...STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Statistical is an explanation type in social science trough credible causal mechanisms such as quantitative reasoning, statistical analysis and comparative, and statistic explanation et cetera. Basic of statistical explanation, there are two points which are understanding of concept and second is questions. In terms of statistical analysis, researcher needs the collection, summarization, manipulation, and interpretation of quantitative data to discover its underlying causes, patterns relationships and trends. In the quantitative reasoning in social science, the data set is involved into the structure. Data which involve might be a time-series data set for study to a time sequence or complex data which researcher has to extract from it. Beside, the null hypothesis is used as a tool for a condition which is different from the absolute probability of the event by using for considering to economic growth and political stability. Strength Weakness Enables the research and description of social structures and processes that are not directly observable. -Simplifies and ”compresses” the complex reality: abstract and constrained perspective Well-suited for quantitative description, comparisons between groups, areas etc. - Only applicable for measurable (quantifiable) phenomena Analysis and explanation of (causal) dependencies between social phenomena. -Only applicable for measurable (quantifiable) phenomena. -Presumes relatively extensive knowledge on the subject...
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...Master of Business Administration Course Instructor: Dr. Swapan Kumar Dhar Definition of Statistics Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing and interpreting data for the purpose of making intelligent statements and drawing appropriate conclusions. So, according to this definition, there are four stages: (1) Collection of data (2) Presentation of data (3) Analysis of data and (4) Interpretation of data. Example of Statistics: Examples include the average starting salary of college graduates, the number of deaths due to road accidents last year, and 20% students of BBA are female. In these examples statistics are a value or a percentage. Other examples include: 95% students of BBA come to the class in time. 25% students of IBA come to the campus by car. The above are all examples of statistics. Data: Data are the facts and figures that are collected, analyzed and summarized for presentation and interpretation. The data collected in a particular study are referred as the data set for the study. For example, the heights (in cm.) of 14 randomly selected persons from a group of 100 persons are as follows: 152, 160, 158, 155, 154, 155, 162, 164, 160, 153, 161, 158, 167, 151. The above information on height of people constitutes a data. A set of five students is selected from a class of the course “Business Statistics’ and measurements are entered into a spreadsheet as shown in the following Figure. Figure:...
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...CHAPTER TWO DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS: TABULAR AND GRAPHICAL METHODS CHAPTER OUTLINE AND REVIEW In Chapter 1, you were introduced to the concept of statistics and in exercise *6 of that chapter you were given a frequency distribution of the ages of 180 students at a local college, but you were not told how this frequency distribution was formulated. In Chapter 2 of your text, you were informed how such frequency distributions could be formulated and were introduced to several tabular and graphical procedures for summarizing data. Furthermore, you were shown how crosstabulations and scatter diagrams can be used to summarize data for two variables simultaneously. The terms that you should have learned from this chapter include: A. Qualitative Data: Data that are measured by either nominal or ordinal scales of measurement. Each value serves as a name or label for identifying an item. B. Quantitative Data: Data that are measured by interval or ratio scales of measurement. Quantitative data are numerical values on which mathematical operations can be performed. C. Bar Graph: A graphical method of presenting qualitative data that have been summarized in a frequency distribution or a relative frequency distribution. D. Pie Chart: A graphical device for presenting qualitative data by subdividing a circle into sectors that correspond to the relative frequency of each class. 23 24 Chapter Two E. Frequency Distribution: ...
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...CHAPTER 2—DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS: TABULAR AND GRAPHICAL DISPLAYS MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The minimum number of variables represented in a bar chart is a.|1| b.|2| c.|3| d.|4| ANS: A PTS: 1 2. The minimum number of variables represented in a histogram is a.|1| b.|2| c.|3| d.|4| ANS: A PTS: 1 3. Which of the following graphical methods is most appropriate for categorical data? a.|ogive| b.|pie chart| c.|histogram| d.|scatter diagram| ANS: B PTS: 1 4. In a stem-and-leaf display, a.|a single digit is used to define each stem, and a single digit is used to define each leaf| b.|a single digit is used to define each stem, and one or more digits are used to define each leaf| c.|one or more digits are used to define each stem, and a single digit is used to define each leaf| d.|one or more digits are used to define each stem, and one or more digits are used to define each leaf| ANS: C PTS: 1 5. A graphical method that can be used to show both the rank order and shape of a data set simultaneously is a a.|relative frequency distribution| b.|pie chart| c.|stem-and-leaf display| d.|pivot table| ANS: C PTS: 1 6. The proper way to construct a stem-and-leaf display for the data set {62, 67, 68, 73, 73, 79, 91, 94, 95, 97} is to a.|exclude a stem labeled ‘8’| b.|include a stem labeled ‘8’ and enter no leaves on the stem| c.|include a stem labeled ‘(8)’ and enter no leaves on the stem| d.|include a stem labeled ‘8’ and enter...
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...Using the BIMS Part I data, Team C presents various descriptive statistics in the forms of frequency distribution table, measures of mean, median, mode, standard deviation, and graphical display of data. The first table is a frequency distribution table of one quantitative question in the BIMS data. Team C finds that the majority of the 78 respondents have between 0 to 20 months service with BIMS. The second highest group has between 40 to 60 months service with BIMS. The lowest frequency of one appears in five of the 17 classes. The classes with the lowest frequency of one are 120 < 140, 140 < 160, 240 < 260, 260 < 280, and 320 < 340. After summarizing the months of service per respondents, Team C focuses on the gender, division of employment, and manager/supervisors role questions. Team C completes the statistical summary of the BIMS data using the first 10 questions that represent the ordinal-level data. Frequency Distribution - Quantitative B. How long have you worked for BIMS? cumulative lower upper midpoint width frequency percent frequency percent 0 < 20 10 20 34 43.6 34 43.6 20 < 40 30 20 8 10.3 42 53.8 40 < 60 50 20 12 15.4 54 69.2 60 < 80 70 20 7 9.0 61 78.2 80 < 100 90 20 7 9.0 68 87.2 100 < 120 110 20 3 3.8 71 91.0 120 < 140 130 20 1 1.3 72 92.3 140 < 160 150 20 1 1.3 73 93.6 160 < 180 170 20...
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...Chapter 2 Descriptive Statistics: Tabular and Graphical Methods Summarizing Qualitative Data Summarizing Quantitative Data Exploratory Data Analysis Crosstabulations and Scatter Diagrams Summarizing Qualitative Data Frequency Distribution Relative Frequency Percent Frequency Distribution Bar Graph Pie Chart Frequency Distribution A frequency distribution is a tabular summary of data showing the frequency (or number) of items in each of several nonoverlapping classes. The objective is to provide insights about the data that cannot be quickly obtained by looking only at the original data. Example: Marada Inn Guests staying at Marada Inn were asked to rate the quality of their accommodations as being excellent, above average, average, below average, or poor. The ratings provided by a sample of 20 guests are shown below. Below Average Average Above Average Above Average Above Average Above Average Above Average Below Average Below Average Average Poor Poor Above Average Excellent Above Average Average Above Average Average Above Average Average Example: Marada Inn Frequency Distribution Rating Frequency Poor 2 Below Average 3 Average 5 Above Average 9 Excellent 1 Total 20 Relative Frequency Distribution The relative frequency of a class is the fraction or proportion of the total number...
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...Ben (Yu Zhenghao) Case study 1 February 3, 2012 Set A 1. The average age of customers is 43.08. 2. The average age of the married customers is 44.5. 3. The average age of single customers is 35.625. 4. Female:93% Male:7% 5. The average sales of single customers are 75.35 and average sales of married customers are 78.02. Married customers consumed much than single customers. Set B 1.Method of Payment | Frequency distribution | Proprietary Card | 70 | MasterCard | 14 | Visa | 10 | Discover | 4 | American Express | 2 | 2. | Relative frequency distribution | Percent frequency distribution | Proprietary Card | 0.7 | 70% | MasterCard | 0.14 | 14% | Visa | 0.1 | 10% | Discover | 0.04 | 4% | American Express | 0.02 | 2% | 3. The graph shows the proportion of five payments. It seems that proprietary card covers the most area. The bar chart clearly shows the number of five means of payments. Besides, the frequency of the use of five methods of payment is also clearly notified. 4. Proprietary Card has the most use of customers. Set C 1. 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 6 |...
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...Page 21 to 27 1. Discuss the differences between statistics as numerical facts and statistics as a discipline or field of study. 10. The Wall Street Journal (WSJ) subscriber survey (October 13, 2003) asked 46 questions about subscriber characteristics and interests. State whether each of the following questions provided categorical or quantitative data and indicate the measurement scale appropriate for each. a. What is your age? Quantitative b. Are you male or female? Categorical c. When did you first start reading the WSJ? High school, college, early career, midcareer, late career, or retirement? Categorical d. How long have you been in your present job or position? Quantitative e. What type of vehicle are you considering for your next purchase? Nine response categories include sedan, sports car, SUV, minivan, and so on. Categorical 15. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) reported the number of new drugs approved over an eight-year period (The Wall Street Journal, January 12, 2004). Figure 1.9 provides a bar chart summarizing the number of new drugs approved each year. a. Are the data categorical or quantitative? Quantitative b. Are the data time series or cross-sectional? Data time series c. How many new drugs were approved in 2003? About 20 d. In what year were the fewest new drugs approved? How many? 2002 e. Comment on the trend in the number of new drugs approved by the FDA over the Eight-year period. The FDA approved of more new drugs between the years...
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...Assignment II: Statistics Analysis in Business 1. What is the level of measurement for each of the following variables? a. Student IQ ratings b. Distance students travel to class c. Date of birth d. Number of hours students study per week 2. Place these variables in the following classification tables. Qualitative | Quantitative | | | e. Salary f. Gender g. Temperature h. Exam score i. Student rank in the class j. Number of mobile phone k. Soft drink preference 3. A total of 1,000 residents in Minnesota were asked which season they preferred. The results were 100 liked winter best, 300 liked spring, 400 liked summer, and 200 liked fall. If the data were summarized in a frequency table, how many classes would be used? What would be the relative frequencies for each class? Conduct a frequency table. 4. A set of data consisted of 38 observations. How many classes would you recommend for the frequency distribution? 5. A set of data consisted of 230 observations between $235 and $567. What class interval would you recommend? 6. Wachesaw Manufacturing, Inc., produced the following number of units in the last 16 days. 27 27 27 28 27 25 25 2826 28 26 28 31 30 26 26 | The information is to be organized into a frequency distribution. ...
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...Suburban and Rural. The frequency distribution and Bar chart are given as follows: Frequency Distribution: | | Location | Frequency | | Urban | 22 | | Suburban | 15 | | Rural | 13 | | | | | From the frequency distribution and bar chart, it is clear that the maximum number of customers belongs to the urban sub-category (44%), followed by those in the suburban sub-category (30%). Only 26% of the customers belong to the rural sub-category. The next variable considered is Size. It is a quantitative variable. The measures of central tendency, variation and other descriptive statistics have been calculated for this variable and are shown below: Frequency Table | Value | Frequency | Frequency % | 1 | 8 | 16.00 | 2 | 7 | 14.00 | 3 | 6 | 12.00 | 4 | 4 | 8.00 | 5 | 4 | 8.00 | 6 | 6 | 12.00 | 7 | 7 | 14.00 | 8 | 8 | 16.00 | Descriptive Statistics: | Size | Mean | 4.5 | Median | 4.5 | Mode | 1,8 | Standard Deviation | 2.525 | Sample Variance | 6.378 | Range | 7 | Minimum | 1 | Maximum | 8 | Sum | 225 | Count | 50 | The mean household size of the customers is given as 4.5....
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...| Course Project: AJ DAVIS DEPARTMENT STORES | | | | | | This is a report presenting detailed statistical analysis of the data collected from a sample of fifty credit customers in the department chain store AJ DAVIS. Data was collected on five variables, which were location, income, size, years at current location and credit balance. The first variable analyzed was that of Location. The location data is a categorical variable. Which was further broken down into three subcategories? These subcategories are Urban, Suburban and Rural. A frequency distribution and pie chart are given as follows: Frequency Distribution: | Location | Frequency | Urban | 21 | Suburban | 15 | Rural | 14 | The pie chart and frequency distribution, proves that the largest number of customers are those in the rural category (42%), followed by those in the suburban category (30%). There are only 28% of the customers falling into the urban category. The next variable analyzed was Size. It is a quantitative variable. Central tendency, variation and a bar graph were calculated for the Size variable. The mean household size of the customers is 3.42. And the median of the data collected is 3, the mode is 2. The standard deviation is rounded to the nearest one hundredth and is 1.74. Upon reviewing the frequency distribution chart and the bar graph, the largest number of customer household size is 2. Size | Mean | 3.42 | Median | 3 | Mode | 2 | Standard...
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...analysis of AJ DAVIS department store customers. Data was collected from a sample of 50 AJ DAVIS credit customers for the purpose of learning more about the customers of AJ DAVIS. The first variable considered is Location, a categorical variable. The three subcategories are Urban, Suburban and Rural. The frequency distribution and pie chart are included. Measures of central tendency and descriptive statistics are not calculated due to the categorical nature of the variable. Frequency Distribution: LOCATION | FREQUENCY | Urban | 22 | Suburban | 15 | Rural | 13 | The largest number of customers belong to the Urban Location category (44%), followed by those in the Suburban Location category (30%). The least number of customers belong in the Rural Location category (26%). The next individual variable considered is Household Size, meaning the number of people living in the household. Size is a quantitative variable. The measures of central tendency and variation along with other descriptive statistics have been calculated for this variable. Descriptive Statistics: AJ DAVIS Customer Data - Household Size Total Variable Count N N* CumN Percent CumPct Mean SE Mean TrMean StDev C1 50 50 0 50 100 100 3.420 0.246 3.341 1.739 Sum of Variable Variance CoefVar Sum Squares Minimum Q1 Median Q3 C1 3.024 50.85 171.000 733.000 1.000...
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...variables occur). Frequency Distribution Location Frequency (# of Customers) Urban 21 Suburban 15 Rural 14 Interpretation: Based on the information shown in both the pie chart and the frequency distribution chart, we can see that more of the customers (21/50 = 42%) are from urban areas. Suburban areas are next with (15/50) 30% of the customers and rural areas have the least amount of customers with (14/50) 28%. Credit Balance The credit balance is the amount of funds that are currently charged to the credit card. Credit balance is a quantitative variable which means we actually can get an exact numerical value. A histogram is a graph of frequency distribution using rectangles. Descriptive Statistics: CREDIT BALANCE($) Total Variable Count N N* CumN Percent CumPct Mean SE Mean StDev CREDIT BALANCE($) 50 50 0 50 100 100...
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...Construct a frequency distribution table for the following: 1. Thirty-six customers were categorized according to civil status. The data set is |Single |Single |Married |Married |Single | |Single |18 |18 |0.5 |50 | |Married |13 |13 |0.36 |36.1 | |Widow |5 |5 |0.14 |13.9 | |TOTAL |36 |36 |1 |100 | 2. Samples of forty-two (42) college students are considered for study and were categorized according to year level. The date set is |Freshman |Freshman |Freshman |Sophomore |Junior | |Freshman |15 |15 |0.36 |35.7 | |Sophomore |12 |12 |0.29 |28.6 | |Junior |9...
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...must include the entire legal notice at bottom. Contributors:Elyssa Tardiff, Allen Brizee. Summary: This resource describes why outlines are useful, what types of outlines exist, suggestions for developing effective outlines, and how outlines can be used as an invention strategy for writing. Four Main Components for Effective Outlines Ideally, you should follow the four suggestions presented here to create an effective outline. When creating a topic outline, follow these two rules for capitalization: For firstlevel heads, present the information using all uppercase letters; and for secondary and tertiary items, use upper and lowercase letters. The examples are taken from the Sample Outline handout. Parallelism—How do I accomplish this? Each heading and subheading should preserve parallel structure. If the first heading is a verb, the second heading should be a verb. Example: I. CHOOSE DESIRED COLLEGES II. PREPARE APPLICATION ("Choose" and "Prepare" are both verbs. The present tense of the verb is usually the preferred form for an outline.) Coordination—How do I accomplish this? All the information contained in Heading 1 should have the same significance as the information contained in Heading 2. The same goes for the subheadings (which should be less significant than the headings). Example: 1. VISIT AND EVALUATE COLLEGE CAMPUSES 2. VISIT AND EVALUATE COLLEGE WEBSITES 1. Note important statistics 2. Look for interesting classes (Campus and Web sites visits are equally significant...
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