...Statistics in Business Statistics can be defined as the way to get information from numerical data, numbers are everywhere, we use them provide logic about the past present and the future. Statistics assist in decision making in business and everyday life. In order for statistics to help us we must obtain then knowledge to collect, present, analyze, organize, and transform data. Statistics are a collection of numerical data (Lind, Marchal, & Wathen, 2011, p. 4). Statistics presented in various forms have different meanings and how it is used. There are two different types of statistics, inferential and descriptive, inferential statistics purpose relies on testing hypothesis based on a sample of the population. Inferential statistics takes a representative sample and implies reasoning. Descriptive statistics also relies on a sample size, however uses charts and tables to summarize data and develop draw conclusions and present them like bullets on a power point. Furthermore, descriptive statistics involves measurer and averages and presents data in a fancy way. Levels of statistics refer to nominal, ordinal, interval, and, ratio. Nominal measurement is simplistic in this level of measurement names, colors and labels. Ordinal level of measurement based on ratings no exact figures or measurement can be solved. Interval level of measurement is exactly that a level of measure, scale, or interval. Ratio level of measurement represents formatted data portraying interval level of...
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...Descriptive statistis are used to summarize data under study. Some descriptive statistics summarize the distribution of attributes on a single variable; others summarize the associations between variables. • Descriptive statistics summarizing the relationships between variables are called measures of association. • Many measures of association are based on a proportionate reduction of error (PRE) model. This model is based on a comparison of 1. the numbers of errors we would make in attempting to guess the attributes of a given variable for each of the cases under study - if we knew nothing but the distribution of attributes on that variable - and 2. the number of errors we would make if we knew the joint distribution overall and were told for each case the attribute o one variable each time we were asked to guess the attribute of the other. These measures include lambda, which is appropriate for the analysis of two nominal variables; gamma, which is appropriate for the analysis of two ordinal variables; and Pearson's product-moment correlation, which is appropriate for the analysis of two interval or ratio variables. • Regression analysis represents the relationships between variables in the form of equations, which can be used to predict the values of a dependent variable on the basis of values of one or more independent variables • Regression equations are computed on the basis of a regression line: the geometric line representing, with the least amount of discrepancy...
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...Expert systems are computer applications that combine computer equipment, software, and specialized information to imitate expert human reasoning and advice. As a branch of artificial intelligence, expert systems provide discipline-specific advice and explanation to their users. While artificial intelligence is a broad field covering many aspects of computer-generated thought, expert systems are more narrowly focused. Typically, expert systems function best with specific activities or problems and a discrete database of digitized facts, rules, cases, and models. Expert systems are used widely in commercial and industrial settings, including medicine, finance, manufacturing, and sales. As a software program, the expert system integrates a searching and sorting program with a knowledge database. The specific searching and sorting program for an expert system is known as the inference engine. The inference engine contains all the systematic processing rules and logic associated with the problem or task at hand. Mathematical probabilities often serve as the basis for many expert systems. The second component—the knowledge database—stores necessary factual, procedural, and experiential information representing expert knowledge. Through a procedure known as knowledge transfer, expertise (or those skills and knowledge that sustain a much better than average performance) passes from human expert to knowledge engineer. The knowledge engineer actually creates and structures the knowledge...
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...Fetal Death Rate I could have used the book for this information; however, I wanted to try something different. “According to the 2003 revision of the Procedures for Coding Cause of Fetal Death, the National Center for Health Statistics defines fetal death as "death prior to the complete expulsion or extraction from its mother of a product of human conception, irrespective of the duration of pregnancy. And which is not an induced termination of pregnancy (James L Lindsey, MD, 2013)”. Fetal death refers to the unplanned intrauterine death of a fetus at whichever time, for the duration of a pregnancy. Fetal deaths well along in prenatal period (5 months of gestation or more for instance) are as well stated as stillbirths. From what I have learned doing outside research, state laws demands the recording of fetal deaths. However, the Federal law commands national collection and publication of fetal death data (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013)”. The Rate Calculation Total number of intermediate and/or late fetal death for a period x 100 Total number of live births + intermediate and late fetal deaths for a period ( (Horton, 2012) Example: 200 live births, one intermediate fetal death, and three late fetal deaths (4 x 100) = 400 =1.960% = 1.96% (200 + 4) = 204 The Purpose and Importance of the Hospital Knowing this Specific Rate For statistical purposes, fetal losses are classified according to gestational age. A death that occurs...
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...In The Shame of the Nation, Jonathan Kozol states that the American society is still suffering from one-sidedness education. Mr. Kozol offers a wide bundle of statistical data to support his claim that most public schools are very much so segregated. Jonathan Kozol illustrates a grim reality about the unequal attention given to urban and suburban schools. He shows everyone involved in the education system that public schools are still separate and, therefore, still unequal. In his book he states that “during the 1990s, the portion of black students that attended majority white schools had decreased to a level lower than in any year since 1968. Almost seventy five percent of black and Latino students attend schools that are predominantly minority.”Suburban schools, which are primarily made up of white students, are given a far superior education than urban schools, which are primarily made up of Hispanics and African Americans. In Brooklyn, New York, at Adlai Stevenson High School, “97% of the students population are black or Hispanic, eight-tenths of one percent were white” He further offers some explanations for why such segregation still persists in public schools. He states that although there was great movement towards integration 35 or 40 years ago, soon its goals were abandoned and its victories were reversed.Although Supreme Court decisions such as Brown vs. The Board of Education and federal laws have upheld and supported the ideals of racial...
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...Running Head: DATE OR ACQUAINTANCE RAPE Date or Acquaintance Rape Sharteshia Jackson May 8, 2011 AIU Online Abstract This paper is intended to discuss the topic of date or acquaintance rape. Statictics used by the USR and NCVS as well as the strengths and weaknesses are listed. This paper also discusses the different type of drugs used in date or acquaintance rape as well as how the victim is viewed in the eyes of others. Introduction There are different types of rapes: stranger rape, statutory rape and spousal rape are just to name a few. The UCR and the NCVS view rape differently. The UCR stands for Uniform Crime Report and NCVS stands for National Crime Victimization Survey. Drugs and alcohol can play a role in date or acquaintance rape. Drugs used in date rape cases are GHB, Rohypnol and Ketamine. No victim of rape should feel that they are to blame for being raped and changes to policy are needed to address different issues of rape such as date rape. UCR STATISTIC • The URC program is a tool that law enforcement agencies in different areas and regions could report and exchange important information about crime. • In 2009, the estimated volume of rape was 2.6 percent lower than the estimated 2008 rape volume. • The rate of forcible rape was 56.6 per 100,000 in 2009. UCR STRENTH AND WEAKNESS The strength of the UCR includes: • Provides standardized...
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...1. Definition: Fiscal policy in economics is to use the government revenue collection and the expenditure to have an impact on economy. The policy is based on John Maynard Keynes, the British economist, who stated the increase or decrease in the aggregate demand and expenditures will influence the economic system factors. (Sullivan,A.&Steven M,S 2005,p387) The changes in tax and government expenditure are regarded as the major fiscal policy instruments. Government revenue collection (taxes) plays the role in how much government and individuals have to spend. For instance, the government could stimulate the consumers’ spending by cutting taxes. The effect of fiscal policy: The variables will influence the economy in the aggregate demand so that the policy will achieve the objectives including the price stability, the economic growth and the employment. Keynesian economics indicates that the changes efficiently stimulate the aggregate demand at the economy boom’s beginning. (Blinder 2012) It is argued that Keynesian economics model can be used to establish the framework for strong economic growth. However, economists also debate the fiscal policy effectiveness. The arguments concentrate on crowding out effect whether the interest rate increase, which may offset the spending stimulation, is led by the government borrowing. (Fiscal policy of Cliff Notes 2013) Once the government faces the deficit, the public fund will be important, the interest rate will improve. 2....
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...Relationship between Religion and International Trade Hilal AKINCI, Yeditepe University, İstanbul 2014 The main aim of this paper is to show whether or not religion has impacts on international trade and how it does happen. To do so, researches about the topic will be covered and some worldwide statistics are gathered together. Empirical Studies There are few empirical studies about impacts of religion on international trade or its relationship with international trade. In shared research of Emilia Justyna Powell, University Alabama, and Stephanie J. Rickard, London School of Economics, impacts of Islamic law on international trade is examined. Two models which are monadic and dyadic techniques are used in this study. The main purpose of them to demonstrate whether or not countries governed by Islamic law are effected regarding their international trade although they believe that “the importance of countries’ legal systems for trade has declined over time, possibly due to the increased role of international arbitration bodies and/or the standardization of international sales contracts (Powell & and Rickard, 2010). This research is important as being the first direct test of the effect of Islamic law on countries’ trade relations. The researched draws our attention to the situation that trade can be conceptualized as the aggregate flow of goods and services between countries but in fact that flows are a series of contracts between buyer and seller countries. Enforcement...
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...Health Care Spending My position on national health care spending is way too much monies is going out and not enough people supporting the problem. A universal health care plan for every man, woman, and child who resides in the United States is the most economical way to achieve this goal. All working citizens must have monies automatically taken out of their paychecks and if you can afford more than the basic plan, then there will be plans available that you can upgrade to like Aflac. No matter how poor or how rich you are, everyone has the basic plan and everyone contributes to that plan. In this paper we will discuss the current level of national health care expenditures, the level of spending, where the nation should cut, and how the general public’s needs are being paid by, to finally doing some forecasting of future economic needs. At a NCSL Legislative Summit in August, 2013 it was noted that America spends, on average, nearly $9,000 per person on health care each year. The cost to the nation is $2.8 trillion, almost 18 percent of the GDP. The GDP is projected to be at 19.6 percent by 2021 (National Conference of State Legislation, 2013). In the projected years of 2011-2021 Medicare is expected to have a growth of 6.1% per year average over these years, Medicaid growth is expected to be 8.2% per year, private spending average per year 5.3%. By 2021, federal, state, and local government health care spending is projected to be nearly 50 percent of the national health expenditures...
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...time and motion study standard hours direct labor standard DefinitionSave to Favorites Method for establishing employee productivity standards in which (1) a complex task is broken into small, simple steps, (2) the sequence of movements taken by the employee in performing those steps is carefully observed to detect and eliminate redundant or wasteful motion, and (3) precise time taken for each correct movement is measured. From these measurements production and delivery times and prices can be computed and incentive schemes can be devised. Generally appropriate only for repetitive tasks, time and motion studies were pioneered by the US industrial engineer Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915) and developed by the husband and wife team of Frank Gilbreth (1868-1924) and Dr. Lillian Gilbreth (1878-1972). See also Taylorism. Read more: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/time-and-motion-study.html#ixzz2HC6A1nzL Time and motion study From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search A time and motion study (or time-motion study) is a business efficiency technique combining the Time Study work of Frederick Winslow Taylor with the Motion Study work of Frank and Lillian Gilbreth (the same couple as is best known through the biographical 1950 film and book Cheaper by the Dozen). It is a major part of scientific management (Taylorism). After its first introduction, time study developed in the direction of establishing standard times, while motion...
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...PERTH COLLEGE UHI | AIR TRANSPORT OPERATIONS AND MANAGEMENT | | [Type the author name] | | 4/18/2013 | | Contents GROUND OPERATIONS 3 IN FLIGHT OPERATIONS 7 ENVIRONMENTAL RISK 10 ECONOMIC STABILITY 11 CONCLUSION 12 BIBLIOGRAPHY 13 INTRODUCTION Air transportation has been the major modes of transportation over long distances. The fact that it is the fastest mode of transportation easily accessible to all common people has made it even more effective in changing the way me transport from one place to another. The international air travel has increased from a few elite people in the 20th century when civil aviation started to over 1.2 billion (U.S Travel association) in the recent years. The increase in the size and the efficiency of the aircrafts have paved road for an efficient long distance air travel. Due to the, rise in the low-cost carrier business model, there has been a drastic increase in domestic air travel as well. The reduction in the prices of air fare and the increase in safety and accessibility of air transport have changed the mind-set of recent travellers. Aircrafts are not only being used to carry people but also cargo. Transporting perishable cargo over long distances has become the major roles of cargo airliners generating them great revenue. This increased the air freight by a factor of fourteen. (IATA Vision 2050). The increase in the revenue generation led to a new business model in the aviation industry. The major...
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...The History of E-commerce - HowStuffWorks money.howstuffworks.com/history-e-commerce.htm * * he History of E-commerce by Dave Roos The purchasing process of the man has changed , he used to visit the store and slelct the product that he wanted to buy. He was helped by the salws assistant or a news paper advertisement , but the thing has chmged a lot. Mosern cuistomer has tha ability to purches his ware without stepping out of hisss house. E –commerce meands thwe process of selling and buy of goods and services over internet, According to certain statictics mopre than 66% of the adul populatuin have –purchsed at least ond product by employing this technology. The data of the 2008 has shown that there was 17% of online sales whichwas responsible fro $204 billion and the popular products were clothing , cars and personal compiters. This isnjust the start of the phenomena and e commerce is growing. It is the perfect time to get an idea of the history of this concept How E-commerce Started It has a short history but it is a very interesting one. In order to facilitate the e commerce tthre s hould be good interrelated connection between the customer and the merchant. The development of the computer and the networks have offered a great help top the business The first transactions were helped by computers in 1960/ They have used asystem calles electronic Data Exchange to conduct the business. The computers of a particular comoanynwasa ble to share business...
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