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Caractéristiques et conséquences de la mondialisation * Écouter *
La mondialisation se caractérise par un triple processus. Le premier concernel'internationalisation des échanges, c'est-à-dire le développement des flux d'exportationde biens et de services. Le deuxième correspond à l'internationalisation de la production, qui résulte de l'accroissement des flux d'investissement et de la multiplication des implantations à l'étranger. Enfin, le troisième concerne la globalisation, c'est-à-dire le développement des mouvements de capitaux à l'échelle mondiale et la mise en place de réseaux mondiaux d'information.
Exercice n°1
1. Qui sont les acteurs de la mondialisation ?
• La mondialisation concerne à la fois les États et les entreprises transnationales (contrôle de l'exploitation des matières premières, recherche des débouchés externes par les exportations et les filiales à l'étranger, délocalisation pour bénéficier de coûts de production moindres). Les firmes transnationales mettent donc en concurrence les territoires et les États, ce afin de renforcer leur compétitivité dans un contexte de compétition accru.
• Née en 1995 sur les cendres du GATT, l'Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) organise la négociation d'accords commerciaux internationaux, pour réguler ces rivalités et a un pouvoir d'arbitrage et de sanctions en cas de conflits commerciaux.
Exercice n°2
2. L'ouverture internationale est-elle bénéfique à tous ?
• Pour les libéraux, tous les pays retirent un gain de l'échange s'il existe des différences entre eux (principe des avantages comparatifs de Ricardo). De plus, le commerce international va tendre à transmettre la croissance des pays développés à économie de marché (PDEM) vers les pays en voie de développement (PVD) à travers trois canaux :
– par le mouvement des marchandises : les PDEM accroissent leurs importations (augmentation des exportations des PVD et possibilité d'importer les technologies les plus efficaces ) ;
– par les prix (croissance de la productivité des PDEM, donc diminution des coûts de production et des prix. Les PVD bénéficient des gains de productivité des PDEM, grâce à des importations moins chères) ;
– par les mouvements de capitaux (épargne abondante dans les PDEM, qui se dirige vers les PVD où les taux de profit potentiels sont élevés).
• Deux courants s'opposent à cette analyse. Tout d'abord, le courant structuraliste analyse les structures du sous-développement qui bloquent la croissance (historiquement spécialisés dans les produits primaires, les PVD n'ont longtemps été que des marchés pour les pays développés ; ils ne peuvent produire eux-mêmes leurs biens de production ; leur investissement dépend de leurs recettes extérieures, donc de la conjoncture des pays riches). Les pays pauvres n'ont donc pas réellement gagné aux échanges (détérioration de leurs termes de l'échange). Pour le courant tiers-mondiste influencé par le marxisme, l'ouverture aux échanges internationaux est la cause principale du sous-développement. L'échange est inégal : les PDEM exploitent lesPVD.
• La montée en puissance, depuis trois décennies, des grands pays émergents (Chine, Inde, Brésil…) remet en cause l'ensemble de ces analyses et oblige à repenser le clivage traditionnel entre pays développés et pays en voie de développement. À l'évidence cependant, l'internationalisation des échanges et des structures de production a profondément modifié les rapports de puissance entre les nations, évolution qui est loin d'être achevée et qui pose la question du primat à long terme des pays occidentaux dans la hiérarchie mondiale.
Exercice n°3Exercice n°4
3. Quel est le rôle des échanges internationaux dans le processus de croissance et développement ?
• Au cours des années 1960-1970, les pays en développement ont suivi plusieurs modèles de développement :
– les stratégies autocentrées, qui avaient pour objectif de permettre l'autonomie et l'indépendance des États en s'appuyant sur le marché intérieur et les ressources du pays ;
– les stratégies d'insertion dans le commerce mondial (ou stratégies extraverties), qui s'appuyaient sur les théories du libre-échange en cherchant à profiter des avantages comparatifs dans le cadre de la division internationale du travail.
• Au final, l'ouverture internationale a été plus profitable que les stratégies autocentrées (certains pays, comme la Corée du Sud, ont pu rejoindre le niveau de vie des pays occidentaux). Ce raisonnement doit être cependant nuancé : les stratégies de développement qui ont réussi ont combiné intervention de l'État, protectionnisme et insertion dans le commerce mondial.
• Il reste cependant que quelques réussites spécifiques, même si elles sont indéniables, ne permettent pas de conclure que l'ouverture internationale est la solution miracle pour l'ensemble des pays en développement. Le ralentissement de la croissance des pays développés, en tarissant les débouchés extérieurs, remet en évidence la nécessité pour les pays du Sud de s'appuyer sur un élargissement de leurs marchés intérieurs, donc vers des stratégies plus autocentrées.
Exercice n°5
4. La mondialisation implique-t-elle une uniformisation des comportements ?
• L'intensification de la mondialisation et la diffusion à l'échelle de la planète des biens et des services aboutissent à un processus d'acculturation, c'est-à-dire à un processus qui met en contact des modèles culturels différents. Le résultat de cette rencontre entre les cultures n'est pas symétrique et conduit à la diffusion, au moins partielle, du modèle culturel occidental, en particulier nord-américain.
• L'intégration internationale génère des tendances à l'uniformisation à travers la diffusion de modèles culturels dominants (présence dans toutes les grandes villes du monde des centres commerciaux, des architectures modernes, des produits de consommation passe-partout, des mêmes musiques et modes vestimentaires). Cependant, des facteurs de différenciation persistent et contribuent, tout en faisant évoluer les diverses cultures, au maintien d'identités culturelles fortes. On constate en même temps des interpénétrations nombreuses entre les modes de vie et de pensée dans un processus de réinterprétation des emprunts culturels (syncrétisme).

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