...a peaceful resolution with Egypt were broader. The risks became increasing more complex because the U.S. had to consider other external factors, such as other actors or players that entered the arena. One factor was, the U.S. maintaining relationships with its foreign allies, the UK and France. The riskier endeavor was to alienate the relationship with the Arab nations and with Egypt. The US and its allies needed access to the canal for the oil pipelines. The riskiest endeavor was to make sure that the Soviet Union would not gain any power momentum during the British, French and Israeli invasion of Egypt. The U.S. had to decide which relationship was the more important when analyzing the risks of war. The U.S. strategized whether it could achieve the end state of peaceful negotiation by entering the conflict or avoiding it. Because it was an independent nation it wanted to free itself from any association with colonization and communism. So the example that the U.S. wanted to set for Egypt was to support its independent decision to nationalize the canal, but it did wish to negotiate a solution that was acceptable to all parties. Although the end state was valid, the “ways” and “means” passed the FAS test (feasible, attainable, and...
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...The Liberals strongly refused to any involvement in the expansionism in the Middle East, however Gladstone didn’t rule the Empire, and instead the money market did, so the banks wanted immediate action to protect their investments. In 1882, the army under Sir Garnet Wolseley defeated Arabi Pasha's national Islamic uprising at Tel-el-Kebir. This caused much tension and hatred towards the Europeans, which only improved with time. Following from this, there are other factors that had a greater impact and played more of an importance, such as strategic, economic, and rivalry issues. European rivalry and the competition between different nations was a rather key factor, as this included competition over the Suez Canal between Britain and France in particular. The Suez Canal was finished built in 1869 and was automatically seen to be a strategic benefit for...
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...factor throughout this period. The British involvement in Africa was down to economic reasons; this is clear throughout the time period as most events which take place in Africa can be linked back to economy. One of the most important ecological was the purchase of 44% of the shares in the Suez Canal, these became available when the leader of Egypt; Khedvie Ismali became bankrupt and had to be bailed out. Disraeli bought the Egyptian shares in the canal for £3,976,582 in 1875. The purchasing of these shares was important as it gave Britain influence over this area, but also it opened a direct trade route with India. Due to British and French influence in the area, Britain and France assume dual control of Egypt’s finances. Although they manage to control debt levels, this is done at the expense of the Egyptian public and army. This interference led to an anti - European uprising in 1882 led by Arabi Pasha. On the 13th of September 1882 Sir Garnett Wolseley defeated the Egyptian army, however finding that the Egyptian government was in chaos the British armed forces occupied Egypt to restore stability. This gave Britain a lot of influence over this region which was important as the Suez Canal and therefore trade with India was now secure. Another example of economic factors helping Britain to gain influence was the trade in the west; on the river Niger...
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...Egypt is divided into twenty-six governorates (sometimes called provinces), which include four city governorates: Alexandria (Al Iskandariyah), Cairo (Al Qahirah), Port Said (Bur Said) and Suez; the nine governorates of Lower Egypt in the Nile Delta region; the eight governorates of Upper Egypt along the Nile River south from Cairo to Aswan; and the five frontier governorates covering Sinai and the deserts that lie west and east of the Nile. All governorates, except the frontier ones, are in the Nile Delta or along the Nile Valley and Suez Canal. Ancient Egyptian architecture is the architecture of Ancient Egypt, which developed a vast array of diverse structures in great architectural monuments along the Nile. Egypt was on of the most influential civilizations throughout history. The Karnak is an ancient Egyptian temple located on the east bank of the Nile River in Thebes (modern-day Luxor). It covers more than 100 hectares, an area larger than some ancient cities. To the south of the central area is a smaller precinct dedicated to his wife, the goddess Mut. In the north, there is another precinct dedicated to Montu, the falcon-headed god of war. Also, to...
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...in the acquisition of Africa was to civilize the people in Africa, which they felt, was their ultimate duty. Government officials from different European nations encouraged African acquisition in order to increase and maintain their global influence, others claimed that it was a capitalist misuse of African resources, and people who benefited from this justified their actions arguing that it was their duty to edify and civilize African inhabitants. Many government officials thought in colonizing the continent because they felt that it was necessary to maintain their global influence. For example, Benjamin Disraeli, the British prime minister at the time, read aloud a speech to the House of Commons in 1876 supporting the seizure of the Suez Canal saying that it would “strengthen the empire.” (Document 2) Since Disraeli was a prime minister he would be speaking in favor of the acquisition because it would increase his term and political influence. Prince Leopold, heir to the Belgian throne and future king, African colonization stating that it would be “an opportunity to prove the world that Belgians are also an imperial people capable of dominating and enlightening others.” (Document 1) This statement demonstrates the pressure on the weaker European nations to colonize in order to increase their influence. If other nations did not colonize, Prince Leopold would not have stated this. Eugene Melchoir de Vogue, a French diplomat, in 1903 wrote, “any country that does not wish to become...
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...The definite article - the The definite article The indefinite article Exercises: Articles The definite article - the The definite article the is the same for all genders in singular and in plural. the boy, the girl, the cat, the computers If the following word begins with a vowel, we speak [], if the following word begins with a consonant, we speak []. [] | [] | the following word starts with a spoken consonant | the following word starts with a spoken vowel | the girl | the English girl | the book | the orange book | the school | the old school | the unit Here a [] is pronounced at the beginning of the word. | the uncle Here a [] is pronounced at the beginning of the word. | We have listed some examples in the following table. There you can see when we use the definite article and when we don't. without the definite article | with the definite article | general words (indefinite) | general words (definite) | Life is too short. I like flowers. | I've read a book on the life of Bill Clinton. I like the flowers in your garden. | names of persons on the singular, relatives | family names in the plural | Peter and John live in London. Aunt Mary lives in Los Angeles. | The Smiths live in Chicago. | public buildings, institutions, means of transport (indefinite) | public buildings, institutions, means of transport (definite) | Mandy doesn't like school. We go to school by bus. Some people go to church on Sundays. | The school that Mandy goes...
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...Napoleon's foreign policy was simply a desire for glory while staying out of war with Britain and Russia. Unlike his uncle, Napoleon was concerned with the "social question" of France and the plight of the working people. His economic internal affairs tended to be more successful than his military endeavors. Like many leaders before him, Napoleon had to give France glory to gain his legitimacy. Napoleon did not want to meet his uncle's fate in a war with a major power of Europe; he steered clear of conflict with Britain and Russia. Napoleon's military adventures were unsuccessful in both obtaining glory and winning any sort of victory. Napoleon wanted to create a satellite government in Mexico and set up a system in Mexico for French exports. Defying the Monroe Doctrine, he attacked Mexican Radical Republicans and was soon kicked out by Americans and the Mexican peasants. Not only had Napoleon failed to gain any sort of satellite government but he had lost to a bunch of Mexican peasants. He had managed to stay out of war with a European power, but lost huge glory. Needless to say this Mexican adventure was unsuccessful. The Luxembourg Crisis and Napoleon's cockiness lost glory for France while losing a war that the French should not have even been involved in. Napoleon demanded the city of Luxembourg from Bismarck after the Prussian defeat of Austria. Bismarck became enraged, as did the rest of the Germans. Napoleon attacked Germany, to keep France's glory as the...
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...The Secularization of Priests During Spanish Period The Opening of the Suez Canal The Suez Canal, which connected the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, was inaugurated in 1869. It was built by a French engineer named Ferdinand de Lesseps. By passing through the Canal, vessels journeying between Barcelona and Manila no longer had to pass by the Cape of Good Hope, at the southern tip of Africa. Thus, they were able to shorten their traveling time from three months to 32 days. Thanks to the Suez Canal, trading in the Philippines became increasingly profitable. More and more foreign merchants and businessmen came to the colony, bringing with them a lot of progressive ideas. The Filipinos not only gained more knowledge and information about the world at large; they also gained the desire for freedom and improvement in their lives. The Secularization Controversy Two kinds of priests served the Catholic Church in the Philippines. These were the regulars and the seculars. Regular priests belonged to religious orders. Their main task was to spread Christianity. Examples were the Franciscans, Recollects, Dominicans, and Augustinians. Secular priests did not belong to any religious order. They were trained specifically to run the parishes and were under the supervision of the bishops. Conflict began when the bishops insisted on visiting the parishes that were being run by regular priests. It was their duty, they argued, to check on the administration of these parishes. But the regular...
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...• Focus to maintain a balance of power in Europe and to maintain a strong international status. This was cemented by the spread of the Empire which meant that Britain could challenge the rivalry in Europe • Revolutions in Europe in 1848- this caused ideas of nationalism to arise. Britain looked to strengthen their empire through aggressive patriotism whereby any means of threats and violence would be considered viable with the interests to protect the Empire. • Many colonies in Africa were known as dependent colonies whereby they were generally ruled directly by Britain due to the trading or naval bases within them. • Took advantage of weaker economies that were unable to protect themselves such as India. • Egyptian nationalism had meant that they had freed themselves from Turkish rule and was now able to form alliances with European countries. Although Egypt had not been a priority to Britain, due to the French influence in the country they felt the need to intervene (to protect economic interests in Egypt and India). • Boer Wars- Britain wanted to consolidate their power in Southern Africa. It allowed for Cecil Rhodes to encourage the expansion of Britain in Africa. The approach was more racist and after the Second Boer War the Boer Republics were annexed and the people became a part of the Empire. • In the 1880s there was a stark increase in the support for the expansion of the Empire as the economic advantages were recognised. • Under Chamberlain, the British economy...
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...most part, and aim to explore how foreign policy changed under different government parties. Strategic objectives, whether it’s defined corporately or politically, are the long-term goals to convert a mission statement, (or in this case, a manifesto,) from a broader vision into specific plans and projects. For 1870’s Britain, the goals set were to maintain and expand the British Empire, and by extension, economic superiority. But also Britain had set out to grow trade networks via improvements in infrastructure, and also the purchase of shares in the Suez Canal made international trade quicker and cheaper for the British to operate. The industrial revolution of Great Britain also added to this, as Podmore states, “The British Empire’s pioneer industrial supremacy was the basis of this pioneer imperial supremacy.” (Podmore, 2008) 1 Trade was a vital element to Britain’s economic successes, which is what made the purchase of Suez Canal shares so imperative to its sustainment. Because of the expansionary British Empire, Her sphere of influence spanned greater than most other powerful countries. Countries such as India, Cyprus, and Canada had all felt the effects of Britain’s sphere of influence in some form, either through trade or cultural spill-over. As Cowie states, “The empire was of vast importance to Britain in terms of global influence, economic prosperity and national morale.” (Cowie, 2013)2. In the 1840’s Britain had experienced a massive change in the...
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...Mohamed Sarhan 900050146 The British Occupation of Egypt in “1882” European countries have always tried to strengthen themselves by occupying less powerful countries in different places all over the world, so as to ensure that none of these countries would reach a stage of economic and political stability that might be in someway threatening to these European countries. Some of these situations where a European country occupies another country might turn beneficial to the occupied country but in the majority of cases the problems this country starts to accumulate as the occupying country takes everything it can to benefit itself leaving the other country with accumulating problems that might lead to riots, civil wars and even revolutions as in the case of Egypt. By turning the focus to Egypt one can find that it was mainly a centre of attention for many European countries, due to its location in the centre of Africa, its strong image among neighbouring countries and its location on the trade map where its found between the Mediterranean and the red sea, and so its really controls the path of all passing ships. The history of Egypt being occupied dates back to along time ago from the Greeks to the huge ottoman empire from 1517 till the British occupation in 1882, with some minor interruptions by Napoleon’s France in the French expedition...
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...PART A - To what extent did The First World War (1914-1918) affect British power in Africa? PART B - To what extent did international relations explain the rise or fall of the British Empire in Africa from c.1870-1990? Resource Record • Your resource record must be completed before you start writing your coursework. • It will be sent to the examiner along with your coursework. • This is a record of all the reading you have undertaken. You will also be required to briefly assess how useful the reading was. • I will have to confirm to the examiner that you have read the source, and so will ask to see your notebook, which should contain all of your notes. • The resource record has no word limit. • This template below is what it will look like – it will be emailed you. |Source |Summary of what you learnt from the source |Reflections: usefulness / limitations of the source | |Burk, Kathleen (2006) “It took quite a long time for the |Britain was not one the first nations to try colonise |The source is useful as it is showing that Britain was forced into | |British Government to become interested in Africa ” | |colonising their empire in Africa as Africa was the wanted | | |...
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...why the British government opposed the Italian invasion of Abyssinia was largely a result of British self interest. Britain had become increasingly worried over Mussolini’s ambitions to create an Italian empire, and feared that Abyssinia would become the epicentre for further expansion. Abyssinia shared borders with Uganda and Kenya both of which were British colonies, they felt that if Mussolini’s meet no resistance while attempting to take over Abyssinia, it would give Mussolini the confidence to further expand here and even into the Mare nostrum. More worrying for Britain was ensuring the protection of its strategic bases in Malta and Gibraltar which gave Britain access to the Suez Canal. Ensuring it protection was of the upmost importance to Britain as 2/3 of Britain oil came from the Suez Canal which also gave them direct access to India, the jewel of the British Empire. For these reasons the British government opposed the Italian invasion of Abyssinia as it acted in their self interest. Furthermore, perhaps the most important reason for why the British Government opposed the Italian invasion of Abyssinia was in response to the British Public opinion who at the time fully supported the League of Nations and with it the concept of collective Security. This was further proved through the results of the Peace ballot put forward by the League of Nations Union, of the 11,500,000 people that vote in the ballot, 95% supported the League of Nations; this was a key reason for why...
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...Economics throughout the British Empire has always had to be focused on maintenance, especially in Africa. But as we will establish, Geo-strategic and Political factors, put strain on the Empire’s ability to preserve its economy, and caused dismantlement in Africa between the years of 1870 - 1980. Though the factors of the latter, outweigh that of economics, as they all relied on perfect economics in order to be maintained or in order for the Empire to expand. As a result of two World Wars, the British where wasting resources annually trying to uphold its colonies, and as a result, simply ran out of finance and began relying on its allies, such as the USA, for support. In addition, the looming Cold War priorities meant that Britain could no longer provide for her colonies in Africa, eventually leading to dismantlement. The first issues to consider are the financial and economical impact that Africa had on the Empire, pre-world war and during the African Scramble, which contributed to the expansion of the Empire in Africa. The diamond industry became the key to the economic fortunes of the Empire in Southern Africa in the late 1800s. Though intrinsically worthless, Cecil Rhodes, who had succeeded in monopolising the diamond industry in Southern Africa, allowed the value to increase, by restricting its sales. Diamonds, which were mined from the Transvaal region, accounted for (1) “£4,000,000 (£181,600,000 today), of a £15,000,000 (£618,000,000 today)” economy. South Africa was...
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...Before I start my argumentation I will give a brief summary of the six day war. The six day war was in 1967. It started with Egypt blocking the port of Eilat, a very important trading route for Israel, and mobilising the army in the Sinai desert. They did this after receiving a false report from the Soviet Union. Israel launched a pre-emptive assault on June 5th against Egypt, destroying their air force almost completely. Both the Syrian and Jordanian air forces encountered the same fate. Around June 8th Israel had overcome Egypt and Jordan forces, taking the Sinai desert and the west bank and east Jerusalem as new territory. Egypt and Jordan were defeated. The next two days Israel conquered the Golan Heights from Syria. On June 10th, Saturday evening the war had ended. (Reynolds, 2000) The first reason why the political situation is Syria had such influence was because of their foreign policy in the middle-east. The leader of Syria was the neo-Ba’ath party that got power via a military group in February 1966. (Laron, 2010) They focused on creating a feeling of nationalism instead of pan-Arabism. The new regime wanted to spread Syrian ideology and wanted to limit western power in the Middle East. They expressed this in their strong anti-Zionist views because they saw Israel as the representation of that power. They wanted to drive Israel away and did this through verbal propaganda, for example the struggle against Israel was soon called ‘the popular war of liberation’ (Mann...
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