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以余额宝为例探究互联网模式下的金融风险
【摘要】近年来互联网金融的迅猛发展对传统金融产生了重大影响,更有取代其地位的趋势。互联网金融模式主要有第三方支付平台模式、P2P网络小额信贷模式、众筹融资模式、互联网银行模式、互联网金融门户模式等。这些模式在促进经济增长的同时,有效地降低了交易成本,更为非专业化、大众化的模式将吸引更多投资者。
支付宝和天弘基金联合推出的余额宝一直是作为互联网金融产品的代表而持续成为舆论的焦点。余额宝的优势在于较低的投资门槛、随时转入转出以及高收益率,这使得余额宝在上线短时间内迅速拥有大批用户。与传统金融相比较,余额宝最大的优势在于货币资金可以实现随时随地移动理财,而这种颠覆性的变化也是对传统金融的拓展延伸,大大提高金融服务的效率,减少业务成本。
但是,由于互联网金融的收益率是由市场化利率水平决定的,所以余额宝本身具有的风险性是不能被忽视的。余额宝存在的风险主要可以分为五类,一是信用风险,二是市场风险,三是流动性风险,四是市场风险,五是法律风险。
本文着重分析余额宝作为一款互联网金融产品存在的风险,并针对加强互联网金融风险防范提出了一些具体的措施。
【关键词】余额宝 互联网金融 传统金融 风险分析
一.余额宝创造的业绩
余额宝是由第三方支付平台支付宝推出的一款主要服务于个人用户的金融产品,只要在余额宝内转入一定数额的资金就相当于购买基金产品从而获得与之对应的收益,同时这笔资金可以随时转出用于其他消费且没有额外的手续费。坐拥8亿用户的支付宝在整个阿里巴巴商业生态圈中具有及其重要的地位,也正是因为拥有如此核心资源和品牌资源,为余额宝搭建了强有力的销售渠道,成功吸引了小额理财需求客户,并创新性的在基金投资和集合小额投资消费者之间打开了新格局,不仅有效利用的资源,还在短期内吸引大量用户。
二.余额宝面临的发展机遇与战略转型
虽然余额宝如此成功,但如何规范和监管已然成为一些政府部门和各大银行的关注点,如何采取应对措施以提上日程。面对银行和相关部门的监管,自2013年以来余额宝收益率渐渐回落,从最初的6%-7%跌至现在的4.3%左右,虽然天弘基金宣称此回落是余额宝收益回归到的正常水平,但却预示着余额宝可能将会面临前所未知的战略转型。在目前金融市场利率不是市场化的格局下,余额宝与传统金融的银行争抢客源瓜分利润,有缺少政策的支持,很容易成为众矢之的,大部分金融资源还是主要掌握在传统金融的手里。不过,尽管余额宝存在流动风险、市场风险、法律风险以信用风险等诸多问题,但以余额宝为代表的互联网金融可以通过不断的探索与实践为自身的发展创造机遇。余额宝作为阿里巴巴商业圈中的重要部分,势必会成为互联网金融发展的典型代表,也将会促进互联网金融的改革。同时基于多年来支付宝的经营和客户积累,是的支付宝在线上支付领域远远领先与传统金融,也为余额宝竞争传统金融行业提供了有力保证和发展契机。
余额宝另一大优势是与移动支付应用相结合,智能手机的普及使货币基金可以随时随地移动理财。支付宝钱包正式推出后,独家包含余额宝服务,成为当下少数移动金融支付平台。用户可以在手机中下载相应软件,便可以随时使用支付宝和余额宝,进行线下支付、转账、还款、手机话费充值等业务。移动产业和互联网金融产品迅速的发展,使支付宝钱包逐渐成为新时代必不可少的个人金融中心。相比较之下,传统金融则通常专业性强,有一定的门槛,不会像余额宝一样使投资者随时进行投资理财。
三.余额宝发展模式面临的风险
1.信用风险
由于余额宝的基金收益率长期高于市场平均利率,所以其存在的信用风险是要警惕的。信用风险是投资者进行投资所要考虑的重要因素之一。如果交易中借款方违约,无法按时偿还贷款,那么银行和投资者就会受到损失,即使借款方出于任何原因无法偿还借款,也必须承担财务上的全部损失。所以利率风险是投资中最大的风险,随着短期融资业务的快速发展,信用风险势必会成为债券投资面临的首要问题。
对于信用风险,天弘基金采取以下两个办法应对:一是减少对企业债券和短期融资债券的投资;二是分散投资企业债或短期融资债。但是因为企业债和短期融资债券都是目前市场上收益率最高的品种,所以这些办法在目前的市场环境下是很难做到的,不可能为了避免信用风险而放弃高收益率、高利润。
随着高风险高收益的理财产品问世,信用风险所带来的矛盾也会随着增加并会不断以扩张和收缩的形式出现。然而目前我国对于互联网金融产品没有完善的信用评级制度,对于当下短期融资债券的信用等级存在不正当竞争的现象,建立评级机构及信用等级制度是十分迫切的。
2.操作风险
互联网金融对从业者的操作能力和专业能力的要求比传统金融机构高,操作风险在互联网金融中是一定存在的,是无法避免的,而由于操作风险造成的损失比信用风险造成的损失大,甚至还会印发信用风险的进一步扩大。由于互联网金融的迅猛发展,操作风险的管理和监督难度随之增大。
对于余额宝的操作风险有一下几个方面:
1、技术人员为追求高收益在选择投资债券时对其利率、流动性等方面判断失误,造成收益损失。
2、负责投资的专业人士为追求最大化的利润,违背金融从业人员的道德规范和职业操守。由于缺乏对整个投资交易的内部监管和疏忽,高级管理人员容易出现监守自盗的失责现象,从而造成收益损失。
3、基金的技术人员可能与银行内部职员或相关金融部门人员私下勾结,泄露商业机密和国家安全信息,擅自挪用客户资金以获取私利,造成严重的资金缺失。
4、很可能是由于移动互联网系统的自身故障引起的或受黑客攻击造成资产损失。以余额宝为代表的互联网金融产品很大程度上依赖于计算机技术和互联网技术,一旦系统维护出现问题或者监管不到位,导致计算机系统受到病毒攻击,很容易就会使客户的资金被盗,同时泄露客户的用户名和密码,后果不堪设想,风险较大。可见,虽然移动支付系统为用户日常的经济业务结算带来了方便,但存在重大的安全隐患,需要我们时刻提防。
3.流动性风险 由于余额宝用户购买天弘基金增利宝的赎回时间和赎回数量有着很多的不确定性,所以这对天弘基金的流动性有很高的要求,而这种不定性又会可能引起天弘基金资产变现出现损失。想要满足余额宝本身的流动性,就必须将大部分资金投资与银行大额协议存款,保证有足够的利息支付,但面对余额宝如此快速的发展,规模不断壮大,一旦银行出于自身问题而无法支付高额利息,就会出现较大风险。随着相关政策的出台,如果余额宝和银行之间协议存款利率难保时,就会造成余额宝的收益下降。
同时,面对互联网金融市场激烈的竞争,在余额宝资金规模上升后,货币基金流动性管理压力也会明显提升。在传统金融市场中货币基金采用T十0的方式赎回是相当普遍的。工作日交易时间内为T+0赎回,超过工作日15:00之后,是T+1,天弘增利宝基金的从理论上说应该也是T+0的赎回方式。而余额宝为了实现任何时段的T+0赎回,就必须在非交易时段的回赎由余额宝或天弘基金利用其部分头寸先行垫付,然后再在基金交易时间内进行结算,实际上真正结算还是要等到交易时间。余额宝实现的T+0,从一定程度上讲,是利用余额宝或天弘基金的部分头寸汇聚了一个资金池,在非交易时段,
但是,如果在非交易时段出现大量资金同时撤回,余额宝将无法及时支取现金。由于余额宝的收益是在每天基金收盘之后结算的,所以其他时段是由支付宝为余额宝提供相应的资金,如果天弘基金没有及时将收益拿出,那么支付宝的资金流动也会出现问题,余额宝将不能保证稳定的收益,也就是说余额宝在未来规模不断壮大的过程中,必须及时准备一定的大数额资金来应对短期大额赎回局面,承担流动风险。
4.市场风险
余额宝的市场风险是客观存在的,余额宝的收益率是会随着货币基金的市场收益变动的,如果市场收益表现不好、不稳定,余额宝的基金收益也会随之下降。
当下利率在不断的市场化,贷款利率、活期储蓄不断浮动,而银行可能进一步开放存款利率,会导致部分余额宝用户流失,进而货币基金的收益率也会受到影响。所以受市场风险的影响,人们会选择多种金融投资模式。互联网金融的市场风险还处于积累过程,高收益的背后必然存在市场风险,需投资者谨慎。
5.法律风险 支付宝宣称自己只是提供资金支付的渠道,不参与基金买卖,所以在余额宝协议当中不对基金的亏损承担任何责任。虽然余额宝是通过天弘基金买卖基金,严格按照直销流程,过程中不会转移给支付宝,并把从基金公司获得的收益作为支付宝提供第三方交易平台的对价,这其实就是将其界定为了管理费,从而躲避的监管,打了直销的擦边球。
余额宝作为支付宝推出的基金产品,理应符合基金销售机构的相关标准并受到严格的监督和管理,但我国有关互联网金融的法律还是存在一些空白和漏洞的,这些法律风险对投资来说存在潜在的威胁。对于货币基金存在的潜在风险,余额宝显然提示不够,只是在对其收益率的过多宣传之后附带提到了存在风险的可能性,并且在服务协议中提出支付宝不承担基金亏损责任。但是余额宝的绝大多数参与者都是基于对支付宝品牌的信任而将其资金放入余额宝,更何况,其大部分投资者对货币基金其实并不了解,甚至没有认真理解支付宝和天弘基金制定的两个格式协议,一旦余额宝用户因收益发生争执,法律纠纷就很难避免,由此引发的影响也很难估计。对于直接监管余额宝的相关法律法规还是空缺。
四、互联网模式下金融风险的防范措施 (一)互联网金融风险的种类 在金融方面网络存在的风险,不同层面则有不同的风险情况。单从业务技术层面来讲,大致分为技术风险、业务风险两种,从内容上,包括安全风险和支持风险;而网络金融业务的特点而发生的风险,内容上看是由操作风险、信用风险、市场选择性风险及法律风险构成。
1.技术风险
安全风险和技术风险是造成信息技术风险的两个基本方面。
安全风险造成信息技术风险的因素有很多,但大体有以下几个方面:电脑系统运行故障、磁盘损坏、电脑病毒和来自外部的网络攻击。互联网可以带来计算机病毒的扩散以及传播,其速度达到单机传送的几十倍左右,即使只有一个程序受到感染,也可以影响整台或数十台计算机。影响范围广,破坏力大,会带来极大的损失。
为了保证互联网金融可以顺利的进行下去,很多企业选择使用不同的互联网技术来提高自身的安全性,避免受到来自外部或其他内部数据的风险威胁。但计算机系统与互联网金融的匹配都有排他性,使其无法完美兼容在一起。
互联网技术具有很强的专业性。如今的很多金融机构都是依托着外部市场及其他计算机公司来实行自身的安全防护。在此技术方面,大大的提高了信息外泄的可能。这种方式极大地促进了互联网的金融发展需要,还能提高整个金融机构的工作效率,使得整个传统商业机构中呈现出操作等风险问题,从而带来互联网金融发展技术的风险。
2.业务风险 互联网金融业务风险由操作风险、信誉风险与法律风险三个方面组成。
操作风险。互联网金融的操作风险主要来源于两方面,一是互联网自身的银行系统,一是互联网业务相关的银行客户。互联网自身的银行安全系统极有可能存在设计上的缺陷、银行工作人员的操作失误、系统本身的错误等问题,这大大的提升了互联网金融业务的风险程度,甚至可能波及到互联网的整体安全。同时,与互联网金融相关联的银行的客户在进行互联网银行使用时,如果发生误操作,则会给互联网金融业务带来更多不必要的风险。客户在进行互联网银行使用时,应严格按照步骤程序进行操作,同时不可对自己的真实信息进行隐瞒,否则会容易造成损失。
信誉风险。金融机构若想进行长期和持续的发展,则信誉风险的存在就会对带来不利影响。信誉风险是一种无形的风险,也是一种较难弥补的风险。如果有些金融机构在日常的业务中被表示出存在着信誉风险,这会使得公众对其失去信心,也是让客户怀疑机构是否有其形容的资金,进而使其开始怀疑与机构的合作关系。这样的话,会使得机构的损失逐渐加大,最终使大量资金撤出。而互联网银行业务大都采用的是新技术,会有更多出现故障的潜在可能,任何原因导致的系统问题都有可能导致信誉风险的出现。
法律风险。每一个行业都有相应的法律条款规定。对于互联网金融方面来说主要表现在以下方面:第一,隐私保护法;第二、消费者权益保护法;第三,知识产权保护法;第四,货币发行制度和财务披露制度等。
对应于传统线下业务,面签,面付,盖章的纸质合同等,互联网金融线上的业务风险主要产生于下面几种情况:
1.交易凭证的完整性和具有法律效力。交易的双方或多方所签署的电子合同,所提交的资质凭证,如借贷合同,电子保单,资质证明材料,基础交易合同等等,能否有全流程的电子交易凭证,能否具有法律效力,可追溯,可存储,便于提取;
2.技术的可行性和适用性。所选择的安全技术手段是否成熟,是否被认可,是否便捷,客户体验是否好。
3.操作风险的可控性。对于互联网金融,不论是居间撮合平台,还是卖方平台,内部操作风险不容忽视,完善的可追溯的审批流程,可靠的信息发布流程,交易数据查询、备案流程,均应有据可查、有权可授、有证(凭证)可溯。
(二)互联网金融风险的危害 与传统金融相比,互联网金融在其金融风险上没有太大的不同,但造成的影响力却很不一样。
第一,在业务处理上,由于互联网金融是基于大数据、云计算这个背景之下的,所以它也就自然而然的拥有及其迅速的共享速度以及庞大的网络高速通路,使得很多业务能够通过远程技术进行处理,这在对它业务提供了支持的同时,也使得支付和清算产生的风险加大,能够是风险波及到更大更广的范围,让预防风险又困难许多。对应于传统线下业务,面签,面付,盖章的纸质合同等,互联网金融线上的业务交易始终是一把双刃剑,速度快使得交易方便,也就同时使得它美欧足够的时间对差错和失误进行纠正。
第二,互联网金融业务是依靠着网络的各项特性而展开的业务,而互联网本身的不真实性和无法触摸性,会使得整个交易风险形式更多样化。
第三,互联网金融业务的风险会加大对金融危机影响。有个别互联网集团为了自身利益会做一些有反职业道德的事情,进而影响到整个互联网金融业。这就在一些程度上扩大了金融风险的传染性和破坏范围。传统商业银行的金融交易业务一般可以利用一些强制性的方法实现风险分离,不过网络金融交易中,就很难实现这种分离,而且当前国家之间的相关风险越来越高,只要形成金融危机,就很有可能迅速扩展到世界各地。
(三)互联网金融风险防范措施 互联网金融的确是存在着很多传统金融模式所没有的风险,但它也具有很多传统经融模式所没有的优点。且在这个大数据时代下,发展互联网金融是必然的。所以能做的只有控制和防范那些潜在的风险。基于网络金融所具有的的特色,要学会用互联网的方法管理互联网的风险。所以方法措施大致分为以下几点:
1.加强互联网金融系统的基础建设
因为目前我国家的计算机知识还不成熟,现存的状况是,我们目前使用的技术通常都是发达国家淘汰后公开的技术,所以这个情况使得我们在互联网金融的进步上存在着很多阻力使得脚步变慢。所以我们的当务之急应该是有自己研发的互联网信息技术,以国外现有的为蓝本,进行更超前的发展。从而加强互联网信息处理及安全处理系统。从根本上提高互联网金融的安全性,减少风险。
2.完善金融系统计算机安全管理办法,建立金融系统
互联网金融,从根本上分析它依然是一项金融业务。所以传统金融的风险互联网金融都会存在。因此在完善互联网金融体系之前,首先要做的应该是完善整体的金融机构,使之没有漏洞。金融机构应该加强其自身的内部控制,有一套可以针对互联网业务的体系。同时,由于互联网金融是一个计算机与金融的交叉学科,这就使得很多互联网金融的工作者存在着专业不全面性,即有计算机人才,也有金融专家,但很少会有精通计算机与互联网的工作者。这就会造成在建立体系是存在专业范围上的漏洞。所以应该聘请专业的科技人才成立专门从事互联网金融风险防范的专职队伍,健全本系统计算机安全管理工作机构。
3.加强防范和控制互联网网金融风险的法制体系建设
目前我国存在着个人信用体系的空白情况。所以在互联网金融的发展过程中,要将重心偏向于对个人信用系统的完善,这点在余额宝中就有特别的体现,余额宝新推出的芝麻信用是一个独立的第三方信用评估及信用管理机构,依据各种方面的信息,运用大数据及云计算技术客观呈现个人的信用状况。
所以互联网金融不但要建立,更要快速达到信用信息的共享。保证其能同时用于互联网金融和传统金融之中。这也能从根本上降低互联网金融的风险率。
4.加快社会信用制度建设、健全个人信用体系 在金融全球化的大背景之下,加强国家之间的金融合作不仅可以使资源、数据、技术实时共享,更可以快速传递和交流金融领域的问题,使问题在刚露出苗头时便寻找出解决办法。
因为我国目前信息技术水平还没有达到发达国家的标准,专业知识领域的人才缺乏,二国家间协作可以很好地弥补我们这方面的问题。使我们的技术快速成长起来,并利用他们成熟的技术解决一些发展中难题。 比如,全球范围内已经有了由42家金融机构合作成立的认证中心,这些认证中心可以为133个国家的公司提供认证服务。我国可以利用这些开放的、成熟的认证中心来快速安全地实现我国金融机构的跨境电子银行业务。 (四)余额宝的风险防范措施 在互联网金融形势大好之下,余额宝应运而生,也理所当然的成为了互联网和金融界的新闻。它在极短时间内筹集到了巨额资金。虽然余额宝只涉及到互联网金融中很小的一部分,但它也同时会面临互联网金融所拥有的风险。所以规避风险,也是余额宝在发展途中很重要的一个环节。
1.通过客户筛选控制市场风险
一般在购买基金等理财产品时,客户都会看到“理财产品非银行储蓄,购买时有一定风险”的警告。这是在一定程度上尊重了客户的知情权。余额宝也在最初始的环节明确说明了风险的存在,同时也有电子协议,明确界定了风险的归属。并且其还选择了风险较小的货币基金来作为依托,这也是一种降低市场风险的方法。
2.借助大数据与多方面合作机制降低流动性风险
在大数据和云计算的时代背景下,数据的整理收集等都需要一定的技术支持。一站式理财产品购买服务,较快的到账速度,可以实现的快速赎回,实时查看收益等,都要求基金公司能密切跟踪每一笔资金,这技术有很严格的要求。
因此,关于资金的流动性及其流向要有提前的预测,从而使其风险发生在可控范围之内。数据实时更新并公布,是用户同时保留着一定的知情权。对此,天弘基金分析了支付宝客户具有分散、分单、分量、稳定等特征,并通过大数据,可以发现消费者的支付规律,特别是在促销及节日前后的消费情况。如果发生资金紧张的情况,则可以通过和传统金融的合作来转化风险,降低流动性。从同行业的资金中获取支持,形成战略合作体系,建立合作机制。
3.推出支付保险业务弥补用户操作风险 关于资金,最担心的一般是资金被盗取或盗用。这就涉及到支付安全的问题上。余额宝在其公布的用户须知中说明了这些问题,他会对客户的支付进行在线跟踪,通过极快的数据处理开发出相关的支付程序。如果发生支付场景的变化,支付的金额大小变化,密码错误等安全异常问题,系统将会自动处理。这种任务量庞大的数据信息处理,要求系统拥有强大的处理能力,同时也就易发生不可预计的错误和风险,从而使用户的资金安全问题难以保障。
对于此,余额宝承诺如果发生资金窃取问题,会有保险公司全额赔付。这就可以增强用户的信任感,进而降低了用户由于技术安全问题的资金损失。

参考文献
[1]诸悦前车之鉴:美国版余额宝Paypal的倒掉[[Jl.大众理财顾问,2014
[2]罗明雄,唐颖,刘勇互联网金融[M].中国财政经济出版社,2013
[3]韩壮飞互联网金融发展研究Pl.河南大学,2013
[4]习张芬,吴江国外互联网金融的监管经验及对我国的启示明.金融与经济,2013
[5]雷源,移动互联网改变世界,人民邮电出版社,2010
[6]程小永,李国建,微信营销解密,机械工业出版社,2013

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Study Habits

...INTRODUCTION Most of the students have difficulties in their learning. It’s no wonder that many students whether in high school, college or even graduate school have such a lousy study habits. Learning is a very important personal matter and there isn’t one study habit that works for every situation. Study habit is the daily routine of students with regards to their academic duties and responsibilities. Each student has his own study habits in terms of place and time of studying, techniques in studying and more. It’s recognizing that you are responsible for your successes and also your failures. Taking on this responsibility entails the understanding that your priorities, decisions, habits, and resources all determine the success you have, or do not have, with studying. Practicing good study habits is the key to becoming smarter and achieving success in school. It’s a common scene if some college students fail to finish a passing requirement for a subject course. What is lacking is their ignorance of developing good study habits that is why they easily give up and suffocated with loads of works from school from school. In the report of the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) on performance of graduates in the different licensure and board examinations, data show that performance of graduates has been declining in the last ten years. The overall passing rates are quite low (around 36% on the average). In the 2010 professional licensure examinations given by the PRC, almost...

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