...Effect of Color and Word on Response Time Lidia Emelina Brooklyn College of CUNY Abstract Selective attention is the act of focusing on a particular object for a period of time, while simultaneously ignoring irrelevant information. It happens on a daily basis and seen in basically any interactions (at school, at work, at store and etc). Many different researches were done with relevance of Stroop Effect, which allowed scientist to examine differences in gender, age, as well as education on the intervention effect. The METACARD software was used to explore the effect of congruent and incongruent stimuli on the reaction time of participant’s performance. The data is from 46 participants are presented here. Results revealed that when word and color match, participants have faster responses and less errors. When word and color do not match, participants have slower responses and make more errors. The Stroop effect demonstrates the dynamic of selective attention, illustrates the nature of automatic processing, and shows that people can improve their selective attention. Keywords: selective attention, interaction, stroop effect, automatic processing. Introduction The phenomenon of interference takes a large place in experimental psychology and demands our attention. Many psychologist investigate inhibiting effects nowadays. However, the psychologists began to study interference prior to 1890. Many experiments were conducted to investigate...
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...Psychological report on the Stroop effect By Thomas Silk Abstract The aim of this experiment is to study autonomic processes by replicating the previously carried out Stroop effect by using numbers. My hypothesis was that participants will be slower to properly identify the colour of ink when the ink used to produce colour names different from the ink. That is, observers were slower to identify red ink when it spelled the word blue. A number of 20 random participants aged in between 17-18 were recruited to participate in this experiment. Participants were presented with one condition for 10 participants and a second for the other 10.The first condition had the words of colours and were printed in a different colour ink, and the second condition the words were printed in the corresponding colour. Based on the results, participants took a considerably longer time to say the number of number in the incongruent condition than in the congruent condition. This corresponds to the earlier research carried out by Stroop. Therefore, it can be said that the powerfully autonomic nature of reading words is as same as reading numbers, as it is such a well-learned automatic activity it does interfere with the task. Introduction When you first learned to tie shoelaces you needed to carefully think through each step of the process. Now, you probably do not even seem to think about the steps, but simply initiate a series of movements that seem to proceed without any further influence. When a...
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...Running head: EVALUATING SOME POSSIBLE Evaluating some possible Causes of the Stroop Effect Matt Sheehan, M.S. Carolyn Rude-Parkins, Ph.D. University of Louisville November, 2007 Introduction The words blue, green, and yellow are words known to all as colors. If one of these color words is written in an ink color differing from the color it represents an individual spends more time to name that ink color than the ink color of neutral words. This is known as the Stroop effect. Studying this gives insight into the human mind. It can show how we handle interference across a number of different situations or how our automatic processes interact with and affect our controlled processes. The cause of the Stroop effect has been widely debated and researched over the years. Some researchers believe the cause is due to the fact that reading is such a well learned or even over learned process that it becomes automatic. When asked to identify ink colors of words reading the word causes distraction because reading is done much more often than naming ink colors. But where is the exact interference occurring in this process and why? It has been suggested that the interference occurs at the output or response stage as an individual struggles to express the correct color word from alternatives. Others believe the interference happens during encoding as an individual analyzes the word and is distracted from ink color. Still others would say it happens...
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...Title: Synaesthesia – a convincing example of a genuine effect in psychology. Synaesthesia is a condition in which stimulation of one modularity leads to unusual activation of different modularity. According to Simner (2007) the most common synaesthesias (ca. 88%) are induced by linguistically related stimuli such as words, graphemes (letters and numerals) and phonemes which trigger visual, gustatory or olfactory experience (e.g. colour, shape, taste, smell). For synaesthetes, in everyday life, reading a newspaper or listening to CD might result in seeing colours or experiencing tastes. For example (Simner, 2007), when ES hears a major sixth tone interval he tastes low-fat cream. Similarly, on hearing F-sharp he sees the colour purple. Such experience is sometimes described as a “merging of senses”. After Galton (1880) carried out his first studies on synaesthesia in the late 19th century not many scientists were investigating the phenomenon treating it instead as a curiosity. Recently, in the light of contemporary cognitive and neuroscience studies the topic of synaesthesia regained interest. Since initially, evidence indicating that synaesthesia is a real and concrete sensory phenomenon was scarce and based mainly on the anecdotal reports, scientists were interested in testing its genuineness. According to Ramachandran and Hubbard (2001) some accounts of the condition stated that it is solely product of imagination or that such experiences are nothing more than childhood...
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...ABSTRACT The aim of the present experiment was to assess attention and executive functioning, using Color-Trail Test and Behavioral Regulation index of Executive Functioning Adult version. For this purpose, two subjects-one young adult (female) and one female elderly (female) were taken of the age 22 years and 77 years respectively. In the first phase BRIEF-A self report form was administered to both subjects followed by CTT. The result showed that the performance of the elderly confirmed results from the BRIEF-A self- report, that there was a significant impairment in executive functions and divided attention in the elderly’s performance on the two tests as compared to the young adult whose abilities seem intact. INTRODUCTION The cerebral cortex can be divided into four sections, which are known as lobes, named for the bones of the skull that cover them. The frontal lobe refers to the anterior portion of the cerebral cortex and includes everything in front of the central sulcus. The frontal lobe contains most of the dopamine-sensitive neurons in the cerebral cortex. The dopamine system is associated with reward, attention, short-term memory tasks, planning, and drive. Dopamine tends to limit and select sensory information arriving from the thalamus to the fore-brain. Recent advances have uncovered important roles for the frontal lobes in a multitude of cognitive processes, such as executive function, attention, memory, and language. The importance of the frontal lobes in...
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...Academic procrastination in college students: The role of self-reported executive function Procrastination is the intentional delay of due tasks. The term is a known phenomenon in a college setting so I decided it would be beneficial to examine an experiment that evaluated how procrastination hurts different aspects of a college student’s life. The experiment I found was by Laura A. Rabin, Joshua Fogel and Katherine E. Nutter- Upham and they hypothesized that procrastination can negatively impact learning, achievement, academic self-efficiency and quality of life and that understanding the factors that produce and maintain this behavior will improve things overall. In the experiment, 212 college students age 30 and below were asked to fill out a 20-item questionnaire that examines behavior tendencies to delay the start of completion of everyday tasks. They rate various statements on a five point scale (1 = extremely uncharacteristic; 5 = extremely characteristic). An example of this would be “I often find myself performing tasks that I had intended to do days before” or “I usually start an assignment shortly after it is assigned.” After doing that, participants rated the frequency of 75 problematic behaviors over the past month on a three point scale (1 = never; 2 = sometimes; 3 = often). A higher score indicated a greater degree of executive dysfunction. Then finally they filled out something that measured their behavioral regulation or the ability to not act on an impulse...
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...The stroop effect can be reduced through stroop dilution and this is achieved through the use of neutral words. This paper focuses on a study undertaken on a sample where n = 30 and the participants were exposed to three tests, one test included testing time taken to read colour words which had the same colour as the word stated, the second test was to record the time taken to read words colour words that had different colours as the colour word stated and the third and final test was to test the time taken for the individual to read neutral words containing different colours. The study was undertaken to determine whether there was a reduction in the stroop effect which was to be based on the time taken to accomplish the three tasks, it was found out that indeed the stroop effect reduced ands this was noted due to the reduction in the time taken in reading the third task. Introduction: The stroop effect is viewed as the interference when undertaking a task; this effect was first coined by Ridley Stroop in 1935. his findings were that there was usually a delay when naming a colour name which is written in a different colour, example writing the word RED in colour red would result into much easier to read than if RED is written in blue, this is due to the stroop effect. Some theorists have come up with explanation of this effect and this includes the speed to process theory and the selective attention theory. According to the speed of process theory the stroop effect is viewed...
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...Each day we take part in limitless activities that happen naturally. Numerous behaviors can become automatized such as, writing, reading, bicycling, walking, driving, and so forth, comprehending the natural process of the causes of automatic processes gives us insight into how we simultaneously receive and perceive information. The Stroop Paradigm is a classic cognitive psychological experiment performed by John Ridley Stroop (Stroop, 1935) that explores the interference in reading automaticity. In the experiment, participants are asked to read out words of the color ink that words are printed in, with the words also implying a different color. In the condition in which the color of the word and the word are the same participants responded...
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...Cognition: Davioli, C. C., Du, F., Montana, J., Garverick, S., & Abrams, R. A. (2010). When meaning matters, look but don’t touch: The effects of posture on reading. Memory & Cognition, 38(5), 555-562. 1. Research Question(s) Reading is an essential part of life and the with internet, humans have access to unlimited quantities of reading material. Much of the reading that we do occurs near the hands whether we read documents electronically or whether read via hard copies. There are individual functional preferences in consuming reading material, and there may also be advantages and disadvantages associated with these preferences, which may or may not in turn correlate to the perceived affect how much material is actually absorbed. Previous research has revealed that spatial processing is essential for successful reading, and is enhanced near the hands. Another critical aspect pertaining to reading involves semantic processing, which is related with vocabulary, knowledge, understanding of what a word means, and how to use words and meaning in context. Several studies have posed that hand actions affect what we see which may also contribute to language acquisition, comprehension, and communication. Research also reveals a direct manner in which visual processing is affected in relation to the spacing around the hands. The effect that hands have on our locus of visual attention have also shown that visual stimuli near the hands may be processed fundamentally differently...
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...Ashlyn is a 20 year old female, who is very well adjusted. She is currently unemployed, but actively seeking employment. She is enrolled in the local community college, getting her degree in human services. Ashlyn’s plan for the future is to be a counselor for foster children. Ashlyn stated that she has a very deep connection to foster children because she was a foster child until the age of 10 when her grandmother took her and her three siblings in. Ashlyn is doing very well in school, and maintains a close communication relationship with all of her instructors, and student advisor. She is a likable person, and has many friends to whom she can turn to in a time of need. Ashlyn is an outgoing person that loves life. She is also a very outspoken person, who always tells it like it is. Ashlyn is not married, but does have a boyfriend. Ashyln and her boyfriend have recently found out that they are expecting their first child. Her boyfriend is very involved and supportive of her pregnancy, and any decision that she has made regarding this pregnancy. This presentation will document her physical, cognitive, and psychosocial domains. Prior to having Ashlyn take the tests for each domain I asked her 6 questions. 1. How many weeks is your pregnancy? Ashlyn: I am currently 14 weeks pregnant. 2. Was the pregnancy planned? If so, what factors were involved in your decision to have this child? Ashlyn: No the pregnancy was not planned, but we had planned on having children later in life...
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...Factors That Affects Study Habits of Students in Jpnhs In: Social Issues Factors That Affects Study Habits of Students in Jpnhs SURVEY FORM FACTOR THAT MOSTLY AFFECTS THE STUDY HABITS OF STUDENTS IN SECONDARY EDUCATION 4th year Question: what factor mostly affects the study habits of students in secondary education? Instructions: Put a check mark ( ) for the category that you prefer most NAME | YEAR AND SECTION | LOVE/CRUSH | FAMILY | PEER | ALJOHN MASOTES | IV-E | | | | CHRISTINA PADILLA | IV-B | | | | CHARLENE KATE GRACILLA | IV-I | | | | REYMART ALBANO | IV-B | | | | JOMAR BOGATE | IV-B | | | | HONEY GRACE VIDAL | IV-E | | | | ARRIANE GUATNO | IV-E | | | | VON JERIC DEPONE | IV-S | | | | HOWELL LANCE REYES | IV-S | | | | BRANDON MARK BRUTAS | IV-S | | | | NERISSA PANOL | IV-CDA | | | | MAY ANDREA ROBLES | IV-CDA | | | | JEZZEL MAÑALAC | IV-CDA | | | | ROMMEL BINO JR. | IV-G | | | | CYRELL ROSE CONDES | IV-G | | | | SURVEY CONDUCTED BY: SURVEY FORM FACTOR THAT MOSTLY AFFECTS THE STUDY HABITS OF STUDENTS IN SECONDARY EDUCATION 3rd year Question: what factor mostly affects the study habits of students in secondary education? Instructions: Put a check mark ( ) for the category that you prefer most NAME | YEAR AND SECTION | LOVE/CRUSH | FAMILY | PEER | ANGELU CLUTARIO | III-M | | | | ELMAR MONTEVEROS | III-O | | | | ELIZABETH ABAD | III-C | | | | RHEY MARK CASERO | III-M | | | | ANGEL ROSE MANULID | III-M | | | | ...
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...Negative Effects of Television Television is the most famous media communication in the world. Almost all people use television with many kinds of purposes such as entertainment. In addition, television brings a good side for children to gain various knowledge outside of school. However, some parents claim that television brings many negative effects toward their children. Based on my experience, I agree with that statement. First of all, television can make a big wall among family member relationships. For instance, when children are addicted to watching television, they will feel lazy to do anything such as eating, sleeping, etc. Even when one of the family members tries to make a conversation, they will answer back as simple as possible. Thus, this kind of attitude would cause a bad effect to relationships among family members. Secondly; now days, there are many action movies shown either via theaters or vie television. Even though it is much fun, but secretly, it makes a new shape of attitude for children. For example, if children often watching action movies, in the future, their responses for everything will be full of rude moves. Therefore, it is hard for children to make a good relationship around them. Lastly, every scene of movie might give a bad influence to children. For example, there is a movie which tells the audience about an alcoholic’s life. In that case, it is possible for children to drink alcohol at such a young age. In summary...
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...Factors Influencing Students Academic Performance in Nigeria Socio-Economic Factors Influencing Students Academic Performance in Nigeria Some Explanation from a Local Survey Nigeria like any other developing nations has witnessed series of political instability, with obvious effects on educational policies at federal, state and local government levels. This gradually laid the foundation of fallen standard in education at the primary and secondary school levels, which caused differential academic performance of students. In the quest of finding survival feet, the nation has evolved series of socio-economic and educational measures but these have not improved the social-economic status of families in the country. It is within this milieu that this study examines socio-economic factors influencing students' academic performance in Nigeria, with some explanations from Ido Local Government Area of Oyo State. The time frame of the study covers the period of 2004 to 2007. A total of one hundred and twenty (120) copies of questionnaire were administered to respondents. The study revealed that insufficient parental income, family type and lack of funding by governments are factors influencing students' academic performance. Based on these findings, certain recommendations are made towards improving student academic performance. Prominent of these include proper funding of education by government, sensitization of parents towards their children education and the support of NGOs to eradicate...
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...how as a young adult she pulled herself out of the unhealthy lifestyle of her parents, and managed to make something of herself. In The Glass Castle, Rex and Rosemary are not the ideal American parents, but they would be considered effective. They would be considered effective because they taught their children to stand up for themselves, independent, supportive and supportive and always there for each other. One of the effects that the Wall’s parents had on their children was teaching them to stand up for themselves. “The mattress shot forward, and our arsenal of rocks flew through the air. I heard them thud against Ernie’s body and clatter on the road. He screamed and cursed as his bike skidded” (166). When Brian and Jeannette go against the neighborhood bullies they show that they may not have money or what other families have but they are clever. They demonstrate their cleverness by creating their own catapult to stop Ernie Goad and his friends. To sum it all up, Jeannette and Brian learn to stand up for themselves by being a team. The second effect that the Wall’s parents had on their children was teaching them to become independent. “I was afraid that Mr. Becker wouldn’t give me the job if he knew I was only thirteen, so I told him I was seventeen. He hired me on the spot for forty dollars a week, in cash” (215). Jeannette took care of her family, of her dad when he was drunk, of her mom when was in need of help, and of her sisters and her brother when they felt like...
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...largesse the boards provisions to redraw school boundaries, identity of the stakeholders, and how it affect our ethics and culture strategy. Miami School District must identify the stakeholder concerns regarding the changes. The school project is the students, teachers, families, staff, and the community. The school main stakeholders in this case are mainly the student themself, because of changes made them fall apart from having new instructor, campus, and classmates. Changes will affect not only the student of being depart from their comfort of family but parents will experience of new environment for their children. The teachers and staff will experience class less because of redistribution of students. The community also will experience the effect of whether or not the location will have students in the school district. Quality of education is the number one main concern for the stakeholder towards schools. “To discourse this concern, the Miami School District can refer to studies such as Project STAR (Student Teacher Achievement Ratio) whereas negatively raising the student-to-teacher ratio affects the quality of education.” (HEROS, Inc., 2009). The reputation of the school...
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