...Peptides 32 (2011) 845–851 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Peptides journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/peptides Anti-Legionella activity of staphylococcal hemolytic peptides A. Marchand, J. Verdon, C. Lacombe, S. Crapart, Y. Héchard, J.M. Berjeaud ∗ Université de Poitiers, Laboratoire de Chimie et Microbiologie de l’Eau – UMR 6008 CNRS, IBMIG – UFR Sciences Fondamentales et Appliquées, 1 rue du Georges Bonnet, 86022 Poitiers Cedex, France a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t A collection of various Staphylococci was screened for their anti-Legionella activity. Nine of the tested strains were found to secrete anti-Legionella compounds. The culture supernatants of the strains, described in the literature to produce hemolytic peptides, were successfully submitted to a two step purification process. All the purified compounds, except one, corresponded to previously described hemolytic peptides and were not known for their anti-Legionella activity. By comparison of the minimal inhibitory concentrations, minimal permeabilization concentrations, decrease in the number of cultivable bacteria, hemolytic activity and selectivity, the purified peptides could be separated in two groups. First group, with warnericin RK as a leader, corresponds to the more hemolytic and bactericidal peptides. The peptides of the second group, represented by the PSM from Staphylococcus epidermidis, appeared bacteriostatic and poorly hemolytic. © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights...
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...------------------------------------------------- Name: Houry Elmayan ID: 20112959 Course : Bacteriology (Term paper) Instructor: Elie salem sokhn Date: June 6, 2014 Title: Staphylococcus aureus The staphylococci and non-motile, non-spore forming facultative anaerobes that grow by aerobic respiration or by fermentation. Staphylococcus aureus belongs to the familt staphylococcaceae , which are composed of 32 species and 8 sub species in the genus staphylococcus, The staphylococci and non-motile, non-spore forming facultative anaerobes that grow by aerobic respiration or by fermentation, staphylococci are gram positive bacteria with diameters 0.5 and 1.5 μm and characterized by individual cocci, which divide in more than one plane to form the grape-like clusters. The cell wall of S aureus has a tough protective coat which is relatively amorphous in appearance, about 20 to 40 nm thick. Underneath the cell wall is the cytoplasm that is enclosed by the cytoplasmic membrane, peptidoclycan is the basic component of the cell wall. Staphylococci distinguished from streptococci and catalase positive and oxidase negative also positive for nitrate reduction, whereas streptococci are catalase negative and have a different cell wall composition to staphylococci. Staphylococci are tolerant to high concentrations of salt and show resistance to heat. Pathogenic staphylococcus aureus has the ability to produce coagulase and thus clot blood. S. aureus affects all mammalian species...
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...Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome Staphylococcus aureus is commonly found on the skin and mucous membranes of healthy adults and children and by age 25, 90% of the general population will have antibodies against the organism.1 Staphylococcal aureus is also known to be the causative agent to several infections that range from folliculitis, to abscess and endocarditis. In 1972, a syndrome of fever, myalgias, sore throat, edema, scarlatiniform rash, and desquamation associated with Staphylococcus aureus infection was first described. In 1978, Todd and colleagues reported seven cases in children who presented with similar symptoms as described in 1972 of fever, headache, conjunctival hyperemia, rash. These cases also presented with acute renal failure, hepatic abnormalities, DIC, and shock: “One patient died, one had gangrene of the toes, and all have had fine desquamation of affected skin and peeling of palms and soles.”3 Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from mucosal (nasopharyngeal, vaginal, tracheal) but not from blood and the term toxic shock syndrome (TSS) was coined.2,3 The peak incidence of Staphylococcus aureus related illness was seen in 1980 when 890 cases were reported, 91% of which were related to the use of super...
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...Infectious Diseases Conditions Plague Cause: Yersina pestis ------------------------------------------------- Treatment: Streptomycin (aminoglycoside) and Ciprofloxacin (Fluoroquinolone) ------------------------------------------------- CNS INFECTIONS Meningitis New born cause: Group B streptococcus, Gram-negative enterics, Listeria monocytogenes 2-24 months’ cause: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria Meningitidis, Haemophilus Influenzae 2-50 years causes: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis 50+ causes: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Listeria monocytogenes, Gram-negative enterics Meningococcal Meningitis Cause: Neisseria meningitidis – gram-negative Treatment: * Penicillin/Ampicillin (beta-lactam) * (Chloramphenicol can be substituted in history of penicillin hypersensitivity) * Close contacts – Rifampicin 2 days * Vaccines for prophylaxis – not for serogroup B, sialic acid is identical to the human form Pneumococcal Meningitis Cause: Streptococcus pneumoniae – gram-positive Treatment: * Cefotaxime (3rd generation cephalosporin/beta lactam) – 10-14 days * (If resistance to Cefotaxime – Vancomycin (tricyclic glycopeptide) and Rifampicin) * Adjunctive treatment with Dexamethasone Haemophilus Influenzae Meningitis Cause: Haemophilus influenzae – gram-negative Treatment: * H. influenzae vaccine is available * Cefotaxime (3rd gen cephalosporin/beta lactam) * Adjunctive treatment...
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...handling and hygiene on the part of the person who is cooking the food. Foods that are involved in outbreaks of poisoning from staphylococcus include meats and poultry, and proteins such as eggs and tofu. Sandwiches and deli salads are also involved with outbreaks of these bacteria. Dairy products such as milk, cheese and cream-filled pastries can also be involved. This bacteria is not killed by cooking or reheated so if handled by an infected person it can also cause illness. So it’s best to be very careful of where you eat and who handle your food. To me it is best to cook at home for you and your family. 3. What is an example of a real life outbreak of this food borne illness in the United States? On September 26, 1997 outbreak of staphylococcal food...
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...Abstract: Staphylococcus aureus is the most pathogenic bacteria compared to other staphylococcal species. These mucus membrane colonizers are known for causing harmful diseases to humans such as endocarditis, brain and renal abscess, toxic shock syndrome, Staphylococcal scaled skin syndrome and many more. S. aureus has many virulence factors that contribute to its harmfulness. The cell surface structures of S. aureus are involved damage to the host and protection to the organism from the host’s immune system. Although non-invasive, S. aureus is encountered by direct, skin-to-skin contact with another carrier. S. aureus can produce B-lactamase that can break down penicillin. Treatment can be done with other antibiotics however, S. aureus has protein A, which makes the organism resistant to many other antibiotics. Many bacterial physiology tests can be done to understand the metabolism of S....
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...Influenza * Causative agent of strep throat * Toxin production in C. diphtheria * Vaccine for the common cold * Diseases of the lower respiratory tract * The characteristic virulence factor of S. pneumoniae * Mycoplasma * Mucociliary escalator * Treatment for diphtheria * Antigenic DRIFT vs. antigenic SHIFT * Explain why common cold is not treated with antibiotics. Chapter 22: Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Lyme, Varicella, Rubeola, Rubella, Mumps, warts, mycoses * The antimicrobial aspect(s) of the skin * Staphylococcal skin infection * MRSA * S. pyogenes- M protein * Lyme disease * Varicella * Shingles * MMR vaccine * Mycoses * Skin bacteria: humans living in the tropics vs in the desert * List and describe 3 microorganisms that are found in the normal microbiota of human skin. Chapter 23: Staphylococcal, Streptococcal, Pseudomonas, Tetanus, Human bites, Clostridial * Wounds- anaerobic * flesh-eating organism * Tetanus toxin- mode of action * C. perfringens toxicity * gas gangrene * wound from a human bite * leukocidins * abscess * Why Candida albicans becomes pathogenic in patients on antibiotics? * Explain the...
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...(2) Infectious conjunctivitis or skin infection, the causative organism including adenovirus and herpes zoster virus. (3) Localized infections adjacent to the orbit such as upper respiratory tract infection, sinusitis, otitis media, dental caries, which spread into the surrounding orbital tissues, the causative organisms are bacteria including Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcal aureus. Signs and symptoms: The infection often unilateral. A child will have erythematous swollen eyelids and may have a fever. Diagnosis: Notice that the child has swollen eyelids, tenderness and severe swollen eyelid may make a child cannot open up the eye. In older children who can open the eye and cooperate well, eye examinations revealed normal visual acuity, no proptosis, full ocular motility, and no relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD), which differs from orbital cellulitis. Initial management: Measure vital sign, give broad-spectrum systemic antibiotics such as cephalosporins, ampicillin-clavulanic acid and clindamycin, and closely clinical monitoring after drug...
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...When I started researching the different media that was used in isolating or differentiating between the different bacteria species it started getting really interesting to me. At that time I was able to zero in on to possible culprit for the skin infection, Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes. Next, I was able to research the both bacteria that would cause the same symptoms that has presented on the infants. What I found was a skin infection caused by Staphylococcal aureus that releases an exfoliative toxin, which cause the skin to peel away. Therefore, I was able to identify the skin infection as Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome and determine the proper antimicrobial treatment used for the Staphylococcus aureus...
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...Medications 1. Protonix (pantoprazole) – antiulcer agent (proton-pump inhibitors) a. Indications – Erosive esophagitis associated with GERD. Decrease relapse rates of daytime and nighttime heartburn symptoms on patients with GERD. Pathologic gastric hypersecretory conditions. b. Action – Binds to an enzyme in the presence of acidic gastric pH, preventing the final transport of hydrogen ions into the gastric lumen. Diminished accumulation of acid in the gastric lumen, with lessened acid reflux. Healing of duodenal ulcers and esophagitis. Decreased acid secretion in hypersecretory conditions. Pg. 990 2. SynTHROID (levothyroxine) – hormones (thyroid preparations) a. Indications – Thyroid supplementation in hypothyroidism. Treatment or suppression of euthyroid goiters and thryroid cancer. b. Action – Replacement of or supplementation to endogenous thyroid hormones. Principal effect is increasing metabolic rate of body tissues: Promote gluconeogenesis, increase utilization and mobilization of glycogen stores, stimulate protein synthesis, promote cell growth and differentiation, aid in the development of the brain and CNS. Contain T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine) activity. Replacement in hypothyroidism to restore normal hormonal balance. Suppression of thyroid cancers. Pg. 1219 3. Dulcosate Sodium (colace) – laxative (stool softener) a. Indications – prevention of constipation (in patients who should avoid straining...
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...Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen widely distributed in nature and responsible for causing variety of hospital as well as community acquired infections in humans within all age groups. S. aureus can cause superficial skin infections and life-compromising diseases such as endocarditis, meningitis, pneumonia, myocarditis, respiratory tract, sepsis and soft tissue, and blood stream infections (Henrique et al. 2009, Chakraborty et al. 2011). It is also one of the major causative agents of surgical wound infections (Chigbu et al. 2003). After discovery of penicillin, it was the first choice of drug to treat staphylococcal infections, but in 1944 S. aureus became resistant to penicillin by producing penicillinase enzyme (Frank et...
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...Autosomal Dominant Hyper IgE Syndrome, a STAT3 Mutation Lydia Sofia Moutsiou, W1574096 Hyper-immunoglobulin E syndrome (HIES), is a rare primary immunodeficiency characterized by elevated serum levels of IgE, pneumonia, recurrent eczema, eosinophilia, and staphyloccocal skin infections. It is estimated to affect 1:100,00 and it can inherited by be either an autosomal dominant (AD) mutation in STAT3 gene, or autosomal recessive mutation in DOCK8 gene (Grimbacher, Holland, & Puck, Hyper-IgE syndromes, 2005). History The autosomal dominant HIES was first described in 1966 by Davis, Schaller and Wedgwood. They investigated a rare case of two red-haired girls with recurrent eczema, pneumonia and staphylococcal skin infections and referred to it as Job’s syndrome (Davis, Schaller, & Wedgwood, 1966). Later on, in 1972, Buckley et al. worked on a case of two boys presenting the same symptoms as well as eosinophilia, severe dermatitis and elevated serum IgE levels and referred to it as Buckley’s syndrome (Buckley, Wray BB, & Belmaker, 1972). Further research in the first case of the two girls confirmed that they also had high serum IgE levels and abnormalities in neutrophil chemotaxis suggesting that both Davis and Buckley were describing the same syndrome (Hill, et al., 1974). For many years the condition was only associated with the immune system. In 1999, Grimbacher et al., proved that autosomal dominant HIES also affects the skeletal and connective tissue in a study...
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...BIOTERRORISM Name: 1. Introduction Historically, infectious disease outbreaks brought about by microbial species against human beings have caused far more mortality rates than war itself. Numerous cases of disease outbreaks in the past have been a major concern to health authorities, although such concerns have been partially addressed in the recent past. Examples of disease outbreaks in the past include: the infamous Bubonic Plague of the 14th century in Europe that led to the death of approximately a quarter of the continent’s population (approximately 25 million people); the influenza pandemic of 1918 to 1919 that led to the death of 21 million people; and the death of 95% of Pre-Columbian Native American people by measles, plague, small pox, influenza, and typhoid (Magner, 2009). Although there has been some response to such epidemics in the recent past, naturally occurring infections still remain the Achilles’ heel of today’s health systems. 2. Terrorism Versus Bioterrorism Despite the dark past in healthcare systems, current issues of the use of biological agents as means of mass destruction is alarming. Most of the countries across the globe are now faced with the daunting task of terrorism control, since this is one area where biological agents find a lot of use. According to Forst, terrorism may be defined as a “premeditated and unlawful use of violence [on] non-combatant populations having symbolic significance….” (Forst, 2009). Forst mentions that...
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...Chapter I Background of the Study The twentieth century has witnessed tremendous advances in the understanding of infectious diseases, but many problems remain. Skin diseases are a common threat to humans that could be prevented by antibiotic treatment. Carbuncle, a skin disorder, is caused by Staphylococcus aureus bacteria that may occur as a commensal and may affect other tissues when normal barriers have been breached. Researchers around the globe developed antibiotics, such as penicillin and glycopeptides that could kill or slow down the growth of S. aureus bacteria. By 1950, it was reported that 40% of the hospital S. aureus isolates were penicillin and glycopeptide resistant; and recently, this has risen to 80%. Microciona prolifera, or red sponge, contains substances with antibiotic capacity that could kill or slow down the growth of a strain of S. aureus bacteria suggesting possibilities for creating novel drugs to treat the infectious skin disease. This study aims to determine the most efficient antibiotic solution of ectyonin extract from Microciona prolifera against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Statement of the Problem General Problem This study aims to compare which of the different solutions of Ectyonin extract from Microciona prolifera is the most effective in inhibiting the growth of the bacteria. Specific Problem Specifically it aims to answer the following questions: 1. Which of the four solutions...
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...through food or water? Staphylococcus aureus can be spread from lack of hand washing during food preparation. Hands can contaminate food, which can lead to food poisoning. By preparing food while having a nose or eye infection, preparing or serving food for others while having wounds or skin infections on wrists or hands, and storing foods improperly can cause “staph” to be spread during food preparation. Hot foods should be kept hot (over 140 °F) and cold foods should be kept cold (40 °F or under). It is important to keep kitchens and food-serving areas clean and sanitized and store cooked food in a wide et shallow container, placing it in a refrigerator as soon as possible. Following the above ideas can help prevent the spreading of staphylococcal food poisoning. • What is an example of a real life outbreak of this food borne illness in the United States? There was an...
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