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Suffering Human Vision

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Uma Nova Visão do Sofrimento Humano nas Organizações Analisar o trabalho – assim como o conhecemos hoje, moldado às exigências do mercado – enquanto provedor e algoz do trabalhador e, consequentemente, da sociedade, sob a ótica da Psicopatologia do Trabalho: a isto se dispõe inicialmente o texto do francês Christophe Dejours, tendo por principais focos o sofrimento laboral que, por sua vez, pode ser tanto proveitoso (sofrimento criativo) quanto prejudicial (sofrimento patogênico), e as organizações do trabalho enquanto ponto de partida para uma possível solução, ou seja, transformar o sofrimento patogênico em sofrimento criativo. Ao introduzir o leitor à Psicopatologia do Trabalho, Dejours já deixa claro que essa disciplina encontrou seu nicho não nas investigações das doenças mentais relacionadas ao trabalho, mas no “enigma da normalidade”, nas razões por que o trabalhador mantém-se mentalmente estável face os mais variados tipos de afrontas psíquicas. Em outras palavras, é no comedimento e na harmonia profissional que se encontra o sofrimento do trabalhador. O autor define esse sofrimento como uma batalha para manter-se são, um conflito constante que exige do trabalhador estratégias defensivas que visam à lucidez. Esse conflito, por sua vez, se traduz do confronto entre a personalidade do trabalhador e as exigências organizacionais, entre o homem enquanto indivíduo e o papel genérico ao qual ele deve adequar-se (ou moldar-se). Partindo de elaborações feitas no campo da psicanálise, Dejours elucida que, no entanto, certos papeis genéricos promovidos pela organização do trabalho podem vir a oferecer ao profissional a ocasião propícia para “perseguir seu questionamento interior e traçar sua história”, pois “pela intermediação do trabalho, o sujeito engaja-se nas relações sociais para onde ele transfere as questões herdadas de seu passado”; o confronto entre Organização da Personalidade e Organização do Trabalho acaba por conduzi-lo a um terreno fértil para a imaginação e a criatividade. Neste cenário, portanto, o sofrimento se torna condição sine qua non para conquistas e reconhecimento profissionais, pois sem o sofrimento não há barreiras a serem transpostas muito menos estímulo para desvencilhar-se do torpor. Trata-se do sofrimento criativo, que se associa às atividades de concepção. Por outro lado, há “papéis genéricos” que - usando a expressão de Dejours - “confiscam” do trabalhador o ensejo para a concepção, privando-os de uma circunstância oportuna para “dominar seu sofrimento e transformá-lo em criatividade”. Tais papéis são comumente derivados de organizações baseadas na Administração Científica de Frederick Taylor, esta que tem seu foco voltado para a eficácia operacional sistemática. No entanto, o fator imaginativo humano acaba, mesmo reprimido, por “rebelar-se” diante do modo operatório repetitivo rigidamente definido, originando as inevitáveis disparidades entre organização prescrita do trabalho e organização real; disparidades que, além de não darem a devida vazão à busca por reconhecimento e identidade (sublimação), são propulsoras de acidentes de trabalho e do mau convívio profissional. Não apenas isso, mas, segundo o autor, o trabalhador tende a estender sua sublimação reprimida – pois este último a entende como uma autodefesa conquistada e valiosa – ao seu cotidiano fora do trabalho, gerando uma inércia psíquica constante que, por sua vez, faz parte de um quadro de sintomas relacionados a doenças metais e somáticas. Trata-se, portanto, do sofrimento patogênico, que se associa às atividades de execução. Por fim, diante do quadro exposto, o autor propõe um esclarecimento quanto às medidas administrativas que poderiam suscitar condições onde, guardas as devidas proporções, as atividades de execução passariam a ter características de atividades de concepção. Para tanto, parte-se dos conceitos de “espaço de palavra” e “espaço público”; onde antes as iniciativas individuais tinham um caráter irregular ou até mesmo ilegal perante as prescrições rigidamente estabelecidas, agora a “voz” do trabalhador – arbitragens, escolhas e decisões movidas pelo impulso à sublimação – torna-se transparente à coletividade e, conseguintemente, administrável. Grosso-modo, trata-se de uma espécie de “democratização” dos assuntos relacionados à organização prescrita do trabalho, dessa forma não apenas dando ao profissional vazão a sua busca por reconhecimento e identidade, mas atenuando riscos de acidentes causados por decisões arbitrárias (antes clandestinas, longe da atenção não apenas do regulamento, mas também da atenção dos demais operários). Através desta proposta, afirma Dejours, concorre-se ulteriormente ao que este chama de “engajamento apaixonado”: longe da repressão psíquica originada na administração científica, que leva ao individualismo desinteressado e potencialmente perigoso, o funcionário é mobilizado à criatividade, ao investimento e ao senso de responsabilidade coletiva. Ora, se os fatores psíquicos repressivos do trabalho acabam por – como instrui o texto – atingir o horizonte do cotidiano familiar e social do trabalhador, pode-se obviamente concluir que essa proposta acabar por beneficiar não apenas o trabalho, mas a sociedade. Apesar da abordagem claramente científica, o texto pode, entretanto, suscitar alguns questionamentos, questionamentos que, para o leitor atento, acabam brotando devido ao caráter elíptico (normalmente associado à linguagem informal) de determinadas demonstrações, onde o autor salta ou omite nexos lógicos intermediários que seriam imprescindíveis ao entendimento preciso, circunscrito. Um exemplo oportuno se encontra entre as páginas 163 e 164, onde se discorre sobre o diagnóstico de que o trabalhador oprimido pelo sistema taylorista / fordista irá se tornar um “zumbi embrutecido” que “reage freqüentemente com violência contra seus filhos”. Muito pouco é oferecido ao leitor para concluir de modo satisfatório que o meio profissional é fator preponderante à saúde mental e ao bom convívio interpessoal (este último um conceito que, longe de metodologias originadas em Marx e Engels, ordinariamente associa-se à Ética e ao Estado de direito), como se o trabalhador estivesse sumariamente impedido – pelos cacoetes defensivos adquiridos na jornada do trabalho repetitivo – de buscar atividades cognitivas satisfatórias (e frutíferas, por que não?) fora dos balaústres do empreendimento remunerado. Frente a esta observação contrastante, o texto tem por “tábua de salvação” a aura de autoridade fornecida por fragmentos de investigações psicanalíticas que supostamente convergem para demonstrar que os mencionados cacoetes adquiridos acabam por fatalmente determinar o modus operandi do sujeito enquanto pai de família e cidadão. Um outro ponto importante ao qual o texto não fornece elucidação: por ironia, o que se observa com clareza na sociedade contemporânea (mesmo sem o auxilio da psicanálise) é que são justamente as atividades de concepção (sofrimento criativo) – especialmente as que envolvem participação efetiva, generosas bonificações e toda sorte de estímulos que visam à proatividade inventiva – que acabam por “engolir” o funcionário, gerando neste uma espécie de impassibilidade a tudo que não for relevante à sua função profissional. O trabalhador terciário, por outro lado, graças a sua carga horária rigidamente determinada e sua virtual desvinculação com todas as preocupações e expectativas de seus empregadores após o “bater cartão”, tem a já aludida oportunidade de buscar atividades cognitivas gratificantes fora da redoma do trabalho – oportunidade esta que certos segmentos do texto, no entanto, tentam desmentir. Cabe ao leitor, também, a tarefa de conjeturar sobre a sempre possível face desfavorável nas medidas sugeridas em capítulos como “Espaço Público e Recurso Humano”, nas quais o trabalhador tem sua voz ouvida e esta passa a ser absorvida pela administração, em vez de ser reprimida pela intransigente organização de trabalho prescrita e jogada à clandestinidade. Ora, logo à primeira vista pode-se concluir que para tornar uma voz dissonante administrável ela inevitavelmente terá de passar a integrar as normas da organização prescrita. E quantas vozes dissonantes podem surgir dentro de uma indústria metalúrgica ou de uma vasta fábrica têxtil? E quanto ao constante movimento de vozes que são dispensadas e de novas vozes que são contratadas? Como avaliar a fecundidade de cada uma dessas incontáveis vozes? Aparentemente trata-se do incalculável, assim como seriam incalculáveis os esforços e os preceitos para se formular uma administração eficaz baseada em determinadas sugestões oferecidas pelo texto. Diante de tais questionamentos ou outros quaisquer, deve-se aqui, por um lado, considerar o fato de que se trata de um capítulo, ou melhor, de um excerto separado de seu respectivo todo – fato este que pode ou não “justificar” aquilo que os nexos lógicos intermediários faltantes não justificaram –; por outro lado é mister ponderar desde logo quais seriam as consequências reais e concretas da aplicação desta Nova Visão, boas e más.

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