...Substance Abuse in Adolescents Seana Benham Grand Canyon University Nursing 427 Concepts in Community and Public Health November5, 2015 Prevalence of substance abuse among youth In 2013, the Healthy Kids Colorado Survey revealed than an estimated 16.6 percent of Colorado high school youth reported binge drinking, 10.7 percent reported cigarette smoking, and 19.7 percent reported marijuana use in the 30 days prior to the survey. As many as 13.6 percent abused prescription drugs at some point in their lives. Of note, the 2013 prevalence of Colorado high school youth ever having used other illicit drugs ranged between 2.7 percent for heroin and 7.3 percent for inhalants. Methamphetamine use was reported as 3.2 percent; cocaine, 5.8 percent; and Ecstasy, 6.7 percent. (Maternal and Child Health Issue Brief, 2014). According to Maternal Health and Child Health issue brief (2014), the prevalence of binge drinking, cigarette smoking, and marijuana use are substantially lower among middle school youth compared to high school youth. What contributes to substance abuse among youth? Substance abuse among youth is a complex issue with many potentially contributing factors that might include an individual’s peer influence, an individual’s biology, family and peer influence, and the social context in which use occurs (Newcomb; M et al. 2009). Family and peer influences can be influential towards substance use or abuse; familial risk factors that influence substance abuse include...
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...Bentley University Lefebvre, Joseph Bentley University Over the Counter, Over Prescribed Prescription Drug Abuse Over the Counter, Over Prescribed Prescription Drug Abuse When describing a drug addict, the stereotypical description is usually someone who has no job, steals to get their fix, and is living their life in poverty because of their crippling addiction. The drug of choice for these “junkies” is typically black tar heroin. However in recent years this has not been the case. The age of prescription drugs is beginning and people are dying from prescription drug overdoses at an alarming rate. According to the National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA), as seen in Figure 1 found in the Appendix, in 2010 there were 8.76 million prescription drug abusers (Drug Facts: Prescription and Over-the-Counter Medications). Prescription drug abuse has become an epidemic in America and it is not isolated to the stereotypical addict, as doctors and emergency response teams are seeing more and more overdoses and individuals seeking medical attention who are in the upper middle class and lead a fairly “normal” life besides their addiction. The NIDA found that there are around 5.1 million people in the US suffer from substance abuse disorders related to prescription pain relievers (Figure 1, Appendix). Although pain killer abuse gets a lot of the prescription drug abuse headlines, there are other medications that are being abused namely stimulants. Because over the counter and prescription...
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...Compare and Contrast how Cocaine, Ecstasy, Heroin and Cannabis Work in the Brain Drugs of abuse, such as cocaine, ecstasy, heroin and cannabis, are of natural or synthetic origin, which can alter the emotional state, perception, body functioning and behaviour of an individual. Drugs are known to work in the brain by activating certain brain circuits via different mechanisms, and stimulate or inhibit different neurons in the pathway. However, due to the effects of each drug being different, a drug will affect either different pathways and neurons in the brain to that of another, or through a different process, i.e. direct or indirect activity. This essay will discuss the different mechanisms of action that cocaine, ecstasy, heroin and cannabis have in the brain, in terms of their similarities and dissimilarities. Recent studies are also discussed in relation to such theories, with findings of research having been derived from both humans and animals. Ecstasy and cocaine are psychostimulants that temporarily increase alertness and awareness. They both act as ‘indirect agonists’, which increase neurotransmitter binding to receptors in the synapse. By binding to the transporters that normally remove the excess of these neurotransmitters from the synaptic gap, ecstasy and cocaine prevent them from being reabsorbed by the neurons that released them, and therefore increase their concentration in the synapses. Changes in the activity of serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline neurotransmitters...
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...Heroin Addiction and Treatment Abstract This paper offers a brief explanation of the history of heroin. Describing the origins of heroin, who discovered it and describe the detrimental effects heroin has on an individual. There are several treatment options available for heroin addicts and this paper will look at a few of the ones that have shown the most success. Heroin Addiction and Treatment Introduction: A Brief History of Heroin Heroin comes from the opium poppy. This plant has been used by a number of various civilizations going back to include ancient civilizations. Opium, heroin, and morphine are derived from the poppy. Opium had been used by Drs. in the United States for many years prior to the Civil War. When morphine was discovered Drs. switched to using morphine instead of opium for pain, mainly because the hypodermic needle had been invented and morphine could be injected and pain could be better controlled. Heroin was derived from a chemical process discovered by Felix Hoffman in 1874. Heroin was initially distributed as a pain killer, and cough suppressant by Bayer Company in 1898. Drs. initially thought that heroin could replace morphine because they thought heroin did not possess the addictive qualities of morphine. In fact Drs. used heroin to get their patient’s off morphine. They thought...
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...What drugs are likely to interfere with urine drug screens? Urine drug screens (UDS) are a frequent practice used to detect common drugs of abuse. On-site drug screening is performed for a variety of medical, professional, and legal reasons. A few scenarios in which screening may be done are listed below:1 Reasons for urine drug screening1 • Preemployment • Suspicion of drug abuse (e.g., unexplained negligence/impairment/behavior) • Random testing outlined in employment contract • Military service • Sports participation • Legal/criminal (e.g., postaccident, parole) • Drug-therapy compliance monitoring • Drug abuse rehabilitation monitoring • Postmortem investigation Screening Methods Urine drug screens are generally performed using either immunoassays or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).2 Immunoassay UDS contain specific antibodies against common drugs of abuse and their metabolites. The immunoassay is the most commonly used UDS because it is inexpensive and rapid. Five different immunoassays are available: cloned enzyme donor immunoassay, enzyme-multiplied immunoassay (EMIT), fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA), and immunoturbidimetic assay radioimmunoassay (RIA). The substances most commonly tested by a typical immunoassay include amphetamines, cannabinoid metabolites, cocaine metabolites, opiate metabolites, and phencyclidine (PCP). Expanded immunoassays are available to test for tricyclic antidepressants, barbiturates, methadone...
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...many different causes, such as The American Revolutionary War, The American Civil War, The Spanish-American War, World War I, World War II, The Vietnam War and the ongoing War on Drugs. The term “War on Drugs” was first used during President Richard Nixon’s 1971 term, when he officially declared the war. The War on Drugs” continues today, although drug use has been consistent throughout the forty three year period of the war. All drug use has remained steady despite the militarization of the drug war as the data below will demonstrate. The research focuses on the change of drug use rate, cost and racial disparity. Drug use According to the 2012 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), an annual survey sponsored by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), an estimated 23.9 million Americans aged twelve or older were current illicit drug users. The survey is the...
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...Anali Khalil Case Analysis 2 November 1, 2015 I. Client Psycho-Social Brandy is a 32-year-old Mexican mother of two, who is currently seeking treatment for heroine and alcohol use. Brandy was recently arrested for possession and distribution of heroin, and was court ordered to comply with substance-abuse classes. During intake, Brandy states that she has been using heroin for the last four years. Brandy states that after she had her twins, she felt very alone and overwhelmed. Although Brandy is still with the father of her children, she states that her significant other works 13 hour days, which gives her plenty of time to use. Aside from her regular heroine use, Brandy also states that she regularly drinks bottles of wine on a weekly basis. Brandy states that as a child, she remembers her mother regularly drinking wine, at times even sending her to the refrigerator to pour her another cup. Although Brandy has never been in trouble previously, she states she has considered treatment often. Brandy states that the longest time she has been sober from alcohol was for about 3 to 4 days. She states the longest she has not used heroin was 2 days. At this time, Brandy states that she wishes to get treatment for her heroin use. Brandy insists that her alcohol use does not negatively affect her,...
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...Case Summary The patient, a 23-year-old male (date of birth September 30, 1994), presented to the facility’s Emergency Department on February 27, 2018, with a history of schizophrenia, seizure disorder, polysubstance abuse (ETOH, marijuana, heroin and BZDs), opiate intoxication, depression and suicidality. The patient was admitted to the Medical Center on February 27, 2018. The following diagnoses were submitted: Admitting Diagnosis of altered mental status; Principal Diagnosis of seizure disorder; Secondary Diagnoses: enterocolitis due to Clostridium difficile; suicidal ideation; sedative hypnotic or anxiolytic dependence with withdrawal; opioid dependence with withdrawal; other psychoactive substance use unspecified with mood disorder;...
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...n the An Introduction to the drug ratings in the Philippines Background study drug addiction and drug abuse, chronic or habitual use of any chemical substance to alter states of body or mind for other than medically warranted purposes. Traditional definitions of addiction, with their criteria of physical dependence and withdrawal (and often an underlying tenor of depravity and sin) have been modified with increased understanding; with the introduction of new drugs, such as cocaine, that are psychologically or neuropsychologically addicting; and with the realization that its stereotypical application to opiate-drug users was invalid because many of them remain occasional users with no physical dependence. Addiction is more often now defined by the continuing, compulsive nature of the drug use despite physical and/or psychological harm to the user and society and includes both licit and illicit drugs, and the term "substance abuse" is now frequently used because of the broad range of substances (including alcohol and inhalants) that can fit the addictive profile. Psychological dependence is the subjective feeling that the user needs the drug to maintain a feeling of well-being; physical dependence is characterized by tolerance (the need for increasingly larger doses in order to achieve the initial effect) and withdrawal symptoms when the user is abstinent. INTRODUCTION Illegal drug use is “almost automatically”([1]) associated with criminal behaviour. The statistical...
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...are shared as well as define them in terms that are associated frequently with these drugs. All substances that are controlled have abuse that is potential or are precursors that are immediate when it comes to abuse that is potential. With the exception of anabolic steroids, substances that are controlled are abused when it comes to mood altering, feeling, and thought through their actions on the CNS or central nervous system, which is the brain and spinal cord. Some of these drugs are relievers of pain, depression as well as anxiety. Some are energizers and some are inducers of sleep. Even though some substances that are controlled are useful therapeutically, the effects that considered to be “feel good” of these drugs will more than likely prove to be primary contributors when it comes to their abuse. The extent to which these substances are reliably capable of pleasurable feelings that are intense, euphoria, increases the chances that the substance is being abused. When drugs are being used in an amount or way that is not consistent with a cultures social or medical patterns, is referred to as substance or drug abuse. In...
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...simple fact of the matter is more people die each year from alcohol, tobacco, and prescription drugs than any other cause of death in the world. That includes cancer, aids, and many other prominent diseases combined. Benefits I will start off with the pros of legalizing drugs which are the following, tax dollars earned from sales, less tax dollars spent on housing inmates for drug possession, and less broken homes from people being hauled off to prison. Two senior lecturers at the University of Harvard have conducted studies to show how much revenue would come from legalizing drugs. In their findings they saw that there would be over 40 billion dollars in tax revenue. Over 8 billion from marijuana alone, and 32 billion from cocaine, heroin, and other drugs. It’s said that right now that marijuana is a bigger cash crop than wheat or corn. Now that is the money coming in from these drugs. Imagine how fast we could decrease our national debt, not to mention the tourist attraction that would come from this. Amsterdam has already seen the effects of legalizing just marijuana to an extent they have a massive amount of tourists, and they’re crime rate is among the lowest in the world. Moving on to the fact that we would save massive amounts of money on tax dollars for housing inmates on drug charges. Now this would be effective in two different ways. The...
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...Drug use in society 2011 12/13/2011 Business Communication-2 Final Report (The viewpoint of iobm students on the use of drugs in our society) submitted to: Mr. Sheikh Irfan submitted by: Muhammad Moaaz Iqbal Afridi (11391) Asad Ali Roomy (10877) Muhammad Ali ( Muhammad Ali Qureshi ( Table of contents Contents 1. INTRODUCTION 9 1.1. Background: 10 1.2. Purpose statement 11 1.3. Limitations of research: 12 1.4. Main Research Questions: 12 1.5. Other research Questions: 12 1.6. HYPOTHESES 13 1.7. Population: 14 1.8. Research tool: 14 1.9. Methodology: 14 1.10. Scope of the research 15 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 16 2.1. TYPES OF DRUGS 17 2.1.1 Heroin 17 2.1.2 Cocaine 18 2.1.3 Methamphetamine 19 2.1.4 Crack Cocaine 20 2.1.5 LSD 21 2.1.6 Ecstasy 22 2.1.7 Opium 23 2.1.8 Marijuana 24 2.1.9 Psilocybin Mushrooms 25 2.1.10 PCP 26 2.2 DRUGS DUE TO DEPRESSION: 27 4.3 Peer Pressure and Drug Use 35 4.4 Drug enforcement agencies 36 4.5 Drug Trafficking in Pakistan 38 4.6 Statistics 40 5 Methodology 43 5.1 Questionnaire 44 5.2 INTRODUCTION 46 5.3 Research Findings 47 5.4 Data Analysis 51 6 CONCLUSION 65 6.1 Introduction 66 6.2 Recommendations 68 6.3 Bibliography 69 Letter of transmittal To: Sir Sheikh Irfan, business communication II From: Asad Ali Roomy, Mohammad Ali Qureshi, Mohammad Ali, Moaz Date: 8th December, 2012 Subject: Transmittal of report on “Use of drugs...
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...Executive Summary: This study examined the types of drugs students in Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet abuse. The participants were 10 university students drawn from different departments of Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet for case study. Case study method with purposive sampling and qualitative approach has been used to conduct the study.The intent of this study was to investigate the reasons that influence to drug abuse among the university students in Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet. The analyses yielded the following results: students in the university abuse drugs such as tobacco, marijuana, alcohol, syrup, slipping tablet, Yabba, heroin so on.Students use drugs mostly everyday most of the narcotics.Students use drugs to feel good, to keep awakeand to sleep. This study found that most of the addicted students do not suffer for taking drugs. Taking drugs do not bring negative impact on their study; students have no psychological or physiological illness becauseof drugs. Based on these findings, the study recommends police and customs control, family support, friends’ supports, prohibition of drug use, compulsory treatment of drug addicts as primary solution to reduce the rate of drug addiction.The study also recommends among others the need to organize awareness programmes in our campus to educate students that drugs can alter brain circuitry, which will affect their learning; and the university authorities...
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...Staten Island YMCA Counseling Service | Helping Others To Help Themselves | Incorporating Substance Abuse Services, Mental Illness, and Health and Nutritional Services | Kendra Williams April 21, 2014 | Contents 1.0 Executive Summary 2.0 Situation Analysis 3.1 Market Summary 3.2 SWOT Analysis 3.3 Competition 3.4 Product (Service) Offering 3.5 Keys to Success 3.6 Critical Issues 3.0 Marketing Strategy 4.7 Mission 4.8 Marketing Objectives 4.9 Financial Objectives 4.10 Target Markets 4.11 Positioning 4.12 Strategies 4.13 Marketing Mix 4.14 Marketing Research 4.0 Controls 5.15 Implementation 5.16 Marketing Organization 5.17 Contingency Planning 5.0 Conclusion 1.0 Executive Summary The YMCA Counseling Service is preparing to launch a new and improved counseling service. The new counseling service is going to include adult outpatient treatment group, family, and individual counseling services, adolescent outpatient treatment group, family, and individual counseling services. We will also continue the prevention services for adolescents and children, and incorporate nutrition and health program/workshops for adults, adolescents, and children. Improving the services at the YMCA Counseling Service will better equip the individuals that we help to live a better and healthier substance- free life. With adding new programs to the services...
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...and goals. Moreover I have talked about the issues regarding drug abuse and drug addiction. Furthermore this report contains the programs held by EFY to help and support drug addicts and their families to overcome the strategies they face due to drug related problems. The report concludes by explaining how effective these programs are to our society as a whole. INTRODUCTION Excellence For Youth (EFY) is a non-governmental organization officially registered on 05th October 2008 by a group of Maldivian, recovered addicts to help youth who are addicted to drugs to maintain their recovery and to raise public awareness on drug abuse, drug trafficking and drug addiction. The reason why we chose to implement this organization is because drug addiction and drug related issues are the worst social problem faced by the Maldivian society. Drug abuse has become the initiation of most of the other crimes such as robbery, gang fights and murder. Our aim is to prevent youth from being exposed to drug abuse and other crimes by creating awareness about drug addiction in the whole community. Our vision is to empower every youth in the community to overcome drug addiction and drug related problems through information and education. In this report, firstly we have highlighted about our organizational structure. Secondly, we have mentioned our vision and our mission. Thirdly we will be discussing about the reasons why youth abuse drugs. Moreover the...
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