...Chinese State-Owned Enterprises played a key role for the economic growth of China. And it was compulsory for the Chinese government to introduce market-Oriented reforms to this sector. These reforms actually caused the central government to lose its control over them and making the SOEs subjected to greater market control, independent entities & more checks and balances on the performance. However the targeted goals of SOE reforms are still to be achieved to make these SOEs the “modern enterprises”; a goal set by the government in 1990’s reforms era. However with the passage of time, it is becoming a challenge for the Chinese government to undertake furthermore market-oriented reforms, since China is facing challenges such as structural slowdown linked to diminishing working age population due to birth control policies and fading advantages of previous reforms. Keeping the fact as a major concern and consideration, the new Chinese leadership has started thinking and has agreed to fact that improved resource allocation is the key to high productivity out. This article is an effort to argue the China’s approach to redefine its SOEs along with the effort to grow its economy globally. Unlike China’s Cultural Revolution these reforms has been evolutionary. The model where the non-state sector is growing faster than the state-sector will create difficulties for the Chinese economy in future as still State-owned Enterprises consists the major percentage of Chinese Enterprise sector...
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...Acknowledgement: I would like to thank Steven Kou of Columbia University and Yan Shen of Peking University for helpful comments and the Center for Economic Policy Studies at Princeton University for financial support in the preparation of this paper. Abstract Past economic reform of the state sector in China consisted mainly of privatization, of agriculture and of small and medium-size state enterprises, leaving large state enterprises in the control of the state. Current reform consists of making state-owned enterprises and banks more efficient and functioning like private enterprises, and gradual privatization of some large state enterprises. Bureaucrats managing state assets and the selling of assets take advantage of such power to benefit themselves, including embezzlement of public funds and taking bribes from citizens needing their help, as can be found in state enterprises, state-owned commercial banks and in government projects. Reducing the size of the government sector is a basic solution to the corruption problem in China while attention should be paid in the privatization process which can involve corruption. Outline 1. Introduction 2. Review of Past Reform Measures and Current Problems 3. Enterprise Reform Hindered by Bureaucratic Behavior 4. Reform of Banking and Financial System Hindered by Corruption 5. East-West Income Inequality and Western Development Hindered by Corruption 6. Reform of the Legal System 7. A Theory to Explain Bureaucratic Behavior and...
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...adopted different economic systems: communism in the North which was following the communist party, and capitalism in the South because of the control of the US in this region. Since 1986, Vietnamese economy has made a significant shift from command-plan economy in which market mechanism are replaced by a centralized state authority into a market economy with socialist orientation through launching a political and economic reform so-called “renovation campaign” which is often understood by foreign scholars. This reform aimed to liberalize the economy as well as encourage the potential for the development of national economy such as the private economic sectors and foreign investment including foreign-owned enterprises. To boost economic development, the Enterprises Law 1999 (the National Assembly, 1999) was enacted, though it only dealt with domestic investors, being the first real step towards corporate governance and creating a legal framework for an efficient regime of corporate governance. It also can be argued that the history of corporate governance in Vietnam started with the formation of the stock market, as just one year after issuing the Enterprises Law 1999, the establishment of the stock market was marked by the official operation of Ho Chi Minh City Securities Trading Centre in 2000. However, from...
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...is a financial statement analysis: Financial statement analysis is defined as the process of identifying financial strengths and weaknesses of the firm by properly establishing relationship between the items of the balance sheet and the profit and loss account. There are various methods or techniques that are used in analyzing financial statements, such as comparative statements, schedule of changes in working capital, common size percentages, funds analysis, trend analysis, and ratios analysis. Financial statements are prepared to meet external reporting obligations and also for decision making purposes. They play a dominant role in setting the framework of managerial decisions. But the information provided in the financial statements is not an end in itself as no meaningful conclusions can be drawn from these statements alone. However, the information provided in the financial statements is of immense use in making decisions through analysis and interpretation of financial statements. Objectives- What manager need to analysis Financial statement: 1. Prepare and interpret financial statements in comparative and common-size form. 2. Compute and interpret financial ratios that would be most useful to a common stock holder. 3. Compute and interpret financial ratios that would be most useful to a short-term creditor 4. Compute and interpret financial ratios that would be most useful to long -term creditors. 1.Assessment Of Past Performance Past performance is a...
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...problems of the Corporate Governance of China's State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) and how, during the years the role of the Chinese government is changed. In particular it will discusses Chinese corporate governance in this narrow sense and attempts to explain the political core function of Party Organization. Moreover it will analyze a real case: “Sinosteel Corporation”. This company was created and projected by the Chinese government with the aim to be the leader in its sector. Its corporate governance is deeply influenced by the party consequently by the Chinese government, which contributed to its establishment and growth through several government-subsidies. Key words: China’s SOEs, Governance Structure, the CCP organization, internal control mechanism, Sinosteel. Abbreviations: CCP, China Communist Party; SOEs, State-Owned Enterprises; CICSC, China Internal Control Standards Committee; SASAC, State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission; PSC, Party Standing Committee; CPCC, China Party Central Committee; Introduction The definition of corporate governance in China refers to the system that regulates the multiple relationships between all the parties with interests in a business organization, typically underlying the shareholders as a predominantly important group. However in practise corporate governance focus mainly on the agency problems in particular within two kinds of firms. The state owned enterprise (SOEs), above all after the Company Law transformed...
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...reach its aggressive targets, Baosteel continued its quest for domestic acquisitions. In 2008 Baosteel set up a new company which was authorized to oversee two existing state-owned enterprises: the Shaoguan Iron & Steel Group and the Guangzhou Iron & Steel Group. Each of the two enterprises controlled a listed subsidiary. By acquiring these two companies Baosteel Group could increase its output as the new company had the permission to build a new 10-million-ton steel-making base in Zhanjiang City. The new base in Zhanjiang City was promising as it would solve the lack of steel-making facilities in Guangdong, save money due to the shorter distance to Australian iron ore sources and face a ready market with Honda’s and Toyota’s manufacturing facilities demanding their flat rolled steel. They needed, however, to modernize the enterprises, eliminate the obsolete capacity and shut down environmentally critical operations. Besides the favorable effects of the Guangdong project it also raised difficult governance issues. The first issue was how and whether to respond to minority investors in the Baoshan listed subsidiary who were asking why the project was being pursued by the Group and not the listed company. Baosteel officials decided to develop the project under the group in order to not harm the performance of...
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...components of the high-performance work systems model suggests that when they are introduced into the Ghinese socioeconomic and political context, the cost-benefit calculus for high-performance work system human resource management practices is different from that in the U.S. context. Yet, in our review of Ghina-based strategic human resource management research we find the expected positive relationship between high-performance work systems and organizational performance in companies operating in Ghina. We conclude with a case example to illustrate how Ghinese firms might be both adopting and adapting the high-performance work system model to better fit their current cultural and economic context. T he Study of strategic human resource management (SHRM) emerged out of researchers' interests in understanding the relationship between human resource management and organizational performance (Delery & Doty, 1996; Kaufman, 2007). Since the late 1980s, most research evidence in this vein has been collected from firms located in the United States (see Combs, Liu, Hall, &. Ketchen, 2006; Huselid & Becker, 2011; Kaufman & Miller, 2011; Lepak & Shaw, 2009; Lengnick-Hall, Lengnick-Hall, Andrale, & Drake, 2009). In the last decade, however, researchers have expanded their scope of inquiry to examine SHRM practices in other national contexts. Such research is now at the forefront of SHRM research, and evidence is still accumulating. In this paper, we review the state of knowledge...
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...The study of International Human Resource Management (IHRM) has focused mainly on the policies, practices and strategies of Human Resource practitioners in individual multinational firms. The goal of this special issue is to move beyond this narrow focus at the enterprise level and situate HRM within wider economic, organizational, political and institutional contexts. HRM differs across countries but to date the comparative literature has tended to focus on cultural issues. Research that systematically analyzes socio-economic, institutional and societal contexts and their impact on HRM remains underdeveloped and there is a significant opportunity for work which draws on theory from adjacent fields - e.g. the varieties of capitalism literature, theories of cross-national organization and research in comparative political studies and economic geography all offer potentially useful frameworks. Companies are socially embedded on different levels; local economies, regional districts, national institutions, international networks and transnational regulation are all aspects of the social, organizational and economic structures in which companies are situated. Despite the all-pervasive talk of globalization, the seasoned international business traveller will be acutely aware of differences in the ‘way of doing things’from country to country and from region to region. Such differences are seldom more apparent than in the field of organization and management. Not only will...
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...Options1 R Nagaraj2,3 Ownership reform in public sector enterprises (PSEs) initiated since 1991 has as yet been quantitatively modest. It is perhaps too early to judge the effects of these initiatives on their financial performance. While the slow pace of the reform can be perceived as an opportunity, there is perhaps merit in carefully reviewing the policy in light of economic theory, and comparative experience. As the bulk of the public investments are in industries with economies of scale and scope (with externalities that in principle invite considerable regulation), this study suggests an alternative institutional arrangement for improving PSEs’ financial performance: mutual stock holding among complementary enterprises tied around a public sector bank to minimise problems of soft budget constraint, dysfunctional legislative and bureaucratic interference, and to encourage close interaction between banks and firms to promote long term economic development. Introduction: Employing about 19 million persons, public sector currently contributes about a quarter of India’s measured domestic output. Administrative departments (including defense) account for about 2/5th of it, the rest comes from a few departmental enterprises (like railways and postal services), and a large number of varied non-departmental enterprises producing a range of goods and services. These include, close to 250 public sector enterprises (PSEs) owned and managed by the central government, mostly in industry...
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...the economy, then analysing the strengths and weaknesses of the Chinese SMEs, and the opportunities and threats that have arisen from China's WTO membership. The piece will then examine Chinese SMEs from a strategic perspective, and the impact the the WTO membership has had on said strategies. Finally, the piece will give strategic recommendations for Chinese SMEs that wish to take advantage of the opportunities that WTO membership offers, and also for those SMEs that wish to avoid the challenges it poses. The Role of SMEs in both the International Perspective and the Chinese Perspective Academics have long realised that small and medium enterprises grow to become the major corporations and businesses of the future (Davis et al., 1985). As a result of this view, greater attention has been given to the role of small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) in contributing to the economic growth of countries over the past twenty years in countries all over the world. Due to the importance of the role that SMEs play, for the last 15 years governments have urged by academics, economists and policy experts to take strong and deliberate actions to accelerate small business development (Hung and Rondinelli, 1993, p. 20). Indeed, for rapidly growing emerging...
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...Commitment of Employees in Chinese Telecommunications Enterprises : Base on Related Factors Analysis 学 院： 经济学院 学 系： 经济系 专 业： 经济学（投资经济方向） 课程名称： 发展经济学 学生姓名：贺语濛 冯稚颖 司易凡 邹文敏 王芸 江宇川 向湘齐黄鑫海 蔡欣然 招慧青 指导教师： 丁岚 2013年 1 月 6 日 Abstract Use empirical analysis to discuss the relationship between organizational commitment, turnover rate and other relate variables. Survey data, collected from an enterprise of Chinese communication, structuring a multiple linear model including 4 kind of variables including direct economic return, indirect economic return, personal factors and work burden to estimate the parameter about organizational commitment of Chinese communication enterprises’ employees. Discuss and suggest the results of the function and offer some advices to manager of the enterprises. In contemporary society, human resource has played an important role in enterprises management. With the change of ethos and mode of thought in enterprises and individuals, employee loyalty becomes a significant tool to measure whether the management of firms is successful and brilliant. Today an individual's career is no longer tied to a single organization, as career changes and job mobility have become phenomena(Rousseau,1998) which means two-way choice, including employees and enterprises not only have respect to the personal development of...
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...Privatization, Regulation and Competition in South Asia T. N. Srinivasan* 1. Introduction It is a great honor to be invited to deliver the Mahbub Ul Haq Memorial Lecture. Mahbub finished his graduate studies in economics and left Yale in 1956, a year before I began my own graduate studies there. He had set an exemplary record that those of us from South Asia who followed him at Yale, such as Bashir Karamali, Parvez Hasan, Syed Nawab Hyder Naqvi, Syed Naseem, and myself included, could only envy. In the late seventies, I interacted with Mahbub at the World Bank, where I spent three years at the Development Research Center. I still recall our discussions at the Bank about the Basic Needs Approach to economic development. As the Special Adviser to the UNDP Administrator, he pioneered the concept of Human Development and developed the Human Development Index (HDI). We resumed our discussions, this time on the conceptual and measurement issues related to HDI. Our debates were always friendly, and even though we strongly differed on development strategies, we were united in our belief that eradication of abject poverty and enabling each individual to achieve a fuller and richer life according to his or her own lights have to be the overarching objectives of any development strategy. The world of economics, and we in South Asia, lost a beacon of light, and a source of fresh ideas and innovations, when he was snatched away from us. Let me take this opportunity to pay tribute to his wife...
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...Topic: China’s financial liberalization Title: China’s financial liberalization and the policy transformation towards openness Author: Xuepan Cheng 4136801 Abstract This paper focused on the research of China’s financial liberalization reform in order to discuss the economic and financial effects casted by financial liberation. Also the article pointed out the current problems of China’s financial system and provided suggestions for implementation. The main argument of policy suggestions for China is to further lower down the financial limits, so that China will be able to build a better foundation for financial liberalization. Also the effective and constant supervision and modification of the financial regulation system is also necessary for maintaining a healthy macroeconomic environment and continuing capital flows. While the economic globalization, and financial liberalization has become a major tendency that attracts a lot of people’s attention in world economic development since the 1980s, the financial liberation and reform has become a necessity for China to develop it’s financial market and economy wellbeing. 1. Introduction China, as one of the fastest expanding economy in the world, is largely owing to the economic globalization, and financial liberalization since the 1980s. Economic globalization refers to the fact that economic resources (goods, capital, labor, technology, information and other transactions) flow from one country to another. This tendency makes...
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...Organization’s Performance Abstract The proposed research is intended to assess the impact of Privatization on Organization’s Performance. The main theme is to examine its impact on profitability, output, efficiency and employment. It will be analyzed to compare the performance of public and private sector organization in Pakistan. Keywords: Privatization, profitability, output, efficiency and employment Introduction Despite frequent changes in the governments since 1985, five regularly elected and six care takers, there has been consensus on the continuation of privatization policy and as such it is expected to be cornerstone of all the future government policies, at least in the near future. Instead of arguing the merits or demerits of the privatization policy, we explore its impact on the levels of efficiency. A large number of public sector units have already been divested and a number of other public enterprises including telecommunications and thermal power stations have been placed on the privatization list. Nevertheless, serious doubts have been expressed about transparency of the bidding process and the impact of privatization on efficiency, investment, production, prices, employment and fiscal deficit. Accordingly, there is a need to identify constraints in realizing various objectives of privatization with a view to suggesting concrete policy measures that may be taken to overcome the constrain and to improve the performance of the organization...
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...Thoughts on Economics Vol. 20, No. 02 Privatization in Bangladesh: Problems and Prospects Muhammad Ruhul Amin( Showkat Ara Khanam(( Abstract: Privatization has been advocated in the development literatures as the gateway of the growth and development of the countries all around the world. Despite the phenomenal expansion of privatization programs, the results differed from country to country. Some could achieve the desired goals and some failed enormously. However, the World Bank and the IMF continued their campaign of privatization for less developed countries (LDCs) including Bangladesh to stimulate their growth and development. Some LDCs have adopted privatization programs of their own volition. The central theme of this paper is to examine the implications of privatization for the overall development of Bangladesh. The paper raises a number of issues in this regard. The issues involve meaning, significance, approaches, strategies and effectiveness of privatization. While seeking solutions to these issues, the problems inherent in policy formulation and its implementation strategies have been clearly spelled out in the paper. The authors suggest that in order to make privatization efforts a success, an indigenously designed pragmatic policy needs to be undertaken. They warn that the policy prescriptions of external sources including donor agencies, pressure groups and political lobbyists should be handled with great care and caution. 1. Introduction ...
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