...The Ancient Egyptians built the pyramids as tombs for the pharaohs. The pharaohs were buried in pyramids of different shapes and sizes from the beginning of the old kingdom to end of the middle kingdom. There are about eighty pyramids known today from Ancient Egypt. (ancientegypt.com) The oldest known pyramids, known as step pyramids, were built in the 3rd Dynasty under a king called Djoser during 2630 and 2611 B.C., throughout this time the history of royal tomb building had fallen into two main stages. In the first two dynasties, kings and nobles were buried in simple brick structures. Then, in the 3rd dynasty during 2630 and 2611 B.C. Pharaoh Djoser and Imhotep, who was Djoser’s chancellor and High Priest, designed and built the first...
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...The Pharos of Alexandria, the pyramids in Egypt, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, the Acropolis and the Parthenon in Greece, the Roman aqueducts, Via Appia and the Colosseum, Teotihuacán and the cities and pyramids of the Mayan, Inca and Aztec Empires, the Great Wall of China, the Brihadeeswarar Temple of Thanjavur and tombs of India, among many others, stand as a testament to the ingenuity and skill of the ancient civil and military engineers. The earliest civil engineer known by name is Imhotep.[3] As one of the officials of the Pharaoh, Djosèr, he probably designed and supervised the construction of the Pyramid of Djoser (the Step Pyramid) at Saqqara in Egypt around 2630-2611 BC.[6] Ancient Greece developed machines in both civilian and military domains. The Antikythera mechanism, the first known mechanical computer,[7][8] and the mechanical inventions of Archimedes are examples of early mechanical engineering. Some of Archimedes' inventions as well as the Antikythera mechanism required sophisticated knowledge of differential gearing or epicyclic gearing, two key principles in machine theory that helped design the gear trains of the Industrial Revolution, and are still widely used today in diverse fields such as robotics and automotive engineering.[9] Chinese, Greek and Roman armies employed complex military machines and inventions such as artillery which was developed by the Greeks around the 4th century B.C.,[10] the trireme, the ballista and the catapult. In the Middle...
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...Matt Cannis Western Civilization Essay question #1 October 13th, 2012 The main key to the civilization of Egypt was the Nile River. The Nile over flowed once a year leaving deposits of minerals and fertile black soil, which made it the richest agricultural region in the Mediterranean world(17). The whole civilization ran up and down the Nile, no more than fourteen miles away in either direction. Egyptian history was divided into three periods called kingdoms(Old, Middle, New and two intermediate periods). Egypt was divided into two kingdoms, lower in the north and upper in the south, since the Nile flows from south to north. Two of the major cities were actually developed in Lower Egypt, Nekhen and Abydos(18). The two communities were pretty developed for their time. Pharaohs(which means “great household”) were appointed to rule over Egypt(19).They formed their own political organization, religion, industry, and new ideas. We know the least about the history of the Old Kingdom. Historians relied on texts from the deceased. They came to discover that the Egyptians were very keen on the aspect of death. We do however find out a lot about the Pharaohs. They were considered the link between the land, people, and their gods(21). Taxes, trade, and labor were all administered by the Pharaoh as well. Even though the Pharaoh was in so much power, they needed help. So they appointed “governors” called nomarchs, which usually was from their family. Since Egypt was so huge, communication...
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...Khufu (a.k.a. Cheops) was the second pharaoh to rule Ancient Egypt during the fourth dynasty, in the first half of the Old Kingdom. With Khufu’s birth name being Khnum-Khufwy, the name Khnum represents the ram-headed god of procreation, water, and fertility. His reign as pharaoh was estimated to last from 2589 BC through 2566 BC, and was also born on 2620 BC and died in 2566 BC. The first pharaoh of the fourth dynasty was Sneferu, Khufu's father, who married Queen Hetepheres I and had Khufu as their only child. Khufu had nine sons and fifteen daughters, with Meritites I being the spouse, including each member to be held in an impressive position at the royal court. Whether you have come across several texts, I’m pretty sure you have...
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...Many researchers have done their work to find out who built the Egyptian Pyramids, and how they were built. Did the slaves build the pyramids? Here, we are going to find out. “ The pyramids are remarkable not only for the great technical skill they demonstrate, but also for the concentration of resources they represent” (Craig 11). The pyramids were not all built and designed by the same people. The pyramids were built under the name of pharaoh, meaning the term “great house.” Djoser, a third dynasty king, was the first to build a monumental six-step pyramid of hard stone. Khufu was the son of Djoser was the leader in building the largest pyramid ever constructed, plateau of Giza. It is 481 feet high, 765 feet long on each side, and with the base covering 13.1 acrs. The pyramid is made of 2.3 million stone blocks averaging 2.5 tons each. Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure built the exact same three pyramids at Giza. Beyond that there are over 120 pyramids throughout Egypt. The workers who built the pyramids were Egyptians, not slaves, as many people do believe. Farmers lived in villages made for workers of the pyramids. They built the Pyramids while the nile was flooding. There are three burial chambers in or under the Great Pyramid. The first chamber was built under the Great Pyramid and it was no finish. This was then followed by the Queen's and Kings chambers. These pyramids were built to serve as tombs for kings and queens. After a ruler had passed away, his or her body was...
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...population. They used the Nile extensively for the water to help the production of crops. After they planted the crops there was a time of harvest in which they were able to gather food and store them for future use. They also had a hereditary leader because most, if not every Pharaoh had the throne passed from one generation to another. Warfare is also needed to expand the boundaries to help give more land to support a growing population. Egypt was also surrounded by deserts and the Nile River. They were very limited in the that they could move around due to these geological and environmental features. Egypt began to civilize into a pristine state around 3100 BC. Dates have been confirmed from the leftover of its cultural belongings such as pyramids, tombs, tools, and mummies. The founder ancient Egypt’s capital was King Menes in which he was the first ruler. He was...
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...Adasia S. Zackery Mrs. Howard World History (Honors) 29 November 2014 Egypt Geography The transcontinental country of Egypt is located in the northern part of Africa right alongside the Mediterranean and Red Seas. Egypt shares borders with the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula, plus the countries of Libya, Israel, and Sudan. Egypt is mainly made up of desert plateaus, yet the Nile River flows through its eastern part. The country is 386,662 square miles, which make it the 30th largest country in the entire world. The Egypt is normally humid and hot, but the nights are cool. Since Egypt only has two seasons, humid summers and mild winters, the temperatures change tremendously, yet in the winter they don’t seem to change drastically. In fact, in the coastal regions the temperature can range from a minimum of 14°C in the winter to a maximum of 30°C in the summer. In the inland areas temperatures vary widely in the summer. They can range from 7°C at nighttime to 43° in the day. In the winter the temperatures range from 0°C at night to 18°C in the daytime. Winter lasts from November to April, and the summers are from May to October. There aren’t many variations between the two seasons besides the temperature in the daytime and the day-to-day winds. The country barely receives and rain on a yearly basis. In fact, Egypt’s wettest area is the Alexandria, which only receives a maximum of 200 millimeters of rain each year. Egypt receives winds, known as the sirocco and the khamsin...
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...Underworld for judgment, and to gain entrance into the Afterlife” (Writer873.) mummification most likely started when bodies were buried in the sand on the outside of the villages. The heat and sand would draw the moisture from the bodies thus naturally preserving them. It was only after ancient Egyptians started building tombs did they have to find a way of preserving the bodies themselves. In the beginning only pharos and high priests were allowed to be mummified. It was believed that the Pharaoh would go into the heavens and join his father, the sun god. His family and high ranking officers could also attain immortality as well as a chance for those who built his tomb. This belief could explain why the Pharaoh was able to build huge pyramids for his tomb. It wasn’t until after many years, and after the process was perfected a bit more, that common people were able to afford to have their dead mummified. The process of mummification was a long and difficult one, only the Artisans or priests, were allowed to perform the mummifications. These priests were different from the normal temple priests, as they needed to have a special understanding of the human body. They needed to know what organs would decay the fastest, and they had to have very steady hands. The slightest miss handling of a knife could result in some very messy cosmetic procedures, and with only seventy days to preserve the body, time was definitely of the essence. The priests also had to have a thorough knowledge...
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...Mystery of the Pyramids Week 4, Assignment 1 Hum111 Professor Nancy Barlar 3 November 2013 Mystery of the Pyramids There have been many theories regarding how the pyramids at Giza and how they were constructed. Most experts agree that they were constructed as burial monuments for pharaohs, but “how” these ancient people constructed monuments of such great size without modern machinery is a mystery which is still being debated. In the next few paragraphs I will be taking you into a look into the mystery that surrounds this highly debated subject. The Aztecs, Mayans, and ancient Egyptians were three very different civilizations with a span of almost the other side of the world away from each other, but with very large similarities to the way that they built the pyramids. However, out of these three ancient cultures, the Egyptians stand out as the people recognized for the classic pyramid design. Massive monuments with a square base and four smooth-sided triangular sides, raising to a point. The Aztecs and Mayans built their pyramids with tiered steps and a flat top. The Egyptians probably chose the distinctive form of the design for their pharaohs’ tombs because of their solar religion, for the ever associated sun god Ra, which is considered the father of all pharaohs and was said to have created himself from a pyramid=shaped mound of earth before creating all other gods. The pyramid’s shape and standing (location) is thought to have symbolized the sun’s rays...
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...Art and Artist Works Margaret Draper AIU Online Abstract Artists are the most visual people of all. Some of the artists use the abstract from of painting to express a visual language of form, color, and live to create a composition which may exist with a degree of independence from the visual references in the world. Some will produce their paintings in the museum so people can look at them as a gallery. I will provide you with two from of art from the Louvre Museum, I will compare and contrast both of them. Art and Artists Work From the Lourve Musuem is the Barberini Ivory leaf from an imperial diptych dating from Late Antiquity. It represents the emperor as triumphant victor. It is attributed to an imperial workshop in Constantine. On the back, lists names of the Franklish royal families. It was made up of five rectangular plaques. The plaques are fitted together by tongue and groove joints, around a larger central plaque. It measures 34.2 cm (13in) high b 26.8 cm (11) wide overall, with the central plaque 19 cm(7in) high by 12.5 cm(5) wide b 2.5 cm deep. It shares many features of their decorative schemes. The emperor is accompanied in the main panel by a conquerd barbarian in trousers to the left, representing territory conquered, who holds his foot in thanks, and an angel or victory, crowning the emperor. Above, Christ with a fashionable curl-hair style, flanked by angels. While the emperor represent him on earth. It was acquired by the Lourve in 1899. It was...
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...librarian and aspiring Egyptologist named Evelyn, and joins her and her brother on a quest to find Hamunaptra, a lost Ancient Egyptian city which is said to have numerous amounts of hidden treasure. Instead of finding treasure though, they accidently reawaken the mummy of Imhotep, who if brought back to life, will “arise a walking disease”, unleash the ten plagues of Egypt, become invincible, and cause mass destruction. First, I will highlight the historical inaccuracies of the characters shown in this movie. The main villain in The Mummy is Imhotep. In the beginning of the movie, Imhotep is shown to be the High Priest under the rule of Pharaoh Seti I. In actuality, Imhotep was an Egyptian polymath who served under the Third Dynasty Pharaoh Djoser as a chancellor and as the high priest of the sun god Ra. Imhotep was...
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...1)What does the study of humanities involve? What is the relevance of humanities in architecture? 1.The study of humanities involves academic disciplines that study human culture and history. The humanities include ancient and modern languages ,literature, philosophy, religion, and visual and performing arts such as music and theatre. We learn about distant cultures or past cultures. Through the exploration of humanities we learn how to think creatively and critically to reason and ask questions. These efforts preserve the great accomplishments of the past help us understand the world we live in and give us tools to imagine the future. 2.What are the broad divisions of human history? Write a brief on each. Prehistory (meaning "before history", or "before knowledge acquired by investigation", from the Latin word for "before," præ, and historia) is the span of time before recorded history or the invention of writing systems. Prehistory refers to the period of human existence before the availability of those written records with which recorded history begins. More broadly, it can refer to all the time preceding human existence and the invention. The term "prehistory" can refer to the vast span of time since the beginning of the Universe, but more often it refers to the period since life appeared on Earth, or even more specifically to the time since human-like beings appeared.[4][5] In dividing up human prehistory, prehistorians typically use the three-age system, whereas scholars...
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...The Great Pyramids of Dahshur 5/2/16 Western Civilization Ms. Nasiadka LH137080 Around five-thousand years ago the first pyramid (there are 4 types; bent, straight, step, smooth) of Egypt was built, it was the largest building of this time, and known as the Step Pyramid of Djoser, who was the king of Egypt at the time, and became an example for historical pyramids, including the Great Pyramids of Giza, and the less well known of Dahshur. The Great Pyramids of Dahshur were built in the 4th century (3rd millennium BC) at the time of the Old Kingdom (however some disagree and say the Middle Kingdom) by Pharaoh Sneferu (2613-2589 BC), this included the Bent Pyramid, the Red Pyramid and the ruined Black. The Dahshur pyramid field (where...
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...particularly the period of The Great Pyramids. After that I traveled to central Italy for a look at the Roman Civilization wanting to learn about the Etruscans and see the Tomb of the Reliefs. Finally I traveled to Milan during the Italian Renaissance to see the painting of The Last Supper by Leonardo de Vinci. Egypt is bustling during this period in time as the people are building The Great Pyramid for their Pharaoh and divine ruler Cheops. Cheops is the second Pharaoh of the fourth dynasty of Egypt and rules a unified country along with relatives and administrators. He is also the Pharaoh that commissioned the building of The Great Pyramid, which would become one of the Seven Wonders of the World. The Great Pyramid is built as a tomb from which Cheops or his spirit will ascend to the heavens and the sun God RA, who is believed to be the father of all things. The Egyptians believed that their body goes on in an afterlife. To the Egyptians the afterlife is a culmination of their lives work. The Pharaohs strive for a good afterlife and all of the people of the Pharaoh’s dynasty strive for and work toward that same goal. Part of what makes this civilization and culture so productive is the way they work for the unified causes of pleasing the Gods and having a good afterlife when they die. The people of Egypt believed that their good service and faith to their divine Pharaoh will help them to share in his eternity. The Great Pyramids are an important part of the Pharaoh’s...
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...CHAPTER 1 EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION * CHAPTER 2 EARLY 20TH CENTURY * CHAPTER 3 LATE 20TH CENTURY By: Tianna Young Hum/205 February 07th 2016 By: Tianna Young Hum/205 February 07th 2016 The first stop on our excursion will be a fun one amid the Egyptian Fourth Dynasty, basically the period when the Great Pyramid was worked for the pharaoh Cheops (KEE-pos) around 2530 B.C.E., (Benton and DiYanni, 2008). Egypt is occupied and truly moving as of right now as this is the time period where they are building The Great Pyramid for their pharaoh and supreme ruler Cheops. Cheops is the second pharaoh of the fourth line of Egypt and ruled a unified nation alongside his relatives and chairmen. He is additionally the pharaoh the appointed the working of The Great Pyramid, which is one of the seven marvels of the world. Cheops was exceptionally occupied as pharaoh, battling effort in the Sinai, starting building ventures in Memphis, alongside The Great Pyramid. His rule is point by point on the Westcar papyrus, (Bunson, M. 2002). Existence in the wake of death is a major ordeal to the Egyptians and The Great Pyramid will be the tomb from which Cheops ka or soul will climb to the sky and join Re the sun god why should accepted be the father, (Rosalie, D. 2003). To the Egyptians existence in the wake of death is the perfection of their all consuming purpose. The pharaoh's live for a decent existence in the wake of death and the majority of the general population...
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