...Wear 240 Ž2000. 168–179 www.elsevier.comrlocaterwear An experimental study of diesel engine cam and follower wear with particular reference to the properties of the materials J. Michalski ) , J. Marszalek, K. Kubiak Faculty of Mechanic Engineering and Aeronautics, Rzeszow UniÕersity of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszow, ul. W. Pola 2, Poland ´ ´ Received 9 August 1999; received in revised form 17 February 2000; accepted 17 February 2000 Abstract The main objective of this paper is to study and experimentally quantify the cam and follower wear mechanisms of a diesel direct valve-gear. Camshafts are made of nodular cast iron, surface hardened, ion nitrided and nitrosulphurized, and those made of grey chilled cast iron are mated with followers made of chilled grey cast iron and hardened steel. The investigation was carried out on a laboratory bench equipped with an engine head with a camshaft, followers and systems creating the conditions necessary for a routine run of the valve gear. Cam wear was defined by comparing the profile lifts of the cams. The height of the followers was measured using a coordinative measuring machine and a perpendicular optimeter. The rotational speed, valve displacement and the torque required by the valve gear were measured. Camshaft C9 and the thimble shaped followers with regulating plates F6 were also examined in a diesel engine. The effects of the materials the kinematic pair was made of, heat treatment and thermochemical treatment,...
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...1. Agency problems – why they arise, ways to reduce them (board of directors for ex.) • Corporations are owned by shareholders that want managers to maximize their wealth. • Agency problems arise due to the separation of ownership and management * Managers may have conflicts of interest with shareholders (maybe they want to maximize their own wealth rather than the shareholders wealth) – This is called an Agency Problem because the managers are acting as agents for the shareholders. Examples of agency problems: 1. Purchasing private jets for personal use 2. Overindulging in expense account dinners 3. Avoiding risky projects because they are worried about the security of their jobs 4. Manipulating accounting earnings to increase their compensation Reducing Agency Problems The goal is to align the interests of managers and shareholders. This can be accomplished through: • Compensation plans tied to the performance of the firm (assuming of course that the reporting of the numbers is not fraudulent!). It is best is performance is measured by stock value or other cash flow measure. • The Board of Directors oversees management and can fire them -problems with the board of directors lack of independence arises here. Oftentimes the Board and top management are part of (as they call it) “the old-boy network”. They are related, or play golf together, their families know each other, they socialize together, and most likely they all make money off of each other...
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...CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION A.BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Chalk used in our classroom comes in slender sticks approximately. Lesson are often presented to entire classes on chalk board using sticks of chalks because this method has proven cheap and easy. Many people say that the egg are many uses like compost for naturally fertilized soil because eggshell is quickly decomposed in the compost pile and add valueable calcium and other minerals to the soil in the process. It can be use as a non toxic material for garden purposes and you can make powder the eggshell to less bitterness of coffee. We the researcher as prove the study in natural materials produced a non toxic substances product that can be utilized in every day life without harmful effect ouer body. B. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Commercialized of local product are increasing and prices is almost the big aspect to be considered. The government don’t have enough support and this things bring difficulties in schooling to the stundent in the school. C. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY A conducted study as a remedy for the common problem in making of marketable and durable chalk without spending much and gain more profits. We study and opens another way to save and make more chalk for our business affairs and also make some raw materials that we thought to be transformed into a much improved and...
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...communication of my site purpose, my target audience and my content needs. My website will be called Storybook.com. This website will have the accessibility to download books for purchase or view online for a lesser fee. The purpose of this website is for children and teenagers alike to utilize the website for educational purposes as well as obtain different reading materials for their personal use. My target audience would be different ages of children as well as parents who may want to use the educational part of this website to help educate their children who enjoy the computer. They can use this website for the educational needs as well as needs for other books children may like. The website will contain books for reading, handwriting, math, and foreign languages. In addition, it will have the links to enter fictional as well as non-fictional reading material. The teenager will have the luxury of viewing teen reading materials. As far as the educational materials, it will allow access to all the basic materials that are used today in the school system. All subjects from English, math, and foreign languages as well as study guides for all classes and the SAT and ACT. The contents that are needed at the present time would be programs such as Adobe Flash and HMTL to create an interesting interactive navigation site. This site would not have to have the three click rule because of the fact having children or parents navigating through the website could become frustrating if they...
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...Loren Case Study 02/11/2015 Chris Ray Background Information. Brent Miller is the raw material buyer at Loren Inc. He needs to speak with representatives from four suppliers about raw material quotations. Then discuss the situations with his superior, Mr. Williams. Following this discussion he must make recommendation for Loren’s annual hexonic acid requirements. Key Issues * Loren expected to use approximate 3,000 tons of hexonic acid in the following year * A single bid policy was established over the years. Suppliers should quote their best possible offer on their first and only quote, and all suppliers should be willing to live with the consequences of their bid * Total Canadian sales were approximately $800 million and after-tax profits were $40 million. Raw material and packaging costs were about 50 percent of sales. * Canchem offered a second superior bid that blew the competitions away but was a violation of company policy. Decision They should contract with both American Chemicals and Alfo. Brent has to disregard the second like it did not take place due to current company policy. With the predicted usage of 3000 tons of acid it meets the minimum 2250 order quantity to get the price at $1192.00 from AmChem. It has already been established that the quality is excellent. The issue is if a demand surge was to take place they might not be able to allocate enough acid. This is where Alfo comes in as a backup supplier. They have no minimum order...
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...that education is the most powerful key for us to succeed. And to support this, we need some facilities and materials for us to make it easier and clearer. Of course, we know that we already have some modernized equipments but still, for those hopeless countries and people who also want to be sent in school, even a worst facility matters. We already have whiteboards that just need markers and projectors as the most modernized. But still the origin of those is just a simple blackboard and a piece of chalk. So, we, the researchers, made some trials and errors from different raw materials to be made into a more durable chalk. Until to do that moment that we have agreed and succeed in one of our trials, to make a chalk out of seashells. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The price of almost all commercialized or local products are continuously increasing. And this is a big aspect to be considered in education. Nowadays, private schools are already using whiteboards that just need markers and projectors in having their classes and it’s the most modernized way. But there are schools also such as public schools that don’t have enough support from the government and may bring difficulties in the learning of the students and also for the teachings of the teachers. There are alternative ways in order for them to save like for example, turning a simple material into a useful one. Chalk is a white soft earthy limestone used for burning into lime and for writing and ...
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...in Science. They are being researched, experimented and studied thoroughly. After several attempts and activities, effects have been finally seen by the researcher. This chapter presents all of the results of the researcher’s experiment, the further effects seen and even the flaws that sprouted while the study was going on. Based on the study conducted, the following results were observed: Binding solutions are needed so that the fibers stick together. In this case, liquid starch was used as binding material. To improve the color of the paper, chlorine was used.. Sticky slurry will not produce good results as this produced thick paper. It is necessary to add plenty of water to the mixture in the basin so that water drain through the screen and leave a mat of randomly interwoven fibers that is laid down. The screen should be tightly attached to the mold to get an even distribution of the fibers in the solution. Uneven distribution of the slurry in the wire screen produced uneven sheet of paper so it is important to slosh around the mold to form a uniform thin coating. The type of material to be used is essential in drying the fibers because using glass and other materials make the fibers stick to it. Formica or felt sheet made of wool does not stick to the fiber. The resulting handmade papers were later compared in terms of color and appearance. The table shows the comparisons made between handmade paper and commercial paper. Type of paper | Durability | Color...
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...lack of professional techniques that take place not only in the company studied, which affect the efficiency of the business. THE REAL STRATEGIES IN SHOE MANUFACTURING Nowadays there are many different approaches and methodologies that can be used for industrial systems’ optimization and analysis. Among these techniques are the ones for production and inventory management and industrial plant distribution, which are mainly used for reducing the company’s cost. According to APICS Dictionary, production management consists of “planning, scheduling, executing and controlling the process of converting inputs into finished goods.” In addition APICS Dictionary defines inventory as “those stocks or items used to support production (raw materials and work-in-process items), supporting activities (maintenance, repair, and operating supplies), and customer service (finished goods and spare parts).” (2) For many businesses it is very important to maintain certain number of goods in inventory because their capacity it is not enough to fulfill clients’ orders. Each product in inventory represents money, an investment tied up until finished products are delivered to clients. It is important to select the best techniques depending on the type of industry and the goals of the company. ZEBRA SHOES The company Zebra Shoes is located in the metropolitan area of Mexico City, Mexico, and they produce and sell sneakers. Those shoes are manufacture in seven different colors and eight ...
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...‘advanced’ variances, as follows: • • • • Materials mix & materials yield variances; Sales mix & sales quantity variances; Planning & operational variances; Market share & market size variances. Two issues which students need to master in order to score well in a question on advanced variance analysis are: 1. Accurate knowledge of the formulas. In my experience, examination candidates are much more likely to remember the formulas correctly if they understand the relationship between ‘advanced’ variances and ‘basic’ variances. Therefore, this will guide my approach to the examples in this article. 2. Ability to write a good quality narrative interpretation of the causes of the variances. The golden rule here is that it is not adequate to explain each variance in isolation. Thus, it is not enough to write (for example) ‘this company had an unfavourable market size variance because its actual market share was less than its budgeted market share’. You need to explain the apparent reasons why their actual market share was less than their budget market share, and often the clue lies in the other variances. This will be illustrated in the case study of “Varicone Ltd.” in this article. The rest of this article consists of a worked case study. This is designed to serve two purposes. First, it provides reminders and explanations of some of the ‘advanced’ variance formulas (specifically, the materials mix & yield and market share & market size...
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...The feasibility study is an evaluation and analysis of the potential of a proposed project which is based on extensive investigation and research to support the process of decision making. Feasibility studies aim to objectively and rationally uncover the strengths and weaknesses of an existing business or proposed venture, opportunities and threats present in the environment, the resources required to carry through, and ultimately the prospects for success. In its simplest terms, the two criteria to judge feasibility are cost required and value to be attained. The feasibility study must contain several key elements, namely: The idea of the project: The nature of the project is determined in this step, whether (industrial – services – trade etc.). A simplified concept of the project is given and the environment it is intended for. The need for the project: In this item the most important reasons for initiating this project. This item should be supported with statistics such as the number of similar projects in the area. Basic raw materials for the project: There should be mention of the basic raw materials needed for the project, and where can it be purchased from. Products: The products or services made or provided by the project must be mentioned. Technical elements of the project: This should include several elements: Stages of Manufacture: A detailed explanation of how the manufacture of any product will be done. Taking into account the balance of raw materials involved...
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... Page 2 Page 3 Page 4 • Market studies identified new opportunity, which will increase company market share for central venous catheter product by 10 % profit. Introduction about central venous catheter • Heart block and arrhythmia are complications of pulmonary artery and cardiac catheterization. Injury to the conducting system of the heart often involves the right bundle causing right bundle branch block (RBBB). If patients already have left bundle branch block (LBBB), complete heart block (CHB) may result. After trauma, impairment of the right bundle is usually transient with recovery in hours, but complete heart block can lead to symptoms requiring invasive treatment. Similar complications are rare with insertion of central venous catheters, as they should not enter the heart. Injury to the right bundle during central venous catheter insertion can be by trauma from the guide wire or from the catheter itself. The function of the AV node and bundle of His in these patients has not been studied before. We report a patient with LBBB who developed CHB during insertion of a central venous cannula. Conduction through the AV node and His–Purkinje system was intact, showing that the transient RBBB was caused by traumatic injury rather than by other disease of the conduction system. Designing central venous catheter product, which will appeal customer who are looking for a quality, healthy, sterility, and pyrogen free. The new product should be on shelf in...
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...categories and they are looking to implement one of three quality improvement methods to improve process efficiency. If Riordan is to maintain an industry leader, changes must occur in processes across the board in relation to accuracy, availability, quality, timeliness, and cost. However, the first effectiveness measure to be looked at should be the receiving of raw materials from suppliers since every other process thereafter deals with inventory. In addition, the formulation of a solution involves certain steps be taken. Firstly, a process-driven research question should be formulated defining the initial problem. Secondly, a methodology such as Six Sigma, ISO, or Baldridge must be chosen to improve the process. Thirdly, a research design should be created to define any and all variables involved in the solution, and fourthly a sample design should be identified for the collection of data. Process & Methodology In any process improvement method, the first step is to define the problem by asking a process-driven research question. Riordan’s process-driven question is, how does the receipt of material shipment timeliness affect Riordan's efficiency cores? From this question, data can be compiled to determine the negative ripple effect in Riordan’s receiving process as well as every other process following the receipt of raw...
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...Lean and Agile Concepts: The PD Aquarium Case Study. Analyze the methodology used to understand the processes at the firm The methodology used in identifying the workflow at PD Aquarium [PDA] is process mapping. The authors have successfully provided a pictorial view of the process through flow charts and the activity maps Process Mapping helps in analysis of process flow, by differentiating how a process is and how it should be. What functions are performed, how they are performed and how they should be performed. It depicts the activities, information flow and interconnections in a process. Their effectiveness in identifying problems, According to process mapping and analysis (2004), it offers a simple, yet powerful method of looking beyond functional activities and rediscovering your core, key and supporting processes. one of the key aspects of mapping is flow charts which gives a picturesque image of the entire process thus aiding in identify the problems in the task and modifying the process therein. A flow chart looks at a task from every angle. For instance Graham’s Process mapping talks about analyising the “What” documents are used for the process, “where” is the task performed, “who” is carrying out the task, “when and where” is the maximum process time spent, “who” are the decision makers, “where” do the controls lie, and last and most importantly the “where are the “Value Additions” In case of PDA there are 3 problems that have been identified; 1. Unncessary...
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...Obermeyer is exposed to when using the limited information they have for the initial order. The ideal products to order are those with enough forecast quantity that the minimum quantity order will be less than the forecast and also leave enough room for a reorder of the minimum quantity or more if required. Exhibit 1 shows the proposed initial order. More importantly, I have also decided that Sport Obermeyer, as a company, needs to focus on two distinct issues going forward. 1. Change the purchasing strategy from a speculative system, (trying to “guess” what will sell) to a reactive system (knowing what is required and producing it). 2. Work with suppliers to reduce delivery times and minimum order quantities. This will include both raw material lead time and production capacity. Hong Kong is a much more mature manufacturing environment. They have embraced better manufacturing practices that allow for a higher quality product with a shorter turnaround. Because of these practices, they are able to more rapidly tool up for new products. I have decided that Obermeyer needs to refocus on its Hong Kong based supply lines. Sport Obermeyer – Case Report Immediate Issue To have the ability to purchase, and receive at the correct time, a level of product that is best suited to...
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...some 100 Km from Torslanda, the production rate is 2,000 door panels per week for the 740 series and 1,000 for the 240 series. The assembly of panels is done in two assembly lines, one for each model. The panels are produced in eight different variants per line (two different covering materials in four colours). The role of Sunwind was like a subcontractor, as Volvo developed the prototypes and supplied the tools and raw materials to Sunwind. The completed doors with fittings were delivered to Volvo in different containers, each part in its own container. The product being bulky and colour-dependent, a large storage space, both adjacent to the assembly line at Volvo as well as in Sunwind’s own operations, was required. Volvo bought and collected the goods from the Save factory twice a week. Volvo anticipated that the market demand would increase by twice the current production and instructed Sunwind to plan for meeting the demands. Sundwind is now facing the task of planning for anticipated demands and simultaneously address the existing issues of work in progress, shortages, missing parts, congestion and misplacement. Each product has parts processed in the 11 departments which begin at raw material store and end at Dock yard. Each subassembly is produced in batches independently. Figure 1 shows the current layout of the factory. The interaction between facilities can be determined...
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