...Renz Erick R. Delgado BSCE 4 200810163 “STEEL” BASIC STRUCTURE OF THE MATERIAL Steel is an alloy that consists mostly of iron and has carbon content between 0.2% and 2.1% by weight, depending on the grade. It also consists of small quantities such as manganese, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, copper, tungsten, cobalt, or silicon. It is generally hard, strong, durable, malleable alloy and depending on the desired alloy properties, the constituents in steel vary. The density of steel varies based on the alloying constituents, but usually ranges between 7,750 and 8,050 kg/m3 (484 and 503 lb/cu ft), or 7.75 and 8.05 g/cm3 (4.48 and 4.65 oz/cu in). Carbon is the most common alloying material for iron, but various other alloying elements are used, such as manganese, chromium, vanadium, and tungsten. Carbon and other elements act as a hardening agent, preventing dislocations in the iron atom crystal lattice from sliding past one another. Varying the amount of alloying elements and the form of their presence in the steel (solute elements, precipitated phase) controls qualities such as the hardness, ductility, and tensile strength of the resulting steel. Steel with increased carbon content can be made harder and stronger than iron, but such steel is also less ductile than iron. Though steel had been produced by various inefficient methods long before the Renaissance, its use became more common after more-efficient production methods were devised...
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...Light steel construction and modular homes as alternative building methods in South Africa. By: Dewald Barnard 26144362 Submitted in fulfilment of part of the requirements for the degree of B.Sc(Hons)(Construction Management) In the faculty of Engineering, Built Environment and information technology University of Pretoria 1. Chapter 1......................................................................................................................................... 7 1.1Research Proposal.......................................................................................................................... 7 1.2. Problem ........................................................................................................................................ 7 1.2.1 Chapter 2................................................................................................................................ 7 1.2.2 Chapter 3................................................................................................................................ 7 1.2.3 Chapter 4................................................................................................................................ 8 1.2.4 Chapter 5................................................................................................................................ 8 1.3. Research methodology ..........................................................................................................
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...taken by an individual manager or by an organization at the strategic, functional or operational levels Reinventing a Giant Corporation: The Case of Tata Steel D V R Seshadri and Arabinda Tripathy A KEY WORDS Reinvention Change Management Turnaround Tata Steel Liberalization Response to Globalization t the meeting of the senior management of Tata Steel to celebrate the spectacular performance of the company, Mr. B Muthuraman, the Managing Director, recalled with satisfaction the remarkable strides that the company had made from the difficult days in the early nineties, when the company, used to a protected environment, was suddenly thrown open to global competition, consequent to the liberalization of the Indian economy. The company had closed the year with a record profit of Rs. 34.74 billion. A series of initiatives launched by the company over the last 15 years had culminated in these stellar results although there were many challenges at every step. At each stage in its journey, the company did what needed to be done. In retrospect, however, the various initiatives launched by the company over the years now appeared to fit into a coherent picture. The company had made steady progress over the years and had now achieved a pre-eminent status in the Indian steel industry. It had become one of the lowest cost steel producers in the world five years ago, a distinction that it had continued to maintain. All key performance indicators indicated that the company was in the...
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...1. Introduction Steel is one of the most important industrial products of our life. It is used from power cables to safety pin. In tools, military weapons, making our homes and so and so on. Steel industry is considered backbone of industrial growth. Its sustained growth is vital given the cascading impact it has on the economic development in many sectors such as oil and gas, electrical and electronics, transport, shipbuilding, building and construction, fabrication, machinery and equipment as well as the national trade balance 2. Overview Malaysian steel industry contributes ~ 4% to the economy, employing ~150,000 people •There’s a ~ 22.4 MTA demand in ASEAN - 18.3 MTA for flat products. •A fully developed steel industry could contribute up to ~6.5% to the Malaysian economy by 2020. •Malaysia steel demand is the 4th largest in ASEAN (Thailand, Viet Nam, Indonesia) and growing at 6% for past 20 years. MITI presentation, SECOND NATIONAL MARINE INDUSTRIES FORUM 2012 (2NMIF) Production: Losses: The Economic Transformation Programme (ETP) initiated by the Malaysian Government has begun to show some positive results. As the ETP is rolled out in stages, the significant impact on steel demand will not be shown until after the full implementation of all these infrastructure and construction projects. However, the Economic Stimulus measures put in place by the Malaysian Government during the global financial crisis continued to stabilise the economy, helping businesses...
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...STEEL INDUSTRY ANALYSIS 1. Industry trends: Indian and Global perspectives, recent happenings. Steel is the back bone of human civilization, it is very crucial in development of a modern economy. The per capita consumption of steel shows the living standard of people in any country. Global Perspective: The industry directly employs about more than two million people worldwide, with a further two million contractors and four million people in the supporting industries. Considering steel’s position as the key product supplier to industries such as automotive, construction, transport, power and machine goods, and using a multiplier of 25:1, the steel industry is at the source of employment for more than 50 million people. World crude steel production has increased from 851 mega tonnes (Mt) in 2001 to 1,527 Mt in 2011. (It was 28.3 Mt in 1900).World average steel use per capita has steadily increased from 150 kg in 2001 to 215 kg in 2011. India, Brazil, South Korea and Turkey have all entered the top 10 steel producers list in the last 40 years. World Steel in Figures 2012 The World Steel Association (world steel) has published the 2012 edition of World Steel in Figures. World Steel in Figures provides essential facts and statistics about the global steel industry. The book contains comprehensive information on crude steel production, apparent steel use, pig iron production, steel trade, iron ore production and trade, and scrap trade. World Steel in Figures lists major...
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...Sand Tester Home > Water Well Products > Calculations & Specifications Collapse Strength Calculations The following collapse formulae provide the user practical tools to estimate collapse strengths of various types of casing and screen. It is important that one pays particular attention to the material and manufacturing standards for the casing and screen specified so that acceptable tolerances are considered and adequate safety factors applied. Collapse Strength of Steel Casing: Timoshenko's Formula, shown below, is commonly accepted to be the most accurate method available for estimating the collapse strength of steel pipe with diameter/thickness ratios common to those used in the construction of water wells. Where: Pcr = Theoretical collapse strength of a perfectly round tube Where: Pe = Collapse pressure with ellipticity (psi) E = Young's M odulus for Steel (3x107) u = Poisson's Ratio (0.3) Do = Outside diameter of casing (inches) t = Wall thickness (inches) S = Yield strength (mild steel = 35,000 psi) e = ellipticity, frequently assumed as 0.01 Perform Calc ulation Collapse Strength of Shutter Screen: Shutter Screen, sometimes referred to as Louver Screen, actually has a greater collapse strength than casing of the same diameter and wall thickness due to the corrugating effect of the louvers. As a result, shutter screen's collapse strength is up to 60% stronger than the pipe from which it was made. Factors which determine the extent of increased strength...
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...INTRODUCTION KNG Ribbed Steel is an easily weldable, high strength and high bond reinforcing steel which conforms to Indian Standards IS 1786-2008 and International Standards ASTM-A497,BS-4483, 4449, DIN 488. It can be produced in Fe-500 and Fe-550 grade. The availability in smaller diameter sizes makes it very economical and helps contribute to conservation of steel. FEATURES 1. Can be used with any grade of concrete, M20 and above 2. Made from low Carbon mild steel (less than 0.20% Carbon) 3. Diameter sizes of 5mm, 6mm, 7mm, 9mm are available in Fe 500 and Fe 550 grade MANUFACTURING PROCESS 1. Superior and latest German technology called ’Cold Rolling and Ribbing’ is involved in the manufacturing of KNG Ribbed steel 2. The processes ’Cold Flattening’ and ’Cold Ribbing’ make KNG Ribbed Steel stronger than Hot Rolled bars 3. International quality manufacturing process that involves latest technology makes KNG Ribbed Steel the best choice in terms of quality and efficiency ADVANTAGES 1. Ultimate Strength: KNG Ribbed Steel has a high proof strength of 550 N/mm2 compared to a proof strength of 415/500 N/mm2 of the 415/500 grade steel 2. Excellent Replacement: Conventional high strength deformed bars of Fe 415/500 grade, of diameters 8mm and 10mm can be replaced by KNG Ribbed Steel of diameters 7mm and 9mm. Similarly, KNG Ribbed Steel of diameter 5mm can replace mild steel bars of 6mm, which is often used as secondary reinforcement ...
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...SLAG - IRON AND STEEL December, 2014 16-1 SLAG - IRON AND STEEL 16 Slag - Iron and Steel S lag is a by-product generated during manufacturing of pig iron and steel. It is produced by action of various fluxes upon gangue materials within the iron ore during the process of pig iron making in blast furnace and steel manufacturing in steel melting shop. Primarily, the slag consists of calcium, magnesium, manganese and aluminium silicates in various combinations. The cooling process of slag is responsible mainly for generating different types of slags required for various end-use consumers. Although, the chemical composition of slag may remain unchanged, physical properties vary widely with the changing process of cooling. In an integrated steel plant, 2 to 4 tonnes of wastes (including solid, liquid and gas) are generated for every tonne of steel produced. A c c o r d i n g l y, t o d a y t h e e m p h a s i s i s o n t h e avoidance of waste generation, recycling and reuse of waste, and minimising the adverse impact of disposal on the environment. Among all the solid/liquid wastes, slags generated at iron making and steel making units are created in the largest quantities. With increasing capacities, disposal of large quantities of slag becomes a big environmental concern and a critical issue for steel makers. Over the last few years, with a better understanding of slags, its functions and improvements in process technologies have led ...
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...Analysis of Indian Iron and Steel Industry Table of Contents 1Introduction.......................................................................................................... 3 1.1Varieties of Steel................................................................................ ...............5 1.2Production Technology .....................................................................................6 1.3Components of the cost of production..............................................................7 2The Global Steel Industry.....................................................................................9 3The Structure of Indian Steel Industry...............................................................10 3.1Factors that attribute to the Revival of the Indian Steel Industry....................11 3.2Consumption of Steel in India.........................................................................16 3.2.1Top Five Companies.....................................................................................16 3.2.2Bottom Five Companies..............................................................................25 4Quantitative Analysis.........................................................................................32 4.1Ratio Analysis................................................................................................. .32 5Qualitative Analysis.........................................................................................
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...Introduction to the industry Metals have accompanied mankind since ancient ages, and steel, if we begin to follow it from the moment of its historically famed damascene form - for some millennia. From the era of craftsman-like small-scale production to today's form of industrial mass production, steel has covered an intricate path lined with significant innovations in production processes, development of range and quality of products, and perpetually growing productivity of labour, improving economies and ecological load. In addition, a radical change in relationship to the customers is occuring at the end of this century, namely by a pronounced shift of readiness towards the needs and requirements of these customers. Steel's indisputable significance is confirmed by the fact that it has become the second most mass-produced commodity after cement production, attaining the world-wide production volume of approx. 750 mil tons yearly. The art of iron production from ore arose in connection with the practices of copper and lead technologies in Anatolya, in northern Syria and possibly also in part of Iran. Iron ores were added as fluxes for treatment of sulphide copper ores. Iron drops, which the local manufacturers identified already 3000 years BC, comparing these with meteoritic iron, already hinted at the existence of the possibility of producing iron, but this only occurred practically 15 centuries later. Since that time, it is necessary to reckon that only small amounts of this...
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...Management Report on Case 2: Tata Steel Table of Content Company Overview……...….…..……….………………………. 1 Problems & issues company faced ……………………………… 3 Probable Solutions…………... … ………………………………. 4 Compnay Overview Tata Iron and Steel Company was established by Dorabji Tata on August 25, 1907, as part of his father Jamsetji's Tata Group.By 1939 it operated the largest steel plant in the British Empire. The company launched a major modernization and expansion program in 1951. Later in 1958, the program was upgraded to 2 Million metric tonnes per annum (MTPA) project.By 1970, the company employed around 40,000 people at Jamshedpur, with a further 20,000 in the neighbouring coal mines.In 1971 and 1979, there were unsuccessful attempts to nationalise the company.In 1990, it started expansion plan and established its subsidiary Tata Inc. in New York. The company changed its name from TISCO to Tata Steel in 2005. After then Tata Steel Limited (formerly Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited (TISCO)) constructed their headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra, Based in Jamshedpur India, and a subsidiary of the Tata Group. It was the 12th largest steel producing company in the world in 2012, with an annual crude steel capacity of 23.8 million tons, and the 2nd largest private-sector steel company in India (measured by domestic production) with an annual capacity of 9.7 million tons and the world’s 56th largest company. Post Corus merger, Tata Steel was India’s second-largest and second-most...
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...Indian Steel Industry India is among the top producers of all the form of steel in the world. Low cost manpower and the abundance of iron ore and coal reserves makes India highly competitive. India became the 4th largest producer of crude steel in the world in 2010 as against the 8th position in 2003 and is expected to become the second largest producer of crude steel by 2015. The country has acquired a central position on the global steel map with its giant steel mills, acquisition of global scale capacities by players, continuous modernization and up-gradation of old plants, improving energy efficiency and back integration into global raw material sources. A new research report Indian Steel Industry Outlook to 2012 says that the, Indian crude steel production will grow at a CAGR of around 10% during 2010-2013. The demand for steel is a derived from the demand from other sectors like automobiles, consumer durables, and infrastructure. With the government proactive incentive plans to boost economic growth by injecting funds in various industries, such as construction, infrastructure, automobile, and power will drive the steel industry in future. Led by strong demand for autos and engineering services, the domestic steel demand in India remains robust, as per Moody's sectoral analysis on Asia's steel sector. According to the analysis, the outlook for the domestic operating environment is positive, driven by robust growth in infrastructure, autos and construction and constrains...
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...Steel Industry The Bangladesh Steel Re-Rolling Mills, commonly known as BSRM, is a Bangladeshi steel manufacturing conglomerate based in Chittagong. It was founded in 1952, when the Ismaili Africawala brothers established the first steel rolling plant in erstwhile East Bengal.[2][3][4] Products: XTREME 500W GRADE 60 STRUCTURAL SECTION SPRING STEEL BSRM was the first steel company in Bangladesh to receive ISO 9001:2000 certification. The system has been continuously modified and developed in many surveillance visits by the lead assessors and BSRM continues to develop it in a manner consistent with International Certification Practices. The company is also in the process of securing the globally acknowledged, U.K. based CARES product certification and registration. The aim of the system is to work for the consistent assurance of quality and its implementation will ensure product quality and thus customer satisfaction. Due to the nature of the industry, where in-process materials are not present, final product testing is done in a modern testing lab equipped with computerized testing machines to measure chemical and mechanical properties. Finished goods are stored in intermediate quarantine until clearance from Quality Control and then stored in the finished goods storage area ready for delivery. Product traceability is ensured through a label that shows the date of production and other information such as diameter, length, weight of bundle and grade. This quality system...
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...Steel in rural India: Big market waiting to be tapped INDIAN steel production grew 2.5 per cent in the first six months of this fiscal. Together with the surplus capacity, this makes for a mutually reinforcing cause-and-effect relationship, impacting the sector's performance. Though recently the demand for long products, traditionally used by the construction sector, has been on the rise, the prospect for flat products, linked to downstream industries, remains bleak. With the per capita consumption of steel in India almost static over the last few years at around 26 kg, one of the lowest in the world, demand growth is a matter of concern. The Ninth Plan working group predicted a domestic demand of around 31 million tonnes by 2000-2001. The actual aggregate demand, however, has not exceeded 26 million tonnes till now. Unfortunately, however, the production capacity of the steel industry has exceeded the 30-million-tonne mark. This mismatch has affected the country's steel scenario. Traditionally, steel demand has been linked to construction and infrastructure development. Over the last five years, two other segments — white goods and automobiles — have assumed importance. This segment-wise categorisation does not take into account the rural sector. And demand projections for general segments do not reflect the potential for increasing steel consumption in rural areas. The rural sector, especially in such prosperous States as Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and western...
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...HOT ROLLING MILL (HRM): Salem steel plant is a special steel unit of the Indian Steel giant. Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) pioneered the supply of wider cold rolled stainless steel coils and sheets in India. Phase-1 of the plant was commissioned in 1981 with French technical know-how. The capacity was augmented from the initial 32,000 tons of cold rolled stainless steel sheets and coils to 70000 tons per annum in 1991under Phase-2 expansion. A most modern stainless steel blanking line was installed in 1993 to produce coin blanks and utility blanks. The technical know-how foe the engineering process was done by the centre of engineering and technology (CET), the consultants of SAIL. The hot rolling facility commissioned in November 1995 has an installed capacity of more than 200000 tons of hot rolled flat products. The main four high steckel hot strips mill, four high reversing roughing mill and down coiler have been supplied by M/S SMS SCHLOEMANN SIEMAG, Germany. ITALIAMPIANTI, Italy have supplied the walking beam reheating furnace and M/S TOSHIBA, Japan have supplied the roll grinding machines. The main electronics are supplied by M/S Siemens, Germany. The hot strip mill, the mother unit of hot rolling facility is provided with hydraulic Gange setting and Automatic Gange Control (AGC). The continuously variable crown (CVC) which controls the profile flatness by the work roll shifting and bending ensures top notch quality hot rolled products meeting customer’s exact...
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