...to be made. The 2013 AHA/ACC lipid guidelines provide a new method to the management of hyperlipidemia, which differs from the ATP-III guidelines. The new guidelines created differ in that it includes the change from treating target levels or lab tests to treatment based on risk level and intensity of statin therapy. They identified 4 groups that would likely benefit from statin therapy: * History of arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) * LDL- cholesterol >190 mg/dl * Between 40-75 years of age with history of diabetes * Between 40-75 year of age and a 10-year ASVD Risk > 7.5% A second key difference is lack of LDL goals in order to monitor the effectiveness of cholesterol lowering medications. There were no recommendations made on follow up LDL testing, which differs from previous guidelines. The best way to accomplish the AHA/ACC recommended goals is to focus on decreasing cardiovascular disease events or ASCVD. Another major change to the guidelines states that non-statin therapies do not provide acceptable ASCVD risk reduction benefits compared to their potential for adverse effects. This recommendation will decrease the amount of non- statin medication being used for treatment. Another change made by the ACC/AHA was utilization of a pooled cohort risk assessment instead of the Framingham Risk Calculator to estimate 10-year risks...
Words: 841 - Pages: 4
...Statins Assignment What is cholesterol? Cholesterol is an example of a class of lipids called sterols. Sterols (also known as steroids) are compact hydrophobic molecules that contain four fused hydrocarbon ring and a number of different functional groups. Cholesterol is an important component of the plasma membranes in animal cells. It is essential for the production of sex hormones, producing bile salts, converting sunlight into vitamin D, and the up-keeping/forming of cell membranes. The leading organ responsible for producing cholesterol is the liver. Before cholesterol is released into the bloodstream the liver packs it with proteins and other compounds. This forms a lipoprotein. Lipoproteins are formed so that cholesterol can be transported through the bloodstream to where it is required. The two main types of lipoproteins are high-density...
Words: 1002 - Pages: 5
...IDENTIFICATION OF STATINS IN RICE FERMENTED WITH MONASCUS SPECIES FROM THE MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Jude Carlo J. Muca1, Reigna S. Romero1, Ricardo R. Santos², Roberto Z. Yuseco3, Florence M. Blanco1, Lei Anne C. Carolino1, Engkhuan Chew1, Ericka Joy B. De Guzman1, Jordan Carlo S. Galang1, Jin-Gu Lee1, Lawrence Y. Maliwat1, Marixie Ann Q. Manarang1, Jeshua Caleb B. Miole1, Michael Henry B. Piano1, Lou Anthony S. Sico1, Mark Lester I. Tolenada1, Mellanie B. Victoria1 1 Medical Student, Angeles University Foundation, Angeles City 2009; ²Head, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Angeles University Foundation, Angeles City 2009; 3 Faculty, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Angeles University Foundation, Angeles City 2009; ABSTRACT Pharmaceutical intervention through statin drugs is the most common way of slowing down the adverse effects of heart disease due to cholesterol deposition by regulating the activity of HMG-CoA reductase which catalyzes conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate. In order to seek alternatives for commercially available statin drugs, this study idnetified the statins that can be produced by fermentation of rice by Monascus strains available at the Museum of Natural History (MNH). It also shall serve as a set-off point for further studies regarding the use of fermentation products for treatment of certain ailments, such as heart disease. A total of eight (8) isolates available at the Museum of Natural History (MNH) of the University...
Words: 3052 - Pages: 13
...Review of article: “Statin Use and Risk of Cerebral Aneurysm Rupture: A Hospital-based Case-control Study in Japan,” Y. Yoshimura, Y. Murakami, et al. Design and Data Collection The presented study is a case-control study design, meaning it is based on measuring the associations between statin administration and the likely rupture of a cerebral aneurysm in purposefully selected indicator and control populations. The foundation of the study grew from theoretical components tied to animal models used in the past. The underlying conditions of interest are important but not commonly seen in humans, making it difficult to know the best medical measurements and, if possible, prescriptive interventions for unruptured neurological disorders, which generally now can be dealt with by way of surgical interventions. The written assessment of the study indicated limited evidence of human studies showing the effect of statin drugs in reducing the risk of aneurysmal ruptures. The study model used in this investigation (case-control) is readily suitable to study uncommon diseases with low overall prevalence rates. However, given the impact such a condition could have on a population segment thought to have many years of productivity – and because of promising animal studies – the study was deemed beneficial as an initial step toward learning more about the drug’s beneficial indicators. The primary endpoint of focus was the likelihood of the rupture of an aneurism and the protective effect...
Words: 5143 - Pages: 21
...from a professional resource. Zetia is a drug that is prescribed to about 1 million people a week for the purpose of lowering cholesterol (Berenson, 2008). According to the article, the drug company Merck and Schering-Plough had stated that Zetia has failed to show any medical benefits (Berenson, 2008). The information to be presented is going to be about the drug Zetia (ezetimibe) and Zocor (simvastatin) combined and is called Vytorin. Discussion Zetia is a newer cholesterol drug that works by blocking the cholesterol in food from crossing the intestinal wall and getting into the bloodstream (Ijioma & Robinson, 2011). Statins prevent cholesterol from being absorbed in the liver, and also reduce inflammation, another cause of cardiovascular disease. Adding Zetia to a statin cuts cholesterol levels much more than just increasing the dose of the statin. Vytorin is a combo pill; it combines simvastatin, which blocks production of cholesterol in the liver, and ezetimibe, which blocks absorption of cholesterol in the intestines (Ijioma & Robinson, 2011). Vytorin is indicated for the reduction of elevated total-C and LDL-C in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, as an adjunct to other lipid-lowering treatments or if such treatments are unavailable (RxList, nd). The New York Times and the professional article both talk about the effects of Zetia. The lay article states that Zetia lowers cholesterol by 15 – 20 percent in most patients, but no clinical...
Words: 792 - Pages: 4
...College Course Date Objectives In doing this research I wanted to understand more about Lipitor as a drug. The diseases it treats, its chemical components and its medical benefits. In addition to that I also wanted to know the toxicological and physiological effects on human body, its drawbacks and also look into its specific medical documents. Introduction According to Macmillan (2006), “drug can be best defined as substance used in the diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of a disease or as a component of a medication” (p. 302). Lipitor whose generic name is atorvastatin (Webster, 2009) is a synthetic lipid-lowering agent. It is an oral drug that lowers the level of cholesterol in blood. It belongs to a class of drugs referred to as statins, thus Lipitor is classified as a drug (Smith and Knapp, 1972). This research was intended to best understand the drug Lipitor. How it works and generally gets some vital information about the drug so that at the end of this research I can have a vivid understanding of its expected effects. Materials and methods This research was done by going through medical books and online journals medical articles. I also requested for clarification from Medical personnel who were of so much help as far as how the drug generally works is concerned and its side effects. I interviewed some patients that were under Lipitor dosage and also patients that have been treated using Lipitor dosage before. I also got information from the information printed on...
Words: 1065 - Pages: 5
...Drug Study Atorvastatin(lipitor) fourty mg one tablet once a day at HS eight pm DRUG CLASS AND MECHANISM: Atorvastatin is an oral drug that lowers the level of cholesterol in the blood. It belongs to a class of drugs referred to as statins, which includes lovastatin (Mevacor), simvastatin, (Zocor), fluvastatin (Lescol), and pravastatin (Pravachol) and rosuvastatin (Crestor). All statins, including atorvastatin, prevent the production of cholesterol in the liver by blocking HMG-CoA reductase, an enzyme that makes cholesterol. Statins reduce total cholesterol as well as LDL cholesterol in blood. LDL cholesterol is believed to be the "bad" cholesterol that is primarily responsible for the development of coronary artery disease. Reducing LDL cholesterol levels retards progression and may even reverse coronary artery disease. Atorvastatin also raises the concentrations of HDL ("good") cholesterol that protects against coronary artery disease and reduces the concentration of triglycerides in the blood. Indications Reduce risk of stroke & heart attack in type 2 diabetes patients without evidence of heart disease but with other risk CV factors Reduce risk of stroke, heart attack and revascularizations procedures in patients without evidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) but with multiple risk factors other than diabetes (eg, smoking, HTN, low HDL-C, family history of early CHD) Patients with CHD to reduce risks of MI, stroke, revascularization procedures, hospitalization...
Words: 532 - Pages: 3
...Hyperlipidemia Scenario 1: 1. The resources I will need are brochures and education tools, updated procedural information and testing methods, and information for the pharmacist including parameters and knowledge of the test results. The furnishings I will need are chairs, tables, posters, and drawers or cases to keep and transport supplies. The supplies I will need are anything used for collection of samples including syringes and vials, or kits and devices used for less aggressive testing of cholesterol. 2. Regulations include that the site must be licensed to perform testing and must have a “Certificate of Waiver” license if it performs only waived tests. The sites must adhere to manufacturer’s instructions to perform the test, including “Good Laboratory Practice” such as trained personnel, competency, and evaluation. Must also agree to permit announced inspections of the site. 3. OSHA covers every aspect of workplace hazard avoidance. Regulations include health care workers and needle stick precautions, consistent use of personal protective equipment, and work practice and engineering controls in needle stick precautions. 4. Lipoproteins commonly tested for are LDL, HDL, and VLDL. LDL and HDL are the most important when discussing with a patient. 5. It is best to measure her total cholesterol and HDL. LDL can shoot up significantly after a meal. 6. Yes, her age, smoking, high blood pressure, and close relative put her as a candidate for CHD. 7. She...
Words: 1462 - Pages: 6
...Marketing Management 2 – Final Exam The questions are specific and do not require long answers. We encourage you to use bullet points, tables, and graphs where appropriate. However, we will not read meaning into unclear, vague or incomplete answers. Make sure you explain clearly what you wish to say. Note that the different questions are worth a different number of points. Make sure you base your answer on facts in the case, rather than on any real-world knowledge you may have. If you must make an assumption about information you feel is missing, or about the meaning of a word or phrase that you are not sure about, note your assumption explicitly in your answer. A note of caution– while this case study may seem similar to the Zantac case, you should not assume that what was appropriate in that case is necessarily true here. Questions 1. What were the risks associated with the three specific actions (see p. 4) Warner-Lambert had taken during the development of Lipitor? Why did it take these actions? (10 points) 2. Do a SWOT (strength-weakness-opportunity-threat) analysis of Lipitor and Warner-Lambert (prior to the partnership with Pfizer). Also indicate what you think are the main challenges Lipitor’s marketing strategy should address (List no more than 3 challenges). (25 points) 3. Why did Warner-Lambert/Pfizer team up with the American Heart Association for the pre-launch advertising campaign even though it could not promote its brand name...
Words: 365 - Pages: 2
...Letter to Members Dear Guys, How’s going? Hope you feel good in this cold day! I believe all of us know Lipitor and now taking it frequently, here are news about Lipitor and I know you would like to hear. Pfizer’s Lipitor was so nice that we choose to take before. The company made every efforts to brand its Lipitor and we know it is really good to use. Now the most important thing is, the Lipitor will move from a lower price to a higher price while we cannot do anything about that since the decision was made by the Pharmacy and Therapeutics Advisory Committee. But-- We have a new choice—the generic lipid regulator. Don’t worry it is not a fake drug, just because of the patents expiration, drag companies other than Pfizer can produce generic versions. You may heard that the generic prescriptions increased every year quickly, for example, nearly 6% in 2009 and covered 75% of all prescriptions written in the U.S. The generic versions are safe and mature enough. I know you guys may not care about the money but just the result, or just habit to take Lipitor. The clinical trials established that they were as safe and as effective as brand name drugs such as Lipitor. Why we need to know this? It’s the time to switch. You know GHCM used a three-tier system for co-pays depends on the plan and prescription. Raising of the co-pay (to tier3 which is 100% higher than tier1) is made for Lipitor due to Lipitor’s price changing. It’s the time to make a better choice. Below...
Words: 328 - Pages: 2
...At one time, the lip balm market in America consisted of 3 main players. Those companies ruled the lip balm market for decades. A new startup came along and changed that fact. How did they accomplish this feat? Well, it all started with EOS or the Evolution Of Smooth studying the current lip balm market. They realized that all the lip balms were basically the same. Few of the companies varied from their original products. In addition, they discovered some interesting marketing information concerning the average lip balm consumer. Here is more on the Y EOS domination of the lip balm market. Answering Consumer Demands Clearly, EOS was answering a demand. They discovered that the average lip balm user was a woman. EOS decided to focus on women...
Words: 302 - Pages: 2
...A pharmacological overview of Statin as a treatment for hyperlipidemia Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the major cause of death in elderly above the age of 65 [1]. CHD risk associated with diabetes, hypertension, smoking, and elevated cholesterol blood level [2]. Hyperlipidemia is a main cause of atherosclerosis and atherosclerosis-related conditions, like coronary heart disease, peripheral vascular disease, and ischemic cerebrovascular disease. Hyperlipidemia (hypocholesteremia) is correlated with elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) level and low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) [3]. Hyperlipidemia attributes to genetic disorder and sedentary life style (physical inactivity, and diets high in saturated fat...
Words: 1433 - Pages: 6
...Americans will have a new CAD event and approximately 470,000 will have a recurrent attack. The cost of CAD is astounding and is estimated at $172 billion annually (Heidenreich, el. al., 2011). Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the United States (US) and is responsible to 17% of the national health expenditures. It has been eight years since new cholesterol guidelines have been updated and the new guidelines have created a little controversy. The ATP IV guidelines set by the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) have created many waves in the treatment of cholesterol and lipid management. The guidelines stress the prevention of stroke as well as heart disease and focuses on statin therapy rather than other alternative unproven therapeutic agents. It also recognizes that more intensive treatment is superior to less intensive treatment for many patients. History Cholesterol screening guidelines have evolved and changed over the past couple of years, but there continues to be gaps in care with an insufficient number of patients receiving standard of care with lipid-lowering therapy. The numerous guidelines set out by specialty practices have been shown to be a contributing factor to suboptimal management of cholesterol management. The new ATP IV guidelines established by the ACC/AHA have sparked considerable controversy from the previous ATP III guidelines and many professional organizations...
Words: 2310 - Pages: 10
...hypercholsteremia, Alirocumab treatment demonstrated not only consistent lowering LDL-C effects, but also tolerability and safety comparable to oral statins. Namely, in their 78 week randomized control trial (RCT) that involved 2341 patients with LDL levels of 70 mg per deciliter or higher, Robinson et al., (2015) claim that Alirocumab is highly effective at lowering LDL cholesterol levels when combined with a statin. Not only did Alirocumab yield significant bad cholesterol...
Words: 427 - Pages: 2
...CURRENT DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS 1 Current Diagnosis and Treatment of Atherosclerosis Basher I. Emtebakh Wright State University Laboratory Research 2, Spring 2013 CURRENT DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS 2 Abstract Atherosclerosis is a complex inflammatory process that affects the arterial wall. People of different ages are susceptible to developing the disease. It is considered the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. Epithelial injury caused by different risk factors is the initial process of the disease. Nitric oxide liberation, lipid retention, and inflammatory cell proliferation are of significance in the disease pathogenesis. The goal of this review is to better understand the disease process and the role of the atherogenic biomarkers that develop in the affected site during the disease progression. Determining the risk of atherogenic plaque development vulnerability is the main obstacle that faces scientists, followed by making proper diagnosis and choosing treatment. Different imaging techniques, especially the non invasive ones, provide highly useful images to characterize the plaque development. These techniques also contributed to cure many patients at risk of plaque rupture. Prevention and treatment of the disease depend mainly on the proper education of patients and people at risk of developing the disease, and that is done by changing their life style to minimize the risk factors that increase their...
Words: 4999 - Pages: 20
