GENSOC
CUSTOMS - values, beliefs, behavior and material objects that constitute a people’s way of life.
VALUES - defined culturally as standards by which people assess desirability, goodness, and beauty. - also include truth, honesty, and justice.
TRUTH - commands in us an inner commitment that in turn translates itself into our daily speech and action.
FOURFOLD TEST OF ROBIN WILLIAMS: extensiveness, duration, intensity, and prestige of its carrier.
EXTENSIVENESS – the extent to which the value is recognized by a representative number of people within the society.
DURATION – when the value has been shared and practiced in common for some time.
INTENSITY – is if the value involves the emotions and is taken seriously and sought after by many.
PRESTIGE OF ITS CARRIER – refers to when the value provides ready-made means for judging the social worth of persons or groups who share or practice it.
FILIPINOS ARE COSMOPOLITAN – both oriental and occidental
COGNITIVE – something that one’s values should be chosen freely from alternatives after careful thought.
AFFECTIVE – a person’s choice is prized and cherished, and the person publicly affirms it.
BEHAVIORAL – if one values something, he or she shows this in his or her actions, acts positively about it, and does it habitually.
FOUR BASIC FILIPINO VALUES: 1. Emotional closeness and security in a family, 2. Approval from authority and of society, 3. Economic and social betterment, 4. Patience, endurance and suffering.
VALUES ADAPTED IN PHILIPPINE CULTURE.
1. Equal opportunity – means that society should provide everyone with the opportunity to be successful.
2. Achievement and success – encouraged by competition so that a person’s rewards reflect his or her personal trait.
3. Material comfort – refers to making money.
4. Activity and work – prefer action to reflection and try to accept hard work than accept our fate.
5. Practicality and efficiency – not theoretical
6. Progress – preference for products which are identified as latest therefore the best.
7. Science – works of scientists as source of knowledge.
8. Democracy and free enterprise – reflected during elections.
9. Freedom – belief that individuals should be free to pursue one’s personal goals with little or no interference.
10. Racism and group superiority – individuals rate others according to sex, race, ethnicity and social class.
KEY VALUES THAT DOMINATE IN PHILIPPINE WAY OF LIFE:
1. Non-rationalism—Rationalism Non-rationalism – is the idea that people have to adapt themselves to nature and the forces outside themselves. - involves an uncritical acceptance, reverence and protection of traditions and rituals. Rationalism – belief that one can actively control and manipulate his or her destiny by systematic planning, studying, and training. - future-oriented rather than present or past-oriented. Filipinos are shame-oriented – meaning their major concern is social approval, acceptance by a group, and belonging to a group. Amor propio – high self-esteem and is shown in the sensitivity of a person to hurt feelings and insults. Utang na loob – debt of gratitude Pakikisama – good public relations
2. Personalism and Impersonalism
Personalism – attaches major importance to personal factors which guarantees intimacy, warmth and security of kinship, and friendship in getting things done. Impersonalism – refers to the tendency to eliminate the influence of friendship or kinship in working situations.
3. Particularism – Universalism Particularistic – when a person’s concern is centered on subgroups made up of relatives, friends, colleagues, Associates, religious affiliates or members of his or her ethnical regional group. Universalistic – when a person’s concern is the advancement of the collective national good.
4. Filipino Nationalism Nationalism – the advocacy of making one’s own nation distinct and separate from others in the intellectual, social, cultural, economic, political, and moral matters.

NATURE – how much our personality is determined by our biological inheritance.
NURTURE – how much is determined by socio-cultural environment.
HEREDITY – involves passing the genetic traits from parents to offspring that provide the basic materials for human development.
CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT – refers to the learned ways of living and norms of behavior.
PERSONALITY – is shaped according to and depending on one’s culture and subculture. - refers to the sum total of all the physical, mental, emotional, social and behavioral characteristics of the individual.
SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT – refers to the various groups and social interactions going on in the groups of which one is a member.
SOCIOBIOLOGIST – are biologist by training, and hold that behavior is biologically based.
EDWARD WILSON – an entomologist from Harvard University. - wrote the book “Sociology: The New Synthesis”, where he suggested that social behavior is determi- -ned by inborn genetic traits similar to the influence of genetic traits on lower animals. - his theory was based on Charles Darwin’s principle of natural selection.
Freudian Theory – by Sigmund Freud who formulated the first comprehensive theory of personality. - is a form of biological mechanism which holds that socialization is a process characterized by internal struggle between the biological components and the socio-cultural environment. - proposed that personality consisted of three major systems: *ID – is the biological component which is the source of a number of drives and urges. - centers around the satisfaction of basic needs like food and sex, and operates on the plea- sure principle. *Ego – the mediator between the needs of the individual and the real world, and strives to delay tension until the suitable environment exists. - controls the cognitive and intellectual processes. *Superego – moral arm of personality, the traditional rules, values and ideas of society. - stands for the values and morals of society. STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT (Giddens) 1. Oral stage – from birth to one year old. Eating is the major source of satisfaction. Freud descr- -ibed this stage as one of primary narcissism or self-love. Sleep is the basic narcissistic State where the baby feels content and lost to the outside world. Frustration or over- indulgence in this stage can lead to overeating or alcoholism in later adulthood.
2. Anal stage – from ages one to three years old. The anal zone becomes the center of the child’s sexual interest. The influencing factor is toilet training. 3. Phallic stage – between ages three to six years. The greatest source of pleasure comes from the sex organs. This is when the child desires he parent of the opposite sex. 4. Latency stage – from ages six to eleven years or early adolescence. Children turn their attent- -ion to people outside their families. 5. Genital stage (puberty) – starts at about age 11 for girls and age 13 for boys. Child develops contempt for parents. The child tries to avoid all physical pleasures and instead adheres to asceticism. Eventually the focus on the opposite sex.
CULTURAL DETERMINISM – the personality development theory held by anthropologists, views the cultural environment as the main factor for determining human behavior. Mainly developed by Franz Boas.
SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONALISM – is based primarily on the works and ideas of George Herbert Mead and Charles Horton Cooley, and later expounded by other social psychologists. - poses that self-identity is developed through the social interaction with others, media- ted with language in the process of socialization.
LOOKING-GLASS SELF – Charles Cooley - the ability of children to visualize themselves through the eyes of others, to imagine how they appear to others. - has three elements: the imagination of how we appear to other persons, the imagination of the judgement of that appearance, and a sort of self-feeling, such as pride or mortification.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE SELF – George Mead - expanded Cooley’s idea of the social self by relating the idea of the self-concept to role taking. He believed that the behavior and perception held by individuals are influenced by the social groups of which they are members. PLAY STAGE – the period during which children take on the roles of other individuals one at a time. GAME STAGE – children are able to consider roles of other poeple at the same time and what are expected of all others at the same time. GENERALIZED OTHERS – children are able to respond to a number of individuals in the group and integrate the various norms of the group.
DRAMATURGICAL APPROACH – Erving Goffman - made of this approach with his expression “All the world is a stage.” - individuals are performing and acting for their audience in everday life. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life – Goffman’s book where he tried to show how certain processes modify the presentation of self and the impact of role expectations on the behavior of an indivi- -dual.
SOCIALIZATION – how an infant develops into a functioning social being and emerges with a self-identity, a social self, and a personality. - is a lifelong process which begins at birth and ends at death.
PRIMARY SOCIALIZATION – according to Landis, occurs in childhood through which one becomes a member of society. - it takes place in the family where the child usually has no choice but to accept and internal- -ize the family’s view of the world.
SECONDARY SOCIALIZATION – according to Landis, occurs when the individual moves into and internalizes knowledge and attitudes of new sectors of life. - occurs when one pursues a line of work or career, decides to get married, and start a family.
AGENCIES OF SOCIALIZATION: THE FAMILY – plays an important role and has special responsibility on the socialization of a child. Usually the most influential group in the child’s life. THE PEER GROUP – informal grouping of two or more members, more or less of the same age, neighborhood, or school. It is the only agency of socialization that is not controlled primarily by adults. THE CHURCH – provides for the spiritual and moral needs of the child. THE SCHOOL – help the child to get along with other kids, develop readiness for social skills, and develop them physically, socially, emotionally, and intellectually. Is a formal agency for weaning children from home and introducing them into the society. MASS MEDIA – functions are primarily to inform, entertain, and educate. THE WORKPLACE – realization of an individual from adolescence into adulthood. GENDER SOCIALIZATION – a distinction is made between sex and gender. SEX – refers to the biological or anatomical differences between males and females. GENDER – connotes the psychological, social, and cultural differences between males and females.