...From birth up to the age of five, children acquire language at a very fast pace. The stages of language development are widespread among humans. Though, the age and the pace at which a child reaches each breakthrough of language development differ greatly among children. More than any other part of development, language development exposes the growth and development of the brain. Infants are very accustomed to the human voice and desire it to other sounds. In exact, they desire the higher pitch typical of female voices. They also are extremely observant to the human face, mainly when the face is talking. While crying is a child's main means of communication at birth, language nearly begins to develop by repetition and simulation. Between birth and three months of age, most infants attain the following abilities: identify their mother's voice, quiet down or smirk when spoken to, turn near recognizable voices and sounds, make sounds signifying pleasure, cry differently to express special needs like mumbling, giggling, crying and babbling....
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...STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT Influences on Physical and Cognitive Development Early Childhood 1-6 years old Katherine Wright STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT Influences on Physical and Cognitive Development Early Childhood 1-6 years old There are eight stages of development. The first stage is infancy age 0-1 year old, the second stage is toddler stage ages 1-2 years old, the third stage is early childhood ages 2-6 years old, the fourth stage is elementary and middle school stage ages 6-12 years old, the adolescence stage ages 12-18 years is the fifth stage, the sixth stage is the young adult stage age 19-40, the seventh stage is the middle adulthood stage age 40-65, and the eighth stage is the late adulthood stage age 65 to death. The eight stages are called Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development. These stages describe how a human should develop as they pass through life .Each stage that is conquered successfully means that a person conquers new challenges. Each stage builds as you successfully complete earlier stages. If the stages aren’t successfully completed, they can resurface as problems in the future. In the second stage, which is early childhood the development process is Crisis: Initiative vs. Guilt Description: Children have newfound power at this stage as they have developed motor skills and become more and more engaged in social interaction with people around them. They now must learn to achieve a balance between eagerness for more adventure and more responsibility...
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...Describe and evaluate Piaget’s theory of cognitive development Cognitive development is looking at the way children learn and process information. Jean Piaget (1896-1980) was a psychologist looking into the development of cognitive processes; his research is still highly influential today for studies carried out on cognitive development in children. Piaget believed intelligence is the balance which a person achieves between themselves and the environment and that this was achieved by the actions on the world of a young person who is developing. Piaget constructed several concepts to define the stages of child development; he was fascinated by the way that all children seemed to go through the same stages of discovering the world at the same time. Piaget’s research suggested a stage theory on each stage the children had a distinct type of thinking. The first stage of four which Piaget defines is the sensorimotor stage (0-2 years). The baby is able to understand the world by using its senses and motor actions. They are able to pretend to play and use single words towards the end of its sensorimotor stage. An important feature of the sensory motor stage is object permanence and the development of this. Learning that objects do not disappear when they are out of sight. However there are problems with Piaget’s research on this stage of development, this has been discovered by other researchers carrying out studies using heart-rate, rate of sucking and habituation technique...
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...of cognitive development in relation to children’s developing mathematical knowledge. Introduction Jean Piaget, a psychologist, made the study of cognitive development. He contributed a lot to the theory of cognitive child development. His study, especially his quantitative concepts, has created much attention in the field of child education. He explored children’s cognitive development to quince his interest in genetic epistemology. His exploration of children’s quantitative development has established mathematical knowledge with vital insights on how children learn ideas and mathematical concepts (Huitt & Hummel, 2003). This essay demonstrates the study of cognitive development of the mathematical knowledge in context of the Australian Curriculum. For that, I have chosen the age level 2. The approach of this essay will provide a discussion of Piaget’s theory in relation to Australian Curriculum, a brief difference of Piaget’s theory with Vygotsky theory, and summary of the study. Justification of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development Piaget believed that, child development occurs through an unswerving transformation of the thinking process. When certain development takes place, the cognitive development stage requires a period of months or years. He also described that the development of children learning is steady and gradual varying the stage. It depends on culture, experience, maturity level, ability, etc. All children have to pass through each stage before they...
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... Messias With reference to any aspect of Childhood Development and Educational Psychology, critically discuss what you think will be the major challenges to you as a teacher in the South African context and reflect on your own development as a learner in relation to the theory; • Developmental Stages – Piaget – Erikson – Kohlberg The way in which teachers are educated and supported to meet the challenges of the 21st century has huge influence on their ability to manage their classroom dynamics. Thus teachers need to engage with resources that enable them to provide substantial attention to learners, learning, and human development. Knowledge of the domain of educational psychology is a central resource to the teaching enterprise and to the preparation of teachers. Teacher who have knowledge of the psychology of learning, development, and instruction are better able to facilitate the learning and development of each individual student as they possess a broad and deep understanding of children, the subjects they teach, the nature of learning and schooling, and the world around them. As a student teacher specializing in the foundation phase of learning I have decided to investigate several aspects of Childhood Development and Educational Psychology. Erikson, Piaget, and Kohlberg are well known educational...
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...Children’s Literature and Cognitive Development Children’s literature is an important part of a child’s development. “We are born with the ability to organize, classify, and impose order on our environment, resulting in the construction of our own unique theory of the world. Very little of the content and order of our theory is the result of direct instruction; rather , it is the interaction of biological, cultural and life experiences that greatly affects the substance of our theory and the way we organize our experience” (Johnson, 2003, para. 2). It is critical that children are provided with a range of experiences in order to develop cognitively. Literature provides children with experiences that help to strengthen their cognitive skills. Piaget’s Theory of cognitive development identifies four stages of development: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. At each stage of development, children’s literature can provide support to that can encourage cognitive development in children. At the sensorimotor stage of development, children begin to understand how things work using their five senses and motor activity (SNHU, 2014). Children’s books that offer tactile illustrations and interactive activities are essential to developing the cognitive skills of children. Because children in this stage of development have an increased interest in play, books that require participation and touch tend to be appealing to them and help to...
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...Lifespan Development and Personality Marie A. Hines PSY/103 March 12, 2012 Colleen Donald Lifespan Development and Personality Early childhood development can be affected by a number of factors, and it is impossible to underestimate the immense importance of the early development of children. Erik Erikson's stage theory of psychosocial development contributed to the understanding of personality development throughout the lifespan. The lifespan development of human being involves the psychological and genetic alterations from the birth and end of the life. The progress of life is highly influenced by the hereditary and environmental factors involving the different aspects related to physical, cognitive, social, moral, and personality development (Shonkoff & Phillips, 2000). Erik Erikson felt as if middle age children between the ages of six and twelve is where they begin to develop the mental skills needed in later years.“Elementary school-aged children, who succeed in learning new, productive life skills, develop a sense of pride and competence (industry). Those who fail to develop these skills feel inadequate and unproductive (inferior)” (Carpenter & Huffman, 2010). The phase of physical development of a child is classified as gross motor skills development and fine motor skills development. Hereditary factors play an important role in the physical growth and characteristics development of the child in the middle...
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...future. As rightfully said, it is the things you do in the present that shape your future. Basic premises of cognitive development theory It is properly established that the field of cognitive development primarily tackles the mental faculties of individuals in the pursuit of understanding their mental undertakings. It goes as far as the extent of realizing and assessing their mental abilities in order to aid the individual concerned in making used of his mental faculties to the fullest extent for his own benefit so that such individual can achieve its maximum potential. The study of cognitive development covers a wide array of endeavors in the form of theoretical and actual practice applications. It is theoretical and practical in the aspect of concept understanding and problem solving wherein a child is placed in a situation to determine if projected theories based on studies are effective and efficient given the predicament of the child concerned. (Bjorklund, 2004) Cognitive development also covers the study of the thinking process, language development, and information processing that a child undergoes in order to determine the factors and triggers that influence the same so as to come up with means and ways that would enhance better the thinking and speaking skills of the child. As a whole, it can be rightfully said that in general cognitive development seeks to uncover the root cause of intelligence. It aims to understand how...
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...Cognitive Development Human Development and Learning FHT4, 601.2.1-02 Western Governor's University A. Cognitive Development Theory Cognitive development theory is basically the study of how people think and process information all the time. It is the concept that as children grow they expand their mental processes and develop many new ways to adapt and accept knowledge and interact in their environment and with others around them. It is defined as being about Human mental (cognitive) development. The first theorist to establish the concept was Dr. Jean Piaget. Another contemporary of his was Dr. Lev Vygotsky. Both men offered new insights into a nascent field of study of how children develop and learn as they grow. B1. Similarities on the Nature or Development of Intelligence Piaget believed that childhood played a vital part in a child's development. Children increase their intelligence through active learning and exploring of their world. The child is the center of his or her learning through self discovery. Vygotsky also believed that children actively participate in their own learning and are curious to know more and they do so through social interactions with adults and peers. Both Piaget and Vygotsky agreed that children needed to be in groups with peers and should work together cooperatively. Piaget held to the constructivist view that teaching needs to take into account the stage the child is at and teach to children at their level...
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...Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development Jean Piaget is a Swiss developmental psychologist and philosopher known for his epistemological studies with children. Piaget believed that children play an active role in the growth of intelligence. He regarded children as philosophers who perceive the world as he or she experiences it (ICELS). Therefore in Piaget’s most prominent work, his theory on the four stages of cognitive development, much of his inspiration came from observations of children. The theory of cognitive development focuses on mental processes such as perceiving, remembering, believing, and reasoning. Through his work, Piaget showed that children think in considerably different ways than adults do and as such he saw cognitive development as a progressive reorganization of mental processes resulting from maturation and experience (1973). To explain this theory, Piaget used the concept of stages to describe his development as a sequence of the four following stages: sensory – motor, preoperational, concrete operations, and formal operations. There are three elements however to understanding his theory of cognitive development. They are schema, the fours process that enable transition from on stage to another, and finally the four stages themselves. He began his studies by making naturalistic observations. Piaget made careful, detailed observations of children, typically his own children or their friends, from these he wrote diary descriptions charting their development...
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...Cognitive Development in Early Childhood Early childhood is not only a period of amazing physical growth, it is also a time of remarkable mental development. Cognitive abilities associated with memory, reasoning, problem-solving and thinking continue to emerge throughout childhood. When it comes to childhood cognitive development, it would be impossible to avoid mentioning the work of psychologist Jean Piaget. After receiving his doctoral degree at age 22, Jean Piaget began a career that would have a profound impact on both psychology and education. Through his work with Alfred Binet, Piaget developed an interest in the intellectual development of children. Based upon his observations, he concluded that children are not less intelligent than adults, they simply think differently. Albert Einstein called Piaget's discovery "so simple only a genius could have thought of it."Piaget created a theory of cognitive development that described the basic stages that children go through as they mentally mature. He believed that children are like "little scientists," actively trying to make sense of the world rather than simply soaking up information passively. Schemas One of the key concepts in Piaget's theory is the use of schemas. According to Piaget,schemas are cognitive frameworks or concepts that help people organize and interpret information. As experiences happen, this new information is used to modify, add to or completely change previously existing schemas. For example, a young...
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...research child development. These perspectives include psychoanalytic, learning, cognitive, contextual, and evolutionary/sociobiological perspectives (Papalia, Olds, & Feldman, 2008). Researchers use theories to explain child development. The theories are important because they propose ideas or explanations to describe development and to predict kinds of behaviors. In this paper, I will discuss and describe three theories of development, their key concepts, their similarities, their differences, how the domains of development influence each other, and how understanding development helps those who work with developing children. Three Theories of Development: Some important theories of child development include Freud’s psychosexual theory, Erickson’s psychosocial theory, and Piaget’s cognitive-stage theory. “Sigmund Freud believed that people are born with biological drives that must be redirected to make it possible to live in society” (Papalia et. al, 2008). He proposed that development happens throughout five stages in a child’s life. The first stage is referred to as the oral stage. It occurs between birth and 18 months. During this stage, the baby’s chief source of pleasure involves mouth-oriented activities (Papalia et. al, 2008). The second stage is referred to as the anal stage. It occurs between one year and three years of age. During this stage, the child derives sensual gratification from withholding and expelling feces (Papalia et. al, 2008). The third stage is referred...
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...Stages of Development from Early Childhood Through Middle Childhood We can break child development into five separate stages. The stages consist of infancy (birth-2), early childhood (2-6), middle childhood (6-10), early adolescence (10-14), and late adolescence (14-18). For each stage there are different types of developmental achievements that will be reached. This paper will serve as a comparison for the early and middle childhood developmental periods. There will be a detailed comparison of the two age groups for each of the following developmental characteristics: • Physical development • Emotional development • Cognitive development • Intellectual development • Language development • Reading/Writing development • Social development • Interpersonal development Physical Development (Early Childhood) During the early childhood stage children begin to lose their roundish baby like appearance. Their bodies become more proportionate with the lengthening of their arms and legs. They begin to acquire fine motor skills. These newfound skills allow them to grip a pencil in more functional way. This is a good time to provide them with puzzles and blocks, as well as supervising them while they them use scissors and paper. Although it is normal for boys to be more physically active then girls both will show an increase in energy. They will develop more control over their...
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...IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT PSY 104: Child and Adolescent Development September 14, 2012 A Difference in Child Development Throughout the years, there have been many great theorists to contribute to the world of psychology. Three of the most well-known of these theorists are Jean Piaget, Erik Erikson, and Sigmund Freud. All three of these men have contributed to the world of psychology in ways that have proved to change history and how we study science and even more so the development of children. From the dynamics of the development of the child and adolescent mind to the underlying causes for most adult sexual disorders, the work that these men did throughout their lifetimes proved to produce amazing results for not only managing to turn their names into household names of their time but also going down in history for bringing to one’s attention that which no one had ever dared to touch before. Although the theories contributed by these men are each significant and all are in relation to childhood and adolescent development, they also each possess certain distinct qualities that allow them to stand out beside their creator. According to Jean Piaget, his observations allowed him to gather that children reason and understand differently depending upon age in a manner of progression through a series of cognitive stages and although the rate in which they progress may differ, eventually all children go through...
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...Theory of human development provides a framework for thinking about human growth, development, and learning. Understanding these theories can provide useful insight into individuals and society. 1. Psychosexual development is a theory credited to Sigmund Freud, According to Freud, a person's experiences at an early age dramatically influence both his personality and his future actions. Freud's psychosexual development theory focuses on psychosexual stages, with each focused on a particular part of the body capable of producing pleasant or pleasurable feelings, and each playing a role in the development of sexual instinct. Freud asserted that sexual instinct was the most important influence on personality. He claimed this instinct was present when a child was born and continued to develop through the psychosexual stages. * The oral stage occurs in an infant’s life from birth to 18 months. During this time, an infant is focused with receiving oral pleasure. It is believed that these people may focus on activities that involve the mouth such as over eating, biting the fingernails, smoking, or drinking. The theory states that these people may develop personality traits such as becoming extremely gullible or naive, always following others and never taking the lead, and becoming extremely dependent upon others. * The anal stage is directly related to a child’s awareness of bowel control and gaining pleasure through the act of eliminating or retaining feces between 18 months...
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