...Professor Emmanuel Obuah POL 300 05/11/2013 The 35th President of the United States, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, came into office at the height of the Cold War. The president decided to keep the foreign policy of his predecessor, Dwight D. Eisenhower, and also decided that he could expand upon that foreign policy doctrine. President Kennedy wanted to be able to provide the United States with the flexibility to respond to communist expansion. The President believed that the expansion of communism would become a direct threat to the United States and Europe. While Truman and Eisenhower created policies that were mainly based on containing communism in Europe and the Middle East, President Kennedy’s doctrine’s differed from his predecessors in that his doctrine focused on Latin America, especially leading up to and after the Cuban Revolution. President Kennedy believed that the United States should contain the spread of communism by using other alternative means. During President Kennedy’s term in office there were several diplomatic crises that challenged his foreign policy doctrine. The challenges included; The Bay of Pigs in 1961, The Vietnam War in 1962, and The Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962. Although The Bay of Pigs and the United States involvement in Vietnam were seen as major efforts that supremely impacted U.S. foreign policy, it was the Cuban Missile Crisis that almost brought the United States to the brink of a nuclear disaster and clearly solidified President Kennedy’s...
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...The end of World War II saw the rise of tensions and hostilities between the United States and the Soviet Union, an era of time known as “The Cold War.” It resulted from the expansion of Soviet influence, specifically communism, into Eastern Europe, which worried the democracies of the west that had established political primacy in Western Europe. America and the Soviet Union promoted opposing economic and political ideologies and competed for international influence. The American response to Soviet actions was justified by condoning it as a necessary policy, believing it to be a counterattack, and by saying that the United States has to set an example to lead other nations of the free Western world. President Harry S. Truman discussed the...
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...Kennedy and the Flexible Response Stephen D. Burston Prof. Nicholas Bergan POL 300 International Problems 6 November 2011 John F. Kennedy and the Flexible Response During John F. Kennedy’s presidency the United States was seriously concern with stopping the spread of communism throughout the world and there where hot spots that sparked the Kennedy administrations attention. Containment was the United States foreign policy doctrine that proclaimed that the Soviet Union needed to be contained to prevent the spread of communism throughout the world. This containment policy meant that the United States needed to fight communism abroad and promote democracy worldwide. During President Kennedy’s time in office he was faced with the Bay of Pigs Invasion of 1961, the Berlin Wall Erecting in 1961, the Cuban Missile Crisis and the escalation the United States involvement in Vietnam. John F. Kennedy implemented his own version of the Containment policy with the Flexible Response policy. Kennedy’s Flexible response was the doctrine implement and used during political situations that occurred under his watch. The Bay of Pigs was the first situation John F. Kennedy had to deal with as president. The Bay of Pigs was an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the Cuban government of Fidal Castro. The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) trained a force of Cuban exiles to invade southern Cuba all with the support and encouragement of the United States government. The Cuban exile...
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...Jose A Garza Mr. Lee World Geography 1 6 January 2013 The Cuban Missile Crisis In October 1962, a spy plane deployed by America secretly photographed various nuclear missile sites being constructed by the Soviet Union on the island of Cuba. President Kennedy did not want the Soviet Union and Cuba to know that he had discovered the missiles, so he met secretly with his advisers for several days to discuss the new potential threat to his country. After many long and difficult meetings, President Kennedy decided to place a naval blockade surrounding the island of Cuba. The aim of this "quarantine," as he described his plan of action, was to prevent the Soviet Union from dispatching more military supplies, rendering the construction of the missile sites impossible. He demanded the removal of the missiles already there along with the complete destruction of any and all nuclear development sites on the island. On October 22 of the same year, President Kennedy spoke to the nation about the crisis in a televised address after deciding that the citizens of America had the right to know about the deadly affairs. Before the idea of the blockade was accepted, President Kennedy considered two remaining options. The first being an air strike primarily against the Cuban missile bases, and the second a naval blockade of Cuba, which came to be the plan of action accepted in the future. A full-scale invasion was not the administration's first option...
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...Diplomacy efforts, they will often refer to situations that were resolved using the doctrine of flexible response. This is when the military and White House planners implemented a policy that offered them a range of options to choose from: in dealing with a host of threats. These included: the increased use of conventional forces to small and large nuclear weapons. As, this was based on two main principals most notably: destroying the enemy’s ability to make retaliatory strikes against American interests and only attacking the cities along with other population centers as a last resort. (Cohen, 1986, pp. 55 – 56) This is significant, because this new approach was a dramatic shift that was embraced by many previous administrations. To fully understand how this doctrine was used to solve foreign policy issues requires examining: US diplomatic efforts during Kennedy’s time in office, the instances that this approach was utilized, the effects of these efforts on the US along with other countries and the advantages / disadvantages of this doctrine. Together, these different elements will provide the greatest insights as to how this approach was utilized by the Kennedy Administration to deal with a number of different challenges that they were facing. Summarize a Situation that Required US Diplomatic Efforts during the President’s Time in Office. In 1961, the Soviet Union demanded that NATO withdraw its forces from Berlin. The reason why, is because there were mass defections...
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...HRM 703 Week 1 Overview: Upon completion of this week, you will be able to: 1. Discuss the employment relationship between workers and the company. 2. Discuss how employers can exist without unions but unions cannot exist without employers. 3. Identify reasons why workers unionize. 4. Discuss why unionization is declining in the United States. 5. Analyze the difference between the public sector labor relations and private business. Introduction to this week's topics: Labor relations is the set of processes and activities unions and employers develop and use to clarify, manage, reduce, and resolve conflicts between employees and their representatives while accommodating the various goals of each. The practice of labor relations is governed by contracts negotiated by and agreed to by both parties. Contracts are renegotiated periodically to take into account changing goals and objectives of both parties and changes in the economy and society. Within larger employers that operate several establishments, labor relations will differ depending on what is produced in each establishment and whether different unions represent employees in different establishments. Employers would like complete freedom to alter the terms and conditions of employment in their workplaces, as necessary, to maximize returns on investments and achieve organizational goals. While labor is somewhat mobile, with workers able to move between employers as opportunities occur,...
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...Participation in Local Unions: A Comparison of Black and White Members Author(s): Michele M. Hoyman and Lamont Stallworth Source: Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Vol. 40, No. 3 (Apr., 1987), pp. 323-335 Published by: Cornell University, School of Industrial & Labor Relations Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2523490 Accessed: 12/01/2010 13:33 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=cschool. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. Cornell University, School of...
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...question and mark it on your scantron sheet. Each question is worth three points 1.) Which of the following factors motivated European nation’s to compete for colonies? a. Nationalism b. Communism c. Socialism d. Urbanism 2.) What was a result of the invention of the cotton gin? a. Slaves were no longer needed b. The need for slaves increased c. Farmers stopped growing cotton d. Cotton production decreased 3.) During the Industrial Revolution, how did the factory owners feel about the formation of trade unions? a. The owners encouraged the unions to form b. The owners did not care about the unions c. The owners did not like the unions d. The owners were excited about the unions 4.) Which of the following is the correct definition for collective bargaining? a. Process of negotiation between the United States and Japan b. Process of negotiation between management and union representatives c. Process of expanding educational opportunities for children d. Process of expanding a nation’s control over another nation with force 5.) Which of the following was included in child labor reforms passed by parliament? a. Increased the hours that children could work b. Restricted how many men could work c. Increased the hours that men could work d. Restricted the hours that children could work 6.) Adam Smith is famous for writing which of the following books? a. Communist Manifesto b....
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...The Civil War was the bloodiest war the Americans had ever experienced up to that period. After the four year long fight to preserve the union over six hundred thousand lives were lost. In an attempt to recover from the damage of the war the Unites States entered The Reconstruction Era. The Reconstruction Era was the period after the Civil War when Northern political leaders created plans for the governance of the South and a procedure for former Southern states to reenter the Union. As the United States recovered, the Reconstruction Era faded away and industrialization took hold in the healing nation. Industrialization brought about the Gilded Age, a time period of rapid economic growth and corrupt politics. People responded differently to...
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...Employment-At-Will Doctrine In the United States, employees without a written employment contract generally can be fired for good cause, bad cause, or no cause at all; judicial exceptions to the rule seek to prevent wrongful termination. There are three exceptions to the doctrine that are recognized across the 50 states. These exceptions address employment terminations that are in line with the doctrine requirements but are probably not justified [Muhl, 2001]. Public-policy exception Under the public-policy exception to employment at will, an employee is wrongfully discharged when the termination is against an explicit, well-established public policy of the State. For example, in most States, an employer cannot terminate an employee for filing a workers’ compensation claim after being injured on the job, or for refusing to break the law at the request of the employer. The public-policy exception is the most widely accepted exception, recognized in 43 of the 50 States [Muhl, 2001]. Implied-contract exception The second major exception to the employment-at-will doctrine is applied when an implied contract is formed between an employer and employee, even though no express, written instrument regarding the employment relationship exists. Although employment is typically not governed by a contract, an employer may make oral or written representations to employees regarding job security or procedures that will be followed when adverse employment actions are taken. If so...
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...The Cuban Missile Crisis was a thirteen day confrontation between The United States and The Soviet Union that was arguably the closest the two countries ever came to a nuclear war during The Cold War. On October 14, 1962, photographs taken by United States reconnaissance planes showed that nuclear missile sites were being built in Cuba. Bypassing private, diplomatic procedures, Kennedy went on national television on October 22 and revealed to the public that nuclear missiles had been found in Cuba and were within range of the continental United States. Kennedy also announced in his speech that the United States would enact a naval blockade on Cuba by putting a ring of ships around Cuba. Kennedy placed this "quarantine," as he called it, to...
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...The Kennedy Doctrines & US Relations BY Shaconda Peterson POL 300 Instructor Dr. Angela Agboli-Esedebe Date: September 3, 2011 The Kennedy Doctrine refers to foreign policy initiatives of the 35th President of the United States, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, towards Latin America during his term in office between 1961 and 1963. Kennedy voiced support for the containment of Communism and the reversal of Communist progress in the Western Hemisphere. The Kennedy Doctrine was essentially an expansion of the foreign policy prerogatives of the previous administrations of Dwight D. Eisenhower and Harry S. Truman. The foreign policies of these presidents all revolved around the threat of communism and the means by which the United States would attempt to contain the spread of it. The Truman Doctrine focused on the containment of communism by providing assistance to countries resisting communism in Europe while the Eisenhower Doctrine was focused upon providing both military and economic assistance to nations resisting communism in the Middle East and by increasing the flow of trade from the United States into Latin America. The Kennedy Doctrine was based on these same objectives but was more concerned with the spread of communism and Soviet influence in Latin America following the Cuban revolution that brought Fidel Castro to power under Eisenhower during the 1950s. Some of the most notable events that stemmed from tenets of JFK’s foreign policy initiatives in regard...
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...With an emphasis on the John Lewis Gaddis article, illustrate how the United States went from being an ally of the Soviet Union to being a rival during the Cold War. How and why did the United States implement “Containment” in Europe from 1945-1950? It all began at Yalta Conference, wartime meeting with the heads of government from the United States, Great Britain and the Soviet Union. Franklin Roosevelt, president of the United states, Winston Churchill representing Great Britain and Joseph Stalin the Soviet Union, otherwise known as the “Big Three.” Here they discussed how the world was going to be divided peacefully and fairly regarding mutual and individual interests. The division of Europe is known as the Spheres of Influence. The United States wanted access to markets worldwide and influence in Latin America. Great Britain wanted the Mediterranean, the Middle East and also retain its colonies. The Soviet Union wanted influence in Eastern Europe. Also, Stalin had agreed at Yalta to allow free elections in Eastern Europe. This was one of a few agreements he did not honor. Stalin had broken every agreement he had made in Yalta. The creation of the atomic bomb was also another conflict of trust between the three unions, especially distrust from the Soviet Union towards the United States and Great Britain. Secretly the United States and Great Britain had developed the bomb for use against Germany. An example of the lack of trust, the Anglo-Americans did not...
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...between the United States and the Soviet Union began to collapse. Relations between the two nations worsened and disagreements led to them butting heads. This led to the beginning of one of the longest wars in U.S. history. This war is known as the Cold War. Although it didn’t involve any actual warfare, it would change the world forever. There were many factors that lead to the beginning of the Cold War. Mainly, the biggest factor was the conflicting ideologies of the U.S. and Soviet Union. The U.S. is a capitalistic nation that wanted to prevent the spread of communism and there were many famous and well known cities that were, “in the Soviet sphere and all are subject in one form or another,...
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...However, revolutions in Europe and Asia after 1953 continued to shape the Cold War until revolution inevitably destroyed in 1989. In 1954, after failing to contain communism in Korea, America involved itself in the Vietnam Conflict. At this time, France had just lost control of its colonial holdings in Vietnam. After the French were defeated by a communist contingent lead by Vo Nguyen Giap at Dien Bien Phu, the French decided that they could no longer retain their Indochinese colonies. In the summer of 1954, France and Vietnam signed the Geneva Peace Accords. It was agreed that Vietnam would be temporarily divided along the 17th parallel such that the north would be communist and the south would not be. As a result of this, the United States decided to intervene in the South Vietnamese affairs in an attempt to contain communism as they had in Korea. It was at this time that the American National Security Council (NSC) published its 68th paper (NSC-68) in which they introduced the policy of rollback. NSC-68 guaranteed the liberation of nations under communist dictatorship for the purpose of gradually eliminating communism until it was no longer a national issue to be concerned over....
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