organization Population Services International started with a project, SMP(Social Marketing Project) funded by another welfare body USAID. Under this project PSI introduced 2 birth control products in Bangladesh: Raja Condoms for Men and Maya Oral Contraceptive pills for females. Both products were marketed using the same Social Marketing Strategy where direct contact was made with the customers to educate them about family planning, birth control measures and make available birth control products at subsidized price. . Initially The 2 products experienced a good response with increasing sales, but later the sales of Raja condoms continued increasing and the sales of Maya contraceptive pills decreased drastically by 43.6% from 1980 to 1983 whereas Raja condoms experienced a growth of 95.5% in the same period. Objective of the study: This situation us with a case to understand why a similar strategy for 2 products, both aimed at preventing unwanted child birth could result in such different outcomes. This understanding will allow us to develop solutions to increase the sales of Maya Contraceptive pills. Strengths of the Marketing Strategy for both- * Creating a demand for the birth control products by spreading awareness about the importance of birth control through a vast network of field workers and by extensive marketing through radio, billborads, tshirts etc. * Making...
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...Tomalika Thompson March 28, 2015 NT1310/ Thursday Evening Unit 2 Assignment 1 Service Provider Types RBOCS also known as regional bell operating companies is the term to better define the seven companies spun off from AT&T in 1984. The initial seven were Ameritech, BellSouth, Bell Atlantic, Nynex, Southwestern Bell, Pacific Telesis and US West. RBOCS provides a local loop services to most of the United States by functioning as local exchange carriers, while AT&T was left to provide long distance carrier services and to function as an interior exchange carrier. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 allowed RBOCs and independent LECs to compete with existing IXCs for long-distance carrier business, allowed mergers, and essentially opened up the telecommunications market to all kinds of companies, including cable television companies. Of the seven original RBOCs, only five remain today. ILEC also known as incumbent local exchange carrier is a telephone company that provided local services when the Telecommunications Act 1996 was enacted. ILEC held the regional monopoly on landline service before the market was opened to competitive local exchange carriers, or the corporate successor of such a firm. ILEC has been absorbed into Verizon, an RBOC. In some areas, an independent telephone company is responsible for providing local telephone exchange services in a specified geographic area. CLEC also known as competitive local exchange carrier is a telephone...
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