...Layout of the Sugar Plantation In the 18Century British Caribbean the sugar cane plant was the main crop produced on the numerous plantations throughout the British Colonies along with other colonies owned by other European Powers. Almost every island was covered with sugar plantations and mills for refining the cane for its sweet properties. The main source of labor until the abolition of slavery was African slaves. These plantations produced eighty to ninety percent of the sugar consumed in Western Europe. Due to the Fact that so many percentage of the main source of sweetener came from the Caribbean during the 18 century it meant that British Plantations in the region was very highly complex to ensure the maintenance of productivity for profit making. It also meant that the plantations were highly secured to ensure that profit was made in every capacity and that the enslave would continued to put out maximum work effort. West Indian sugar estates varied in size from a few hundred to several thousand acres, according to soil, climatic and physical geographical conditions. An average estate measured about five hundred acres and was laid out according to an almost regular pattern. THE estate land consisted of a number of clearly defined parts. In the hey-day of plantation agriculture, the greater part of the estate was devoted to sugar-cane cultivation. This portion was usually the best land since the planter's aim was maximum profit which could into sections or fields in order...
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...LAYOUT OF A TYPICAL 18YH CENTURY PLANTATION According to Claypole plantation lands were divided into several sections: cane fields, pastures lands, woodlands, provision grounds, work yards and living quarters for managers and labourers. Most plantations had from three to five cane fields, each surrounded by closely trimmed trees and walls made of lumber or stone wall to protect the crop from cattle. Each field was divided by narrow roads into smaller square plots of 6-9 hectares. This made it easier to manage the gangs that were cutting the cane and the movement to the work yard. According to Hamilton Wille the pastures lands were areas that was reserved for animals, mainly cattle, horses and mules ,and were extremely important. They provided manure for the cane fields and vegetable plots, and some could be even slaughtered to provide meat for supplement the diet of the estate population. The woodland provided lumber for the estate. Lumber was used for a various purposes such as the construction of buildings as well as fuel for the boilers and for cooking. Provisions grounds were unused lands and were generally cultivated on marginal lands, and were extremely important to both the planters and to the slaves. Caribbean history for cxc, Provisions grounds were poor lands on the plantation given to the slaves so that they may grow their own food, working the ground in whatever free time they were given and on Sundays. This was meant to decrease the cost...
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...In the 18Century British Caribbean the sugar cane plant was the main crop produced on the numerous plantations throughout the British Colonies along with other colonies owned by other European Powers. Almost every island was covered with sugar plantations and mills for refining the cane for its sweet properties. The main source of labor until the abolition of slavery was African slaves. These plantations produced eighty to ninety percent of the sugar consumed in Western Europe. Due to the Fact that so many percentage of the main source of sweetener came from the Caribbean during the 18 century it meant that British Plantations in the region was very highly complex to ensure the maintenance of productivity for profit making. It also meant that the plantations were highly secured to ensure that profit was made in every capacity and that the enslave would continued to put out maximum work effort. West Indian sugar estates varied in size from a few hundred to several thousand acres, according to soil, climatic and physical geographical conditions. An average estate measured about five hundred acres and was laid out according to an almost regular pattern. THE estate land consisted of a number of clearly defined parts. In the hey-day of plantation agriculture, the greater part of the estate was devoted to sugar-cane cultivation. This portion was usually the best land since the planter's aim was maximum profit which could into sections or fields in order to facilitate land use, that...
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...layout of a typical 18th century British Caribbean sugar plantation ensured self- sufficiency and maximized efficiency.” Does the evidence support this statement? Rationale On a typical eighteenth century plantation self- sufficiency was promoted by workers, fuel, water source, sugar works yard and sugar being the main crop, along with the practice of subsistence farming all being on the plantation. Generally speaking, the categories of a persons living on the plantation were Negroes and whites. The research will create a balanced perspective with regards to the self-sufficiency and maximized efficiency Introduction Generally speaking, the categories of persons living on the plantation were Negroes and Whites. The Negroes houses were set apart from the estate buildings of the plantation in close proximity to the fields to enable easier access to work. "As you enter the gates, there is a long range of negro houses, like thatched cottages and a row of coconut trees and clumps of cotton trees." [Lady Nugent p. 28]. Their houses were made of wattle, mud or timber. The planter or his attorney in his absence would occupy the Great House. The other whites', overseers, bookkeepers etc. houses were located in close proximity to the Great House, which better enable them to supervise the slaves. The sugar works yard was located at the center of the plantation, a considerable walking distance away from the Great house. "The sugar works yard consisted of the mill, boiling house...
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...Typical Sugar Plantation LAYOUT OF A TYPICAL 18YH CENTURY PLANTATION According to Claypole plantation lands were divided into several sections: cane fields, pastures lands, woodlands, provision grounds, work yards and living quarters for managers and labourers. Most plantations had from three to five cane fields, each surrounded by closely trimmed trees and walls made of lumber or stone wall to protect the crop from cattle. Each field was divided by narrow roads into smaller square plots of 6-9 hectares. This made it easier to manage the gangs that were cutting the cane and the movement to the work yard. According to Hamilton Wille the pastures lands were areas that was reserved for animals, mainly cattle, horses and mules ,and were extremely important. They provided manure for the cane fields and vegetable plots, and some could be even slaughtered to provide meat for supplement the diet of the estate population. The woodland provided lumber for the estate. Lumber was used for a various purposes such as the construction of buildings as well as fuel for the boilers and for cooking. Provisions grounds were unused lands and were generally cultivated on marginal lands, and were extremely important to both the planters and to the slaves. Caribbean history for cxc, Provisions grounds were poor lands on the plantation given to the slaves so that they may grow their own food, working the ground in whatever free time they were given and on Sundays. This was...
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... * photosynthesis * reproduction & dispersal * food and water conduction * Note: the shoot system includes the leaves and the reproductive organs, although these will be covered in more detail separately The shoot system includes organs such as leaves, buds, stems, flowers, and fruits and usually it develops above ground. The functions of the shoot system include * Photosynthesis, * Reproduction, * Storage, * Transport, * Hormone production. Photosynthesis, The most important characteristic of plants is their ability to photosynthesize, photosynthesis is the process in which plants, green algae, and some bacteria convert sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into oxygen and in the sugars that they need for growth. Light-sensitive pigments called chlorophylls and closely-related pigments like carotenoid are essential to the photosynthetic process. Thanks to photosynthesis plants are autotrophs, which means that they sustain themselves without eating other organisms or substances derived from other organisms. It sustain practically all living being directly or indirectly, making it vital to life on Earth. Reproduction In biology reproduction is the sexual or asexual process by which organisms generate new individuals of the same species; procreation. sexual (or generative) reproduction is the process by which organisms create descendants through the combination of genetic material. These organisms have two different...
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...On a typical 18th century sugar plantation was divided into several sections each for their own different purpose. A portion was used for the cane fields, pastures, woodlands, provision grounds, work yards and living quarters for managers and labour. According to Claypole and Robottom, most plantations had from three to live cane fields each surrounded by a closely trimmed hedge or stone wall to keep out cattle. Each year one was generally left fallow another grows a second crop of rations and the others were planted with new canes. Each field was divided by narrow roads into smaller square plots of 6-9 hectares. This made it easier for the overseer to control the rate of the slave gangs’ work and to organize the movement of cut cane to the wok yard. [Caribbean Story Book 1 3rd Editionp.96]. “The sugar work yard consisted of the mill, boiling house, curing house, distillery, trash house and workshops for skilled craftsmen like black smith and carpenters”[A Study and Revision Guide for CXC Caribbean History p.35], stood in the middle of the cane fields. The factory buildings were closely positioned to prevent having to travel far distance from one place to another. Woodland was a very essential source on the plantation site. It hold many uses. According to Hamilton-Willie, The woodland provided lumber for building purposes, as well as fuel for the boilers, and for cooking. . [A study and Revision Guide for CXC Caribbean History p. 35]. Provision grounds...
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...In my opinion, I think that article #1 is more informative and useful for a person who knows nothing about the sugar plantations in Hawaii because it provides information about different cultures of people on the plantation where as the 2nd article talks more about the plantation being sold and the sugar industry. Article #1 is mostly about the racial groups that were working on the Hawaiian plantations in the 1800’s and I think that it would be most useful to someone who knows nothing about the plantation because it gives you information on how it was like to live as your ethnicity on the plantation at the time. Article #2 provides the quote of “The managers would separate workers of different races and compare their production rates.” and...
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...Thesis statement The coffee industry has been thriving over the years up to 1985, but due to decline in sales completion and supply being greater than demand the industries’ survival and growth has dwindled. Rationale This question was chosen by the researcher to examine the factors that encouraged the development and existence of the coffee industry. This research will help others fix the problem and provide jobs for unemployed people, bring more money for the government to fund programs such as P.A.T.H which helps children in schools as well as for the government to buy more medical necessities. Introduction Coffee was introduced to Jamaica by Sir Nicholas Lawes governor of Jamaica at that time, he brought the plant from Haiti in 1728. It was first planted in the parish of St. Andrew on the Blue Mountains. The Coffee Industry became successful because of the natural attributes of the country such as the cool climate which was suitable for the growth of coffee. The relief of the land such as the rugged mountains and the rich soil. The marketing overseas also proved valuable as it provided foreign exchange. The industry also provided employment for competent and incompetent workers. As a result of its growth farmers saw it fit to invest in the cultivation of coffee in various parts of Jamaica. It became more dominant in 1838 after slavery was fully abolished and seen as a good investment by others than peasant farmers. The coffee industry is important to the economy...
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...Empty Bowls event. The bowls that were to be made today are to be sold at their Empty Bowl event as a donation to raise money for Open Arms MN. The Open Arms MN provides nutrition to those living with illnesses in the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area that operates by a meal delivery program. Unfortunately, due to the amount of increase in attendance than expected, there was not enough room for everyone to do the activities. Instead I watched Wasteland Documentary. This was about an artist named Vik Muniz. He uses garbage as his main materials. He finds dirt, plastic, paper, pretty much anything that he deems useful. He had gone to the Caribbean and took photographs of the local children, whose parents were sugar plantation workers. He then used sugar to draw out the children’s faces. He believes he needs to step away from the realm of fine arts. His project that was filmed, involved flying to Rio de Janerio. There he went to the Jardim Gramacho, which is a landfill. Here he plans to change the lives of those around him. In the beginning, the workers at the landfill believed him to be their filming for Animal Planet. He met many people; Zumbi, Valter, Isis, Irma, and Suelem. Out of all those that were interviewed, Suelem stood out to me the most. She had worked as a picker since she was seven (currently eighteen). She had told Vik that she had been picking and she found a baby dead, lying in the garbage. She said “It was the most horrible thing to see...
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...----------------------------------------AUTHORIZED TRANSLATION ------------------------------------------ PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA REGULATION OF PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA NUMBER : 111 of 2007 CONCERNING AMENDMENT TO REGULATION OF PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA NUMBER: 77 of 2007 CONCERNING THE LIST OF BUSINESSES CLOSED AND LIST OF BUSINESSES OPENED WITH RESERVATION IN THE INVESTMENT SECTOR WITH THE MERCY OF THE GOD ALMIGHTY THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA, Considering: a. That, with the issuance of the Presidential Regulation Number 77 of 2007 concerning the List of Businesses closed and the List of Businesses opened to Investment, constituting the implementation of paragraph (4) of Article 12 and paragraph (1) of Article 13 of the Law Number: 25 of 2007 concerning business Investment, sectors the arrangement opened of closed and with reservation in such Presidential Regulation shall be made clearer in order to prevent -1- any possible misinterpretation from happening; b. that, with respect to point a above, in is necessary Regulation to stipulate an a Presidential to of the 2007 concerning amendment Number 77 Presidential Regulation concerning the List of Businesses Closed and the List of Businesses Opened to Investment; In view of: 1. Paragraph (1) of Article 4 of the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia of 1945; 2. The Law Number: 25 of 1992 concerning Cooperatives...
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...Report The book entitled “Beyond Massa - Sugar Management in the British Caribbean, 1770-1834” written by Dr. John F. Campbell seeks to examine the mechanism of the plantation life, both the enslaved and the European whites who were otherwise known as masters. It delves deeper into the reality about slavery and revisionism, as this book challenges many past events and judgments that were based on slavery, with supporting evidence. Dr. Campbell focused on the British Controlled Caribbean region of Jamaica, particularly on the Golden Grove plantation owned by Chaloner Arcedekne. He was an absentee owner and his close friend, Simon Taylor managed the plantation. For the period of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, there were difficulties faced by masters on the sugar plantations, also, social relationships were formed between the enslaved people and their masters. These are some of the details accentuated in “Beyond Massa.” The main areas of research and discussion concerning the sugar plantations throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were focused on; the Human Resource Management practices, the enslaved elite, the role of women, and the centre of power and power centre. Human Resource Management (HRM) was the governing principle within the sugar estates of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Although this term was recently developed around the mid 80’s, as historians conducted additional research into sugar estates, evidence has proven that Human Resource...
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...factors that drove the sugar trade, such as the increasing demand for sugar, the colonization of the Caribbean Islands, and the rise in slavery. The demand for sugar grew at a high rate as more of it was being produced. The production itself was taking place in the European-colonized Caribbean islands, which had the perfect climate for growing cane sugar. The rise of slavery meant very cheap labor, thus leading to more sugar being produced in less time. The colonization of the Caribbean Islands in Europe supported cane sugar growth, leading to the trading of the cane sugar. The location and the climate of these islands is further talked about in Documents 1 and 2. The British, Spanish, and French had colonized the Caribbean by 1750 (Doc. 1). Because they had this land, they were able to make a profit off of new crops that...
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...Introduction This School Based Assessment is based on what happened on the 18th century sugar plantation in the British it was structured for jobs. It will also provide information on the roles that the slaves played. Sugar cane was the main crop produced on the numerous plantations throughout the Caribbean. Generally speaking, the different types of persons living on the plantation were Negroes and Whites. It is land economy that influenced the social and political values of the plantation. THEME: Caribbean Economy and Slavery. Research Topic: How did land economy help in the 18th century British plantation? How to describe the social and political effects of the sugar plantation? What factors caused a disruption of the process of producing sugar? RESEARCH QUESTION: ‘The layout of a typical 18th century British Caribbean sugar plantation ensured self-sufficiency and maximized efficiency.’ Does the evidence support this statement? RATIONALE: On a typical eighteenth century plantation self- sufficiency was promoted by workers, fuel, water source, sugar works yard and sugar being the main crop, along with the practice of subsistence farming all being on the plantation. Generally speaking, the categories of a persons living on the plantation were Negroes and whites. The research will create a balanced perspective with regards to the self-sufficiency and maximized...
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...Plantations Hazards The term plantation is widely used to describe large-scale units where industrial methods are applied to certain agricultural enterprises. These enterprises are found primarily in the tropical regions of Asia, Africa and Central and South America, but they are also found in certain subtropical areas where the climate and soil are suitable for the growth of tropical fruits and vegetation. Plantations are grown on a large scale because the crop is grown for commercial purposes, not for domestic use.Work on plantations involves numerous hazards relating to the work environment, the tools and equipment used and the very nature of the work. Plantation Work The main activity on a plantation is the cultivation of one of two kinds of crops. This involves the following kinds of work: soil preparation, planting, cultivation, weeding, crop treatment, harvesting, transportation and storage of produce. These operations entail the use of a variety of tools, machines and agricultural chemicals. Where virgin land is to be cultivated, it may be necessary to clear forest land by felling trees, uprooting stumps and burning off undergrowth, followed by ditch and irrigation channel digging. In addition to the basic cultivation work, other activities may also be carried out on a plantation: raising livestock, processing crops and maintaining and repairing buildings, plants, machinery, implements, roads and railway tracks. It may be necessary to generate electricity, dig...
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