...Senses Read chapter 18 – senses and using your class notes answer: 1. Define a sensory receptor A structre specialized to receive information from the environment and to generate nerve impulses a. List the five distinct kinds of sensory receptors and explain the nature of each with an example Sensory Receptor | Nature | Chemoreceptor | Respong to chemical substances in immediate vicinity. Taste, smell, chemoreceptors in blood vessels monitoring O2, CO2, and pH | Pain receptors (type of chemoreceptors) | Type of chemoreceptor. Naked dendrites that respond to chemicals released by damaged tissues give warning ie. appendicitis | Mechanoreceptors | Stimulated by mechanical forces (usually pressure). Sense of touch, stretch in lungs, hearing and pressure waves | Thermoreceptors | Stimulated by changes in temperature. Warm/cold receptors. In skin and hypothalamus | Photoreceptors | Respond to light energy. Eyes. Rod cell stimulation gives black/white vision, cone cells give colour vision | 2. For the sense of taste state: i. Location of receptors: taste buds (cells) on tongue (tip, upper front, margins and back ii. Type of stimulation:chemical iii. Flavours which can be tastedsweet, sour, salty, bitter 3. For the sense of smell state: iv. Location of receptors:olfactory cells high in the roof of the nasal cavity. Cells are modified neurons. Connected to olfactory bulb an extension of the brain ...
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...1. The middle ear contains three tiny bones known as the ossicles: malleus, incus, and stapes, which transfer the vibrations of the eardrums into waves in the fluid and membranes of the inner ear. They directly convert the sound energy from the ear drum to the oval window of the cochlea by use of vibration of amplified pressure waves. The ear drum merges to the malleus which is connected to the incus, which connects to the stapes. The Stapes has a footplate that introduces pressure waves into the inner ear, and then the steady increase in volume is determined by frequency of the waves. The incus receives vibrations from the malleus; which it is connected laterally, and transmits these to the stapes, medially. The malleus receives vibrations from the tympanic membrane and transmits this to the incus. Each bone works chronologically in order to pick up the vibrations and the frequency of the waves so that sound can be analyzed. 2....
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...our ears, and the higher volume it has. AMPLITUDE/INTENSITY Intensity - the measurable amount of a property, such as force, brightness, or a magnetic field. Amplitude- the maximum extent of a vibration or oscillation, measured from the position of equilibrium. OUTER/MIDDLE/INNER EAROuter Outer Ear- Outer ear collects sound. Sound travels through Oracle and auditory canal a short tube that ends at eardrum. Sound then travels to the middle ear and causes eardrum and ossicles in the middle ear to vibrate. as it travels it amplifies and changes from air to a liquid. The inner year when stape moves it pushes the oral window and moves to the cochlea, then cochlea takes fluid vibrations of the sounds and translates them into signals that are sent to the brain through cranial nerves seven and eight. * “Ear Lobe” * Ear canal Middle Ear * Tympanic Membrane * Ossicles (Malleus/Incus/Stapes) Inner Ear * Cochlea * Vestibule * Semicircular Canals * Vestibulocochlear nerve (CNVIII) PERIPHERAL vs. CENTRAL * Central Nervous System (CNS)-brain...
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...University of Phoenix Material Neurological Structures and Functions Worksheet Short-Answer Essays 1. Describe why humans have a blind spot. Humans have blind spots because of the optic nerve information that is sent to the brain from the retina is through the optic nerve. Well the nerve has to have a way to exit the eye, that exit is where the blind spot is. 2. Describe the functional and anatomic differences between rods and cones. The retina is what houses the eye’s rods and cones. The eye has about 6 million cones and 120 million rods. Both rods and cones get their names from their shape. Rods do not provide color vision, and are sensitive to dim light. Cones function well in the day and provide color vision. 3. Describe the trichromatic and opponent-process theories of color vision. The opponent-process theory of color vision states how some of our color combnations are some that we never see like reddish-green or yellowish-blue. This theory says that color is basically ran by wo opponent systems which is blue-yellow, and reg green mechanisms. The trichromatic theory of color suggests color vision is formulated by the actions of three different receptors. People who have normal vision of color should have three wavelengths of light to make different colors. 4. Trace the process of interpreting auditory information from the stimulus to the interpretation. When a sound is heard the energy from the sound is changed into nerve impulses...
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...third, prospects for the deeper integration and economic growth. The study applied both quantitative and qualitative methodologies, involved multiple sources of data, including financial reports, other official documents and scientific articles. The purpose of the research is to evaluate the current state of integration processes and their prospects in the post-Soviet. The following tasks are dealt with in the paper: 1) To describe the notion of regional integration as one the main tendency of the modern economy 2) To define the factors and the main stapes towards economic integration in the post-Soviet space 3) To analyze the results of regional organizations and estimate their effectiveness Accordingly, the paper falls into three chapters, each of them covers important aspects, which are considered and described in detail. The first chapter deals with the defining of the main forms of integration, the reasons and the stapes in the post-Soviet integration. The second chapter deals with analyzing of the activity of The Commonwealth of Independent States and The Eurasian Economic Union. The third chapter focuses on the estimation of the effectiveness of the Customs Union and defining the main problems and prospects of further economic integration. As a result of the research, the author came to the following conclusions: 1) The countries of the post-Soviet space are interdependent economically and politically, that leads to the necessity of economic cooperation within...
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...linguistic information. TYPES OF HEARING LOSS * Pre-lingual deafness * Occurs before the child has acquired speech * Post-lingual deafness * Occurs after the child has acquired speech ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EAR 3 Major parts of the ear * Outer ear * Middle ear * Inner ear * OUTER EAR -Consists of the Auricle (part of the ear that protrudes from the side of the head) until the tympanic membrane (eardrum). -Sound is “collected “ by the Auricle and is funneled through the external auditory canal to the eardrum, which vibrates sending sound waves to the middle ear. * MIDDLE EAR -Consists of the eardrum and 3 tiny bones * Malleus (Hammer) * Incus (Anvil) * Stapes (Stirrup) They are contained in an air-filed space. They conduct vibrations of the eardrum to the oval window which is the link between the middle ear and the inner ear. * INNER EAR -An intricate mechanism of thousand of moving parts. -Often called a “labyrinth” * Divided into 2 sections: * Vestibular mechanism * Responsible for sense of balance * Cochlea * Most important oragn for hearing * contains the parts necessary to convert the mechanical action of the Middle ear to electric signal in the Inner ear that is transmitted to the brain. CAUSES 3 Major classifications: 1. Conductive loss -Impairments that interfere with the transfer of sound along the conductive...
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...hearing loss. Mixed hearing loss is caused by a combination of conductive damage that occurs in the outer or middle ear and sensorineural damage in the inner ear. Mixed hearing loss can result from many different diseases such as genetic factors, exposure to loud noise, certain medications and the typical ageing process can lead to sensorineural hearing loss. Cures and Treatments of Diseases That Cause Hearing Loss Although there are so many tragic diseases that can cause deafness, thankfully various cures and treatments have been discovered to help combat hearing loss. One disease that can successfully be treated is Otosclerosis. This disease can successfully be managed with surgery to replace the immobile stapes, which is a tiny bone located in the middle ear, with a mobile stapes prosthesis or with a hearing aid instead. Another known treatment that has been discovered is for Meniere’s disease. This can be treated by one of two ways. One method is an air pulse generator, which delivers small air pulses passed through a tube that is placed in the eardrum. The other is a procedure that drains excess fluid found in the ear. Another disease that has a successful treatment is the ear infection Otitis Media. Otitis Media is most commonly found in young children, one method that some of these children benefit from is having an ear tube placed to enable fluid to drain from the middle ear. Another alternative method is surgery called myringtomy, which is a procedure where an incision...
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...The Effect of Hearing Loss on Auditory Perception and Behavior Three basic types of hearing loss: conductive hearing loss, sensorineural hearing loss, and mixed hearing loss. These categories are according to which part of the auditory system is damaged. Conductive hearing loss happens when the sound is reduced due to problems with the outer ear canal, eardrum, or tiny bones (ossicles) in the middle ear. There is often an inability to hear faint sounds. Fluid in the middle ear, ear infections, allergies, perforated eardrum, impacted earwax, and “swimmer’s ear” are some of the most common causes of conductive hearing loss and can be corrected either medically or surgically. Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) happens when there is damage to the inner ear (cochlea), or the nerve pathways between the inner ear and the brain. This type of hearing loss is usually permanent whether it is the inability to hear faint sounds or unclear, muffled sounds. This hearing loss is often caused by genetics (hereditary), illnesses, certain types of drugs, aging, head trauma, or exposure to loud noise. There are times when there is a combination of sensorineural and conductive hearing loss, it is known as mixed hearing loss. According to Joseph Nadol, hearing loss is “among the most common chronic neural impairments in the U.S. population” (Nadol, 1993). Damage to the outer, middle, or inner ear or auditory nerves can be present. Auditory perception means...
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...Ears pick up vibrations and then change it into signals that the brain interprets as sound. The inner ear contains the semicircular canals and the vestibular organs which tells the brain about any changes in the position of the head. The brain then sends messages to the various muscles that keep the head and body steady. The human ear is has three parts: the outer ear, the middle ear and the inner ear. The outer ear grabs the sound waves and sends them to the eardrum, a membrane that separates the outer ear from the middle ear. These sound waves cause the eardrum to vibrate. The middle ear is a small cavity behind the eardrum. Within the middle ear are three bones called, the ossicles. These bones are called: the malleus, the incus, and stapes. These bones receive the vibrations from the eardrum and send them to the oval window, membrane-covered openings between the middle ear and the inner ear. A tube called the Eustachian tube connects the middle ear to the throat. This tube balances the air pressure on the inner side of the eardrum with that on the outer side. The inner ear has a fluid-filled structure called the cochlea, which resembles a snail in shape. Vibrations move from the middle ear into the cochlea through the oval window. The vibrations are transmitted to the hair cells in the cochlea and then on to the auditory nerve, which sends the vibrations to the brain. The brain translates these signals into sounds. Edwards, G.I., & Cynthia Pfirrmann (2009). Barron’s...
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...A properly functioning ear includes a cochlear vestibular system. The oval window allows sound waves into the inner ear scala vestibular through the stapes footplate. The round window involved in the release of the sounds and mechanical energy from the scala tympani. Formation of a third opening or third window between the superior semicircular canal and the middle cranial fossa results in Superior Semicircular Canal Dehiscence Syndrome (SSCD). SSCD was discovered by Minor Et Al in 1998. SSCD can lead to vertigo and hearing loss. Vertigo is dehiscence in the semicircular canal. Hydro acoustic waves flow through the cochlea and inadvertently transmitted throughout the labyrinth system. Vertigo transmit a message to the brain of whirling, loss...
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...SENSES AND THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM TUI University Montest Bumpers Module 5 Case Assignment Anatomy and Physiology Professor Karmardi Mills December 17, 2012 What happens with a patient who develops a cataract? How does cataract formation represent a variance from normal anatomy & physiology? What happens in sensorineural hearing loss? How does sensorineural hearing loss represent a variance from normal anatomy & physiology? SENSES AND THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM For years now researchers believed that cataracts are developed because the proteins in the eye change as people age. The changes in these proteins cause the lens to become cloudy. Smoking, poor nutrition, eye injury, exposure to excessive sunlight, and certain medical conditions such as diabetes, also may be factors that put people at higher risk of developing cataracts. Cataracts develop slowly. Some of the first signs people experience is a difficulty in reading the newspaper, or they experience blurry vision. Over a period of time the eyes become more sensitive to light, and seeing at night becomes especially difficult. A common symptom is that people with cataracts often say they feel they have a film over their eyes, as if they are looking through a piece of gauze. The condition actually may benefit some people who always had trouble seeing things that are near to them, such as the words in a book. The cloudiness of a cataract changes how light is focused and temporarily results in better vision...
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...The type of readers that that I imagine for this paper is people who judge other based on their look, skin color and sexual orientation. This would include every race because most people mistakenly judge others negatively even if they share the same skin color. I believe everyone should be open minded to what others have to say because they share their experiences and feeling to connect and influence others. Some of the expectations that a reader may have on my argument is how the topic of stapes have changed my mind and opinion of the issue that was discussed. They can also expect from me how I could relate to the story of Staples article. My readers may know or not know how I could relate to the topic and we could also have a different understanding of the...
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...senses. Olfaction-sense of smell Gustation- Sense of taste 6. Why are the senses in 6 referred to as chemical senses? 7. Where are the receptors for taste? In 10,000 tastebuds most of which are on the tongue in small bumps called papillae 8. What are the five categories of taste? Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami 9. What is the role of the uvula in taste sensation? When the uvula is open, you can smell the food with the olfactory epithelium. 10. What are the three functional parts of the ear? The outer, middle and inner 11. Briefly describe how hearing works using the proper anatomical terms. When they tympanic membrane vibrates in response to soundwaves, the auditory ossicles move, pulling the stapes in and out where it is connected to the oval window, this creates fluid waves within the inner ear. As the pressure waves pass through the cochlea, they transfer energy to the structures of the cochlea, these waves create energy and deform the cochlear canel, the tectorial membrane inside the organ of corti is deformed, the supporting stereocilia bend, this bending stimulates the generation of a nerve impulse, sending info on the pitch and intensity...
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...Introduction Communication is simply the act of transferring information from one place to another. There are various categories of communication and more than one may occur at any time. The different categories of communication are: (1) Spoken or Verbal Communication: face-to-face, telephone, radio or television and other media. (2) Non-Verbal Communication: body language, gestures, how we dress or act - even our scent. (3) Written Communication: letters, e-mails, books, magazines, the Internet or via other media. (4) Visualizations: graphs and charts, maps, logos and other visualizations can communicate messages. A message or communication is sent by the sender through a communication channel to a receiver, or to multiple receivers. The sender must encode the message into a form that is appropriate to the communication channel, and the receiver(s) then decodes the message to understand its meaning and significance. Communication disorders include problems related to speech, language and auditory processing. Gleanson (2001) defines a communication disorder as a speech and language disorder which refers to problems in communication and in related areas such as oral motor function. The delays and disorders can range from simple sound substitution to the inability to understand or use their native language. In general, communications disorders commonly refer to problems in speech (comprehension and/or expression) that significantly interfere with an individual’s achievement...
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...Neurons/Nerve Cells * Is the functional units of the nervous system. Parts of Neurons Cell Body- Look like a star or many legged spider with arms branching out in all directions. Dendrites- thin branches, which receive stimulation from different parts of the body and from the environments. Axon- carries nerve impulse away from the cell body. The impulse may move toward a cell body, gland or dendrites of another neurons. Myelin Sheath- a fatty substances covering the axon. 2 kinds: * Myelinated- covered axon. * Nonmyelinated- axon has no cover. Node- gap between myelin sheath Types of Neuron 1. Sensory/ Afferent- transmit information to the spinal cord and brain. 2. Motor/ Efferent- carry messages from the brain and spinal cord to the body parts causing them to react. 3. Interneuron/ Associative- carry information between two other neurons. Peripheral Nervous System * Composed of all body parts that lie outside the central nervous system. It consist: 1. Cranial Nerves- with 12 pairs of motor and sensory nerves emerge from the brain. 2. Spinal Nerves- with 31 pairs of motor and sensory comes from the spinal cord. 3. Peripheral Nerve- located outside the brain and spinal cord. Two Groups of Motor Neurons 1. Somatic Nervous System- connect the nervous system to the voluntary muscles. 2. Autonomic Nervous System- regulates the involuntary actions of glands and organs. ...
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