...10/29/2014 10/29/2014 Matthew C Snee Matthew C Snee 2008 Sub-prime Crisis Financial Market Effects 2008 Sub-prime Crisis Financial Market Effects Matthew Snee 10/19/2014 Professor Fowlkes ECON 2408NA Describe and analyze the effect that the 2008 subprime crisis had on the stock, bond, and foreign exchange markets. I would like to begin with a brief introduction on a few events that led to the subprime mortgage crisis. After the tech bubble had burst and the terrorist attacks on September 11th 2001, the U.S. government made an attempt to stimulate the economy, so the Federal Reserve cut interest rates to dramatically low rates. Normally, people with poor credit or an unsubstantial credit history couldn’t get approved for mortgage loans, however, in an attempt to capitalize on the home buying craze, lenders were approving loans to just about anyone who applied for a mortgage loan. Investment firms would in turn buy lese loans, repackage them, and then sell them as mortgage backed securities. The majority of these mortgages were subprime mortgage adjustable rate loans, which initially were affordable loans, but after a certain period the payments would rise dramatically, and many of the borrowers who were risky to begin with defaulted on their loans. The defaults led to a financial meltdown that caused numerous banks to go bankrupt, and led to enormous losses for firms and hedge funds that marketed or invested heavily in risky mortgage-backed securities...
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...Prior to the Subprime Crisis, accounting standards allowed certain subprime-related debt to be kept off the balance sheets of financial institutions. If standards required subprime debt exposure to be included on balance sheets, it would have allowed a more transparent view into the financial health of a given institution. If such exposure were made public during the Housing Bubble, it may have had a sobering effect, turning the trend that dominated Wall Street away from a carefree hunger for risk, back toward the conservative contentment of risk-aversion. It is possible that this could have slowed the pace of the U.S. Subprime Crisis from turning into a global financial crisis, but it remains to be seen if more stringent accounting could have prevented the Subprime Crisis from occurring. Obviously, a host of destructive factors propelled the calamity: easy credit, lax lending standards, historically low interest rates, a belief in the permanence of ascending home values, and the cult-like following that Wall Street formed around a mathematical formula known as the Gaussian Copula function, which was used to assess risk on tranches within collaterized debt obligations. (The Wired magazine article is worth a read: http://www.wired.com/techbiz/it/magazine/17-03/wp_quant?currentPage=all ) The sheer existence of mortgage backed securities has been blamed for the crisis, the question of what to do with them remains. Are accusers looking to the suspects for answers? Liberal accounting...
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...The sub-prime crisis has led to a financial crisis in 2008 to 2009 that impacted many countries around the world. Discuss the causes of the sub-prime crisis and the major parties responsible. As defined by investopedia, sub-prime is “a classification of borrowers with a tarnished or limited credit history. Lenders will use a credit scoring system to determine which loans a borrower may qualify for. Subprime loans carry more credit risk, and as such, will carry year of 2008 and 2009. The market instability was contributed by many factors, which hurt individuals, businesses, and financial institutions hard. Many financial institutions were left holding mortgage backed assets that had dropped greatly in value. The crisis was a result of too much higher interest rates as well.” The subprime crisis was a nationwide banking emergency that caused recession due to the borrowers being approved for loans that they could not afford – resulting in a large amount of default and foreclosures. The loans were largely based on the assumption that the value of home prices would continue to increase. There are a number of theories as to what led to the sub-prime crisis. It is believed it to have been caused through several factors. The crisis began with the bursting of the U.S. housing “bubble” that occurred in 2001. A housing bubble is defined as a temporary condition caused by unjustified speculation in the housing market that leads to a rapid increase in real estate prices. In the wake...
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...4 CHAPTER 4 – Discussion 5 CHAPTER 5 – Conclusion 8 REFERENCES 8 Sub-Prime Mortgage Crisis: What Went Wrong? Abstract: The crisis of subprime mortgages has become a huge problem in the U.S. financial industry in the last few years and has affected the global financial market too. The smaller mortgage companies fell one by one until Bear Stearns also fell; then the “Titanic” of the mortgage world – Lehman Brothers – also fell. The ripple effect of the fall of Lehman Brothers coupled with the near death of AIG, nearly crashed the financial market and sent shock waves through the global markets. The effect of the crisis is still being felt in the housing market with no clear resolution in sight. This essay emphasizes the caution of this crisis to our economy. I. Introduction The mortgage crisis in 2008 didn’t have to happen but it did. Why did it happen? At a first glance, it seems it came out of nowhere but a deeper analysis shows that a series of events such as the explosion of sub-prime mortgages on the market and the easy accessibility of credit set the stage for the meltdown. II. Body Paragraphs A. In 2000 when President Clinton was in office, he signed the Commodity Futures Modernization Act which led to the unregulated trading of the Credit Default Swaps (CDS). B. Sub-prime originators invented the mortgage to sell them. C. Buyers of sub-prime MBS (and related CDOs) over-relied on ratings agencies- often buyers, particularly...
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...Supervisor: | | | Department of …………………………… January 2014 Abstract How did the Subprime Crisis, a small problem of U.S. financial markets, affect the entire global banking system? The aim of this paper is to analyze the effect of the subprime crisis on the banking sector in Europe, with a close attention on the case of Spain. Spain is currently facing the worst crisis ever experienced in its financial history, so it would be interesting to analyze what is the real situation of the banking sector and what will be the reforms that could lead to a consolidation of the financial systems. The strengths and weaknesses of the financial sector will be analyzed in order to see the changes needed to maintain its competitive position. The first part of the paper will briefly explain the subprime crisis, origins and impact on the financial world as new form of contagion. In the second chapter the consequences of the subprime crisis in the Spanish banking sector will be described. The last chapter of the thesis will present an analysis of the reforms made, using legal intervention. It will be concluded with a general point of view regarding the present situation of the Spanish banking system, the potential results of the current measures and the perspectives of new reforms. Contents 1 | Introduction | | 2 | Introducing the Subprime Crisis i. The subprime crisis: origins and evolution ii. Implications of the mortgage bubble The Spanish Banking sector: Before and...
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...Northern Rock Bank: an english exemple of the sub-prime mortgage crisis Brief introduction: The Northern Rock-one of the UK's largest mortgage lenders has become the highest profile UK-based victim of the fallout from the global credit crunch, which stemmed from the sub-prime mortgage crisis in the US. The Bank of England has agreed to give emergency financial support to the Northern Rock and it avoided from going bust. I. History of the bank Northern Rock Building Society was formed in 1965 as a result of the merger of Northern Counties Permanent Building Society (established in 1850) and Rock Building Society (established in 1865). During the 30 years that followed, Northern Rock expanded by acquiring 53 smaller building societies, most notably the North of England Building Society in 1994. Along with many other UK building societies in the 1990s, Northern Rock chose to demutualize and float on the stock exchange in order to better expand their business. Demutualization is the process by which a customerowned mutual organisation changes legal form to a shareholder-owned public company. Throughout this period a concern against demutualisation was that the assets of a mutual society was built up by its members throughout its history not just the present members who would benefit, and that demutualisation was a betrayal of the community that the societies were created to serve. Northern Rock chose to address these concerns by founding the Northern Rock Foundation. From...
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...The sub-prime crisis has led to a financial crisis in 2008 to 2009 that impacted many countries around the world. Discuss the causes of the sub-prime crisis and the major parties responsible. Many parties were responsible for the sub-prime crisis during the period of 2008 to 2009. This essay will be discussing the parties responsible for the sub-prime crisis and how the different party’s action causes others to go deeper into the bad situation. Sub-prime is a course of action of borrowers with a defamation or deficient record. Moneylenders will utilize a prestige scoring framework to close which credits a borrower may fit the bill for. Sub-prime credits convey more credit danger, and in that capacity, will convey much higher investment rates also. The US sub-prime home loan emergency was the catalysis of the discriminating emergency and later cause the subsidence that started in 2008. The reason for sub-prime emergency rise up out of sub-prime credits or otherwise called sub-prime home loan, the improvement of this credit began broadening amid the 1990s and such weight is ordinarily seen in programmed auto advances, home value which are lodging credits and home loan giving. Sub-prime credits are higher-danger advances named B to D credits, where D credit being the most noticeably awful credit which brings about a higher investment rate, which additionally mean a higher danger to the banks. Anyhow it appear to be not to be a load issue, from the notion of the finical organization...
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...The sub-prime crisis of has led to a financial crisis in 2008-2009 that impacted many countries around the world. Discuss the cause of the sub-prime crisis and the major parties responsible. A number of parties were responsible for the sub-prime crisis during the period of 2008 to 2009. This essay will be discussing the parties responsible for the sub-prime crisis and how the individual party’s action causes the others to step deeper into the problem. As define by investopedia, sub-prime is “a classification of borrowers with a tarnished or limited credit history. Lenders will use a credit scoring system to determine which loans a borrower may qualify for. Subprime loans carry more credit risk, and as such, will carry higher interest rates as well.” The US subprime mortgage crisis was the catalysis of the finical crisis and subsequently cause the recession that began in 2008. The cause of sub-prime crisis arise from sub-prime loans or also know as sub-prime mortgage, the growth of this loan started expanding during the 1990s and such load is popularly seen in auto (car) loans, home equity (housing loans) and mortgage lending. Sub-prime loans are higher-risk loans labeled “B”, “C” and D credits, where “D” being the “worst”, resulting in a higher interest rate, which also mean a higher risk to the lenders. But it seem not to be a hindering problem, from the point of view of the finical institute who lend out the money, which will be explained later in this essay. In...
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...of foreign investments and movement of wealth in trade. From past many years the U.S economy is emerged more as service based and industrial base economy than farming based. This result the banking system to be more complex to deal with the government and currency , instituting the regulations and a centralized bank to regulate and from a policies which could limitize the negative effect on the general economic health on the country. In this paper I will analyze the Federal Reserve Banking System in U.S.A and the Federal Reserve’s assessment of the current economic activity and financial markets. its current view about increasing inflations . Current economic activity : Recently the whole USA economy is suffering from the Sub Prime Mortgage...
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...States is in the midst of the worst global financial crisis of the 2l century, which traced its origins to the sub-prime mortgage disaster that began to unravel in 2007. The shocks of global crisis are devastating: homeowners filed for bankruptcies and faced foreclosures in record high numbers, leading Wall Street firms such as Bear Sterns and Merrill Lynch crumbled under their massive exposure to sub-prime mortgage holdings that turned into toxic had assets and over $50 trillion in wealth had been wiped out within the last two years. No financial crisis since the Great Depression prompted many policy reactions as governments scrambled to map out rescue plans to restore stability and revive economic growth. The after effects of the sub-prime mortgage meltdown have left policymakers both in the United States and around the world struggling to restore growth and confidence in their economies. What are the causes behind the U.S. sub-prime mortgage crisis? Is one cause more responsible than another? Why of why not? The principal cause of the economic slowdown was the collapse of the global credit boom and the ensuing financial crisis, which has affected asset values, credit conditions, and consumer and business confidence around the world. The immediate trigger of the crisis was the end of housing booms in the United States and other countries and the associated problems in mortgage markets, notably the collapse of the U.S. sub-prime mortgage market. Conditions in housing and mortgage...
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...In modern world, financial crisis at world level can be traced back to 1920’s, when economic depression of 1929 occurred. It is said that history repeats itself. Today’s world financial crisis which started with mortgage crisis is only one aspect of history. Crisis began with sub-prime lending crisis and whole financial system was engulfed. Sub-prime crisis refers to the crisis faced by the mortgage companies that were in loaning business that due to adverse situations ran in trouble. As a result the number of defaulters increased resulting in huge bad debts for the mortgagee companies. Several of world’s best managed financial institutions went bankrupt and rests are dying for bail out. The world demand cycle is heading south and its impact is visible in world petroleum prices and auto manufacturer’s recent outcry for bailout. The liquidity is engulfing the whole world and taking the shape of financial famine. In the period of strong global growth growing capital flow and prolonged stability market participant sought higher output without an adequate calculation of the risks and failed to exercise proper due diligence. Weak underwriting standards, unsound risk management practices increasingly complex and opaque financial products and consequent excessive leverage combined to create vulnerabilities in the system. At the same time what looked as brisk-effervescence is financial market ended up in becoming alarm ringer for a greater catastrophe in the coming years....
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...Too Big To Fail: The Rise and Fall of Lehman Brothers and its effects on the Market Failure of Lehman Brothers was due to aggressive leveraging and poor regulation. Led to re evaluating credit default swaps and how large companies look at risk. The 15th of September in 2008 the United States 4th largest investment bank filed for bankruptcy with devastating consequences for the financial market. After a period of impudent investments and poor oversight both internally and externally this paper will look at the many causes and subsequent effects Lehman’s failure had on the U.S. financial system. Lehman Brothers A Versitile Company Henry Lehman Immigrated from Rimpar, Germany, to Montgomery, Alabama in 1944 where he established a small hardware store that sold groceries, dry goods, and cotton related tools and equipment to the local farmers. Six years later his brothers Emanuel and Mayer joined him in his endeavor and Lehman Brothers was born. Not too long after it’s inception Lehman Brothers branched out from general merchandising and involved themselves in commodities brokerage. Lehman’s became the major brokers for the purchase and sale of cotton in Montgomery and it’s surrounding areas. By 1858 Lehman Brothers had opened up an office in New York and expanded it’s commodities trading in addition to obtaining a foothold into the powerful New York financial community. After the Civil War passed Lehman Brothers drew most of their attention to their New York office...
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...financial crisis. There is a scene in the movie that explained the reasons behind the crisis, which attracts my interest. Then I found and watched another short video, “Credit Crisis”. It takes only 11 minutes to visually illustrate the reasons behind the credit crisis in the United States. After watching it, I have gotten the answers of these questions. What is credit crisis? How did it happen? And who is affected? This credit crisis is also called the subprime crisis. The reason of the subprime crisis can generally be described as follows. In 2001, Federal Reserve lowered the interest rate to keep the economy strong, which not only made the treasury bill became uninteresting to investors but also lower the cost of borrowing money. So investors borrowed a huge amount of money and used “leverage” to make more money. They created a “novel” way to make money by purchasing and selling CDO (collateralized debt obligation). At the beginning, the mortgages were only given to people with good credit records and strong ability of repayment. Everything was good until the occurrence of sub-prime. Include house owners, lenders, bankers and other financial institutes, everybody gained in the process of selling CDOs. In order to sell as many mortgages as possible and make more money, the mortgages were started to give to people who actually don’t have the ability to buy a house. The time bombs were buried here. Actually, the lenders and investors had realized the default risk of sub-prime...
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...Topic Financial crises of 2008 Presented to presented by Date Table of contents Introduction causes and factors US government actions to solve the crises Analysis and opinion regarding the likelihood of another financial crisis Introduction: The current financial crisis started in the US housing market in 2007. The crisis spread across the whole world and brutally hurt the economies of numerous countries, including the US, and reached a new level in September 2008 as a number of well-known US-based financial institutions, including AIG and Lehman Brothers, warped. It is considered by many economists to be the most terrible financial crisis since the immense Depression of the 1930s .Many causes have been anticipated, with varying weight assigned by experts. Both market based and regulatory solutions have been implemented or are under consideration, while significant risks remain for the world economy over the 2010–2011 periods. Causes and factors: A: The US housing market 1: creation of a housing bubble US house prices increase significantly from 1998 to 2005, more than doubling over this period and extreme faster than average wages. Further support for the existence of a bubble came from the ratio of house prices to renting costs which rocketed upwards around 1999. The rise in house prices reflected large increases in demand for...
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...| INDIA AND SUBPRIME CRISIS | | INDIA AND SUB-PRIME CRISIS Sub-prime, as the word suggests, is something that is not prime. In the Sub-prime crisis context it simply means lending money to Sub-prime borrowers i.e. lending to people with low or poor credit worthiness. Sub-prime crisis was caused because the lending norms in the USA were very lax. It is joked about in the academic circles that any man who was not on a respirator was given a loan without any regard to his or her creditworthiness. This was brought about by the “Spend yourself out of the post dot com bust recession” policy of the American government at that time. The end result of the Sub-prime crisis is manifesting itself in myriad ways. There are direct and indirect implications not only for the United States but for the entire world. The Sub-prime that was brought upon by the American financial system upon itself is spreading its tentacles around the world. People who were not even remotely connected with the Sub-prime crisis are being adversely affected. National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) is the official agency in charge of declaring that the economy is in a state of recession. They define recession as: “significant decline in economic activity lasting more than a few months, which is normally visible in real GDP, real income, employment, industrial production, and wholesale-retail sales”. BUSINESS CYCLE The term business cycle (or economic cycle)...
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