...DEMOCRATIZATION PROCESS It has been known that the most of the period since independence in 1956 is military-dominated. This is because more than three-fourths of the total independence period, around 35 out of 45 years was under the domination of three military rulers, which are the Abboud regime (1958-1964), the Nimeiri regime (1969-1985) and the Bashir regime (1989). Based on overall performance measured by macro-economic fundamentals, namely, growth rate, savings and investment rates, balance of payments, foreign exchange reserves, inflation and unemployment, the decade of 1980s seems to be the worst. While the performance during the initial two decades after independence in the mid-1950s to the mid 1970s was not as worse as the 1980s, and the decade of the 1990s started showing signs of improvements, in general. With this in mind, we will now analyze how this macro-performance being measured in the most pragmatic sense of fulfilling both social rights (health and education) and economic rights (real purchasing power) has implications for achieving economic democracy proxied by socio-economic rights (SER) and political democracy proxied by civil-political rights (CPR). Socio-economic rights (SER) determines the rights of any individual to basic needs together with the access to minimum level of health, education, shelter and basic public utilities, while civil-political rights (CPR) includes the rights to live in a civil society concomitant with the rights to exercise...
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...Conflict and the Environment The African Union Mission in Sudan (AMIS) military escort for UNEP fieldwork near El Geneina, Western Darfur. Intense competition over declining natural resources is one of the underlying causes of the ongoing conflict. SUDAN POST-CONFLICT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT Conflict and the Environment 4.1 Introduction and assessment activities 2. an overview of the role of natural resources in the instigation and continuation of historical and current conflicts, listing the major resources of concern and focusing specifically on conflicts involving rangelands and rain-fed agricultural land; and 3. a brief environmental impact assessment of the various conflicts, evaluating the direct and indirect impacts of conflict on Sudan’s environment. Chronic environmental problems are covered in other chapters, though it should be noted that at the local level, the boundary between chronic and conflict-related environmental issues is often unclear. Assessment activities The assessment of conflict-related issues was an integral part of fieldwork throughout the country. In addition, UNEP carried out a number of specific activities, including: Introduction Sudan has been wracked by civil war and regional strife for most of the past fifty years, and at the time of finalizing this report, in June 2007, a major conflict rages on in Darfur. At the same time, Sudan suffers from a number of severe environmental problems, both within and outside current and historical conflict-affected...
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...Sudan and South Sudan’s Merging Conflicts Africa Report N°223 | 29 January 2015 International Crisis Group Headquarters Avenue Louise 149 1050 Brussels, Belgium Tel: +32 2 502 90 38 Fax: +32 2 502 50 38 brussels@crisisgroup.org Table of Contents Executive Summary................................................................................................................... i Recommendations..................................................................................................................... iii I. II. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... South Kordofan – the Epicentre of Sudan’s Conflicts ..................................................... A. The Government’s “Hot Dry Season” Campaign ....................................................... B. The Sudan Revolutionary Front ................................................................................ III. Internal Nuer Conflict in Unity State ............................................................................... A. Historic Disunity ........................................................................................................ B. Bul Nuer Rising .......................................................................................................... 1 2 2 4 7 7 8 IV. Merging Conflicts in Sudan and South Sudan ......................................................
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...ABSTRACT For over two decades, civil war has raged in Sudan. The government of Sudan which consists of a majority of Muslims has focused the war on the Africans of Darfur region of Sudan. These Africans have had the control of some of the most fertile grazing lands and oil reserves in all of Sudan. Unfortunately over the past two decades, persistent droughts have forced the Arabs to migrate to more arable land, though having strained their relations with the Africans[1]. When the Arabs and the Africans started coexisting, fights broke out between them over lands and the Arabs became violent. Massacres and rebellions were a commonplace scenario between both the sides. The situation worsened when Sudan government sided with the Arabs and the government and military groups of Janjaweed(“devils on horsebacks”) began fighting the insurgents and the citizens of Darfur. It dint take very long for this to turn into genocide, also known as ethnic cleansing. The cleansing stopped focusing just on citizens and insurgents and started targeting certain ethnicities such as the Africans and the Christians. INTRODUCTION On the 10th anniversary of the genocide in Rwanda, another human catastrophe is rapidly accelerating despite full knowledge of the United Nations and Western democracies. In April, a U.N. team investigating human rights abuses in the far western Darfur region of Sudan found “disturbing patterns of massive human rights violations in Darfur, many of which...
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...Genocide To call something genocide is controversial because genocide is the deliberate killing off of a particular ethnic group or nation. Although the human race classifies the killing in Sudan a civil war. It actually should be classified as a genocide. The human race has classified killings in Darfur, Sudan as a civil war between the Arabic shepherds, and the African farmers. People believe it is a war over land, and whom should get the profit from the Sudan oil port. It all started because the “ Arabs from the north migrated down south because years of drought destroyed their northern fertile land.” Another reason people believe that the killings in Darfur are classified as a civil war because the islamic government...
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...more were displaced from their homes and forced to seek refuge. The conflict is still ongoing. After the relative success of International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), a draft statute was adopted to establish an international criminal tribunal that had jurisdiction over crimes of war crimes, crimes against humanity, aggression, and genocide. The result was the Rome Statute, which was drafted in 1998 and that required the approval of 60 states in order to come into force, which it did on July, 1st 2002. Sudan signed the Rome Statue in September of 2000 while Omar al-Bashir was President, but did not ratify it, thus not accepting the jurisdiction of the Court. In addition, per Article 13, the Security Council has the power to refer cases to the Court that would traditionally be outside its jurisdiction, such as Sudan, in the spirit of Chapter VII of the United Nations charter. Of the seven situations that the ICC is now investigating; Uganda, the Ivory Coast, Darfur, Kenya, the Central African Republic, Libya and the...
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...Bloodletting in South Sudan Ong The most effective way to look at the crisis in South Sudan is through the lens of neoliberalism. By addressing the ways in which growing global concerns for social justice interact with both education and the global economy, we can better understand the root of the conflict, and thus ways in which the Sudanese may be helped. It is imperative that global entities and institutions focus on educating peacemakers and policy makers about the underlying causes of the bloodletting in South Sudan. Such an education requires both moral lessons and technical training. A typical de-briefing on the situation would be insufficient, as it would focus solely on definite events and overlook the humanistic concerns and cultural values which could provide significant insight into the root of the conflict. The current situation in South Sudan is an illustration of how crucial such education is to our future. In the past, an increased focus on moral and humanitarian education has proven effective in hindering war—for example in the United States, white southerners initially sustained white civilization with a romantic and ethnocentric nationalism that celebrated aristocratic origins, social Darwinism, and slavery. Education and the promotion of liberal ideas were central to eventually shaping a democratic and more tolerant nation. Likewise, education is essential as it may allow the humanitarian parties in South Sudan and neighboring nations to shift...
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...price of oil is high bringing upon economic growth that can be invested to do numerous excellent things to a country. The cash flow going into an underprivileged state like Sudan should be invested towards infrastructure, education, and businesses to develop and improve living conditions to their populace. However, Sudan has become a failed state due to three decades of oil exploration that lead to conflict for political power, famine, and violence. In 1978, large discoveries of oil are found in Southern Sudan that initiated trouble between the North and South. In addition, President Numeiri launches the Islamic Sharia Law in Sudan, and develops the Unity State for oil exploration in the South without Southern representation. Moreover, he removes the native inhabitants of the Unity State which leads to outrage in Southern Sudan. As a result, the Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA) is created, and a civil war breaks out involving the North central government and South. The civil war is just the beginning of the endless clashes for political power in Sudan. The discovery of oil causes famine and hunger throughout Sudan and affects about three million civilians by March 2001. The central government led by President Al-Bashir engineers famine on areas by Oil reserves and plants to the people. Since Sudan regulation of environmental safety is low, the oil companies contaminate the soil and water that result in deepening environmental scarcity. Therefore, agriculture is affected...
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...Darfur, Sudan Since early 2003, Darfur, an arid desert region the size of France, has been gripped by a civil war since 2003 that has killed 300,000 people and displaced another 2.7 million, according to UN figures. Khartoum, the capital of Sudan, says 10,000 people have died. (AFP) The conflict in Darfur began in the spring of 2003 when two Darfuri rebel movements, the Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM) and Justice and Equality Movement (JEM), launched attacks against Khartoum government military installations in response to government neglect and marginalization of the people of Darfur. Sudanese officials answered back by unleashing atrocious acts of violence on any Darfur villages who they determined had ostensibly harbored members of the SLM and JEM. Bombing villages from the air and with the hired help of a government armed nomadic Arab militia called the Janjaweed, over four hundred villages were burnt down, sending the few survivors to seek out refugee camps spread throughout the region and into neighboring Chad. All of this occurred within the span of 29 months. In 2004 George W. Bush declared the crisis in Darfur a “genocide”. Genocide, as defined by Merriam Webster, is “the deliberate and systematic destruction of a racial, political, or cultural group”. It is within the power of the United States government to end the brutalities in Darfur. A more assertive action needs to be taken in order free the Darfur people from the atrocities they suffer on a day...
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...Conflict in South Sudan. South Sudan which is officially known as the ‘Republic of South Sudan’ is a landlocked country in eastern Africa with plains in the north and centre and highlands in the south, along the border with Uganda and Kenya. The White Nile, which flows north through the country is its major geographic feature and it supports agriculture as well as large wild animal populations. South Sudan is bordered by Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Sudan, and Uganda. The recent conflict in South Sudan after its independence has sparked up a lot of interest recently in the media. South Sudan came into being because of the struggle of its people and the commitment of international community to the peace agreement with Sudan. Already, the world’s newest country seems to be a failed state before it was born on July 9, 2011, despite its enormous natural resources and the determination of its people. This research therefore seeks to bring to the fore: the formation of South Sudan (history), reasons for its current conflict, as well as UN and AU interventions in the region. History As indicated above, it was actually part of Sudan until its independence. The Egyptians conquered it (Sudan) in 1874 and established the province of Equatoria. In 1885 however, the Islamic Mahdist revolutionaries entered the territory. Fortunately, the British troops who happened to be there helped defeat the invaders and thus took over Sudan in 1898. Britain...
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...foreign aid to improve health outcomes in a particular country or region. In your opinion, what is needed to improve health outcomes in poor (aid recipient) countries and/or communities? South Sudan South Sudan separated from Sudan and gained its independence in 2011. This world's newest country has the third-largest oil reserves in Sub-Saharan Africa and yet it has one of the world's poorest population --- 50.6% of a population of, approximately 11 million people, is living below the national poverty line. From 2006 to 2010, South Sudan received approximately one billion US dollars from foreign aid and a total of $1.4 billion US dollars one year after its independence. Sharing an oil-rich border with North Sudan, 98% of the government's budget relies on its oil revenue, What is the role of foreign aid in South Sudan? Foreign aid agencies have contributed billions of dollars during the period when South Sudan is signing the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) and after its independence in 2011 (Ajak, Larson, & Pritchett, 2013). This money didn’t go directly to South Sudan's government. But it funded almost everything including water, food, security training, drugs, textbooks and a range of other services. Also, 4/5 of health care in South Sudan is provided by outside groups. Services and funding are provided by a number of national and international NGOs and the United Nations (UN) agencies that operate in the region. Many foreign aid programs...
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...Colonialism’s Link to the Creation of South Sudan COM/156 January 27, 2012 Any nation’s history has a continuous influence on its development. For many countries, their development has been affected by colonialism, when the land was governed by another entity. The importance of colonial history was evident in Sudan in January, 2011 when a referendum asked voters of southern Sudan to decide between separating from Sudan and maintaining a unified Sudan. Nearly 99 percent of eligible voters cast their ballot for independence thereby ending the 55 year existence of the largest nation in African (Hanzich, 2011). An extremely diverse country in which governmental decisions have favored the Arab population of the North, Sudan’s existence has been marked by strife. For all but 12 years, Sudan has been torn apart by civil wars. Since the colonial period ended, Sudan’s central government could not use violence, oppression, or peace agreements to minimize colonialism’s impact and establish a sense of unity in the country. Thus, the creation of South Sudan stems from colonization which confined opposing factions within one political boundary and created a history of civil war. The artificial political boundaries established by Sudan’s colonial powers—Egypt and Great Britain—brought together diversity for which Sudan’s central government could not build unity. Building cohesion has been difficult because colonial powers determined a country’s borders “according to colonial...
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...South Sudan was originally just part of Sudan until they gained independence from Sudan in 2011. There was always Ethnic tensions but after they parted things became even worse and further separated. Including military, practically dividing the nation. South Sudan is also very under developed which contributes due to the different lifestyle, (sidenote: their main profit comes from cattle (this is how they measure wealth) and they are surrounded by six other countries which also affects trade, wealth etc.) They are the world's newest nation Rebel forces are also rising and the current president has publicly stated a theory (there are also conspiracy theories) that the previous vice president has something to do with it. (Kiir and Machar-they...
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...Economics 211 Comparing the Economic Development of Sudan and Libya Professor George Hartner March 20, 2014 University of Regina In comparing the economic growth of developing countries, in this case Sudan and Libya, it is important to understand the variables impacting the growth of the two nations. These variables include social conflict, corruption within the institutions, transportation issues and the commodities in which their economies are structured around. Social conflict has had a great impact on both of the nation’s economic prosperity as well as their infrastructure. As well, corruption has greatly impacts the availability of financial resources for the citizens of either nation. In this comparison of nations, I will argue that Libya is more economically developed and has more economic potential than Sudan. The commodities in Libya offer a future of wealth for the nation and the potential for immediate growth economically and socially. Social conflict and civil war has affected and continues to affect many nations around the globe. Sudan is a nation which has been involved in decades of civil war and as a result has left the nation struggling to survive, leaving almost no basic infrastructure to create order within the nation. They were left without schools, a functioning government or financial institutions. From this, many problems have arisen. Groups such as the Lebanese Hezzbollah terrorist sect have set...
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...From 2005-14, South Sudan was effectively a one-party state. Disagreements and compromises within the ruling elite had to be worked out under the umbrella of the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement (SPLM), which from 2005 onwards, began making an uncertain transition from a guerrilla movement to a political party with state power 15 November, 2013—While officially opening the new offices of the SPLM Secretariat in Juba, Kiir announces that he is dissolving all political structures of the SPLM, which include the highest executive organ, the Political Bureau and the National Liberation Council (NLC). He explains that the structures have lapsed because the National Convention has not met to elect new membership within their five-year lifespan. He says that only the office of the Chairman and the Secretariat will continue to function. 6 December—A group of senior SPLM politicians sacked by Kiir holds a press conference at the new premises of the SPLM Secretariat while Kiir is on an official visit to Paris. Machar leads the group, which includes Rebecca Nyandeng (wife of the late John Garang), Pagan Amum Okiech, Deng Alor Kuol, Alfred Ladu Gore, Oyay Deng Ajak, Majak D’Agoot Atem, Madut Biar Yel, Gier Chuang Aluong, Peter Adwok Nyaba, Chol Tong Mayay, Taban Deng Gai, Ezekiel Gatkouth Lul, John Luk Jok, Kosti Manibe Ngai, and Cirino Hiteng Ofuho. They call on Kiir to hold a meeting of the SPLM Political Bureau—which he has reportedly declined to do since the March meeting—to discuss...
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