...condition. This kind of maxim will not form a universal law thus it should be removed and replaced with a more reasonable maxim. If we will such maxim, we will end in hypothetical imperative not categorical. In addition, Kant explained the practical imperative further in his categorical imperative second formulation: “act so that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in that of another, always as an end and never as a means only” (McLachlan, 2009, p73.). Thus, if humanity is an end, no man has the right to take his life even in whatever condition he finds himself Overall, Kant’s theory is very influential in the argument of euthanasia ethical issues. Based on his theory, euthanasia is not a moral act. CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE Civil disobedience means the refusal to obey certain laws or governmental demands for the purpose of influencing legislation or government policy. As a forceful defender of representative government, political freedom, and the inherent dignity of all persons, Kant sympathized with the progressive forces in the Glorious...
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...A Theory of Justice, by John Rawls Tier III 415A Home Page A Theory of Justice, by John Rawls, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1971. This outline of an extended book review is based in large part on notes composed by Darrell Huwe. I have attempted with limited success to understand Rawls' book - please do not regard this as being in any sense an authoritative summary of Rawls' thought. I personally find this book particularly difficult to penetrate, perhaps because my training is in the physical sciences rather than philosophy, and I generalize quite beyond the evidence when I suspect that others also find it less than accessible. I hope that this review is helpful. The Chronicle of Higher Education has published an article, "The Enduring Significance of John Rawls", by Martha Nussbaum. John Rawls died at age 81 on November 24, 2002. Dick Piccard General Conception All social primary goods - liberty and opportunity, income and wealth, and the bases of self-respect are to be distributed equally unless an unequal distribution of any or all of these goods is to the advantage of the least favored. Social Contract John Locke: Free people need to agree on some ground rules in order to live together in harmony. Utilitarianism John Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham: Act so as to maximize good (pleasure) in the aggregate. Later twist: minimize pain. From either perspective, your actions are judged good or bad depending on the consequences they have for you and...
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...Complete Course Material Version 3 http://hwminute.com/downloads/cja-324-complete-course-material-version-3/ Please use a valid e-mail address while placing your order, the link to download products will be sent to this address. Check your Junk/Spam folder as well. After downloading, unzip the files. If you don't have WINZIP software, you can download it for free at www.winzip.com . If you don't receive any download link within a minute. Please contact us immediately. ( hwminute@gmail.com) Visit Website: http://hwminute.com/ Week One: Ethics and the Criminal Justice Practitioner Details Due Points Objectives 1.1 Explain the importance of ethics to the criminal justice practitioner.1.2 Distinguish between morality, ethics, duties, and values.1.3 Explain common theories related to ethics in criminal justice. 1.4 Analyze ethical decision-making processes. Reading Read the Week One Read Me First. Reading Read Ch. 1 of Justice, Crime, and Ethics. Reading Read Ch. 2 of Justice, Crime, and Ethics. Reading Read Ch. 3 of Justice, Crime, and Ethics. Reading Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. Participation Participate in class discussion. 4 of 7 days 1 Discussion Questions Respond to weekly discussion questions. DQ1 due day 3DQ 2 due day 5 3 Learning Team InstructionsLearning Team Charter Select Learning Team members who work together throughout the course.Create the Learning Team Charter. Day 7 Learning Team InstructionsWeekly Team Review...
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...Business law Glossary Chapter 1 stare decisis “let the decision stand”; the principle that the decision of a court should serve as a guide or precedent and control the decision of a similar case in the future. administrative regulations rules made by state and federal administrative agencies. case law law that includes principles that are expressed for the first time in court decisions. common law the body of unwritten principles originally based upon the usages and customs of the community that were recognized and enforced by the courts. constitution a body of principles that establishes the structure of a government and the relationship of the government to the people who are governed. duty an obligation of law imposed on a person to perform or refrain from performing a certain act. equity the body of principles that originally developed because of the inadequacy of the rules then applied by the common law courts of England. law the order or pattern of rules that society establishes to govern the conduct of individuals and the relationships among them. precedent a decision of a court that stands as the law for a particular problem in the future. private law the rules and regulations parties agree to as part of their contractual relationships. procedural law the law that must be followed in enforcing rights and liabilities. right legal capacity to require another person to perform or refrain from an action. right of privacy...
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...Chapter 1: Perspective on Business Ethics and Values * Identify the good, tragic, comic, satirical and farcical elements in the way in which people and organization deal with matters of ethics and morality * Stakeholder theory * Business case for business ethics * Arguments about the moral status of business and organization Moral conflict between self-interest and public duty, between social and environment duty what takes precedence? Should a business case be proven before an organization commit to appeal fund or should behave in a socially responsible way, beyond the requirement of law because it is the right thing to do? It would seem logical that a company would benefit from socially responsible conduct such as renewable resources, promoting fair trade, empowering gender fairness in employment and support the community in which they operate. However, the translation of benefits into economic profits is not guaranteed. For some consumers the buying decision is influenced by the social image of the company but by the value they get from the trade. Various factors can be employed to measure the corporate social responsibility performance are Dow Jones Sustainability Index, SERM rating and EIRIS. Stakeholder Theory: What responsibilities or obligation does an organization owes to its stakeholders? How should an organization cater to the competing need of different stakeholders? What legitimate interests justify a group of people being regarded as stakeholders...
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...Nick Genaris Professor Ngoh Protest Literature 21th October 2015 Letter from Birmingham Jail-Rhetorical Analysis Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. wrote the “Letter from Birmingham Jail” in order to address the biggest issue in Birmingham and the United States at the time (racism) and to also address the critics he received from the clergymen. The letter discusses the great injustices happening toward the Black community in Birmingham and although it is primarily aimed at the clergymen King writes the letter for all to read. In his “Letter from Birmingham Jail,” Martin Luther King Jr. uses logos, alliteration/repetition, and ethos to back up his belief that nonviolent protesting and disobedience is the most effective means to protest anything that needs to be changed, in this case segregation. After reading King’s letter I, and almost anyone, would come to the conclusion that King is deeply motivated to help against any injustice in the US. Who else would go to such lengths if they didn’t? He knows how persuasive he can be by using his knowledge of the English language, and he uses this to speak out against people who doubt him (clergymen) and to incite a different way of thinking into the people in hopes of change. Dr. King’s letter is extremely effective because it provides an enormous amount of evidence to the reader that he and his company are being treated unjustly and also that King truly cares about making a change for the good of the city. It also re-directs attention...
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...INTRODUCTION The law on employment contracts in Zambia is governed by the established English law of contracts and Statute, the Employment Act. To be legally binding a contract of employment must therefore fulfil all the normal contractual requirements. (A) DETERMINATION OF THE EXISTENCE OF A CONTRACT OF EMPLOYMENT AND TERMINATION In order to determine and delineate employees from other contractual relations, the courts have devised tests to help identify employees: 1. THE CONTROL TEST This was the first test to be evolved. Under this test the greater the extent to which a person is under the direction of and control of another person, the more likely he or she is an employee. The control test is satisfied if a person controlled both what another person is to do and how to do it. However, as the size and complexity of business increased and employees became more skilled and professional, employment relations became more impersonal. The control test was therefore less effective and even when a ‘right to control’ was substituted for actual control it was not possible to draw the correct distinctions with only one test. The courts developed other tests; 2. THE INTERGRATION TEST Under this test also called the ‘organization test’ if the person doing the work and the work he does is an integral part of the business, rather than an accessory to it, then the person will be an employee. This test is useful in the case of professional employees, such as doctors who may be an integral...
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...Critically assess the claim that juvenile delinquency was legislated into existence in the nineteenth century. After a few preliminary comments contextualising the claim, I will; 1. Explore the changes in Legislation and Law enforcement agencies in the early to mid-nineteenth century focusing on the ways in which they contributed to the development of the concept of ‘juvenile delinquency’. 2. Consider the arguments of nineteenth century social investigators and reformers and their influence both on the legislative process and on the construction of the concept of juvenile delinquency. 3. Finally and by way of a conclusion, briefly discuss the broader social economic and political context of nineteenth century reforms in order to suggest that whilst legislation is important, the claim in the question overstates its significance. The idea that there can be a juvenile delinquent is impossible without the concept of childhood as a distinct phase of individual growth and development. ‘Childhood’ has become a universal category; a status which affords particular rights, for example those outlined in agreements between states such as the universal declaration of the rights of the child. This recognition of the special status of ‘childhood’ is a social construct (Hendrick, 2002). We may take our understanding of what it is to be a child for granted as ‘natural’ but it is not until the late middle ages that a period and morality of childhood began to be distinguished...
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...Ryan (howard@netwood.net) Preface 2 Part I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Problems of Nonviolent Theory Nonviolent Philosophy 6 Moral View: Violence Itself Is Wrong 9 Practical View: Violence Begets Violence 13 Nonviolent Theory of Power 21 Voluntary Suffering 24 Common Nonviolent Arguments 34 A Class Perspective 49 Part II 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Gandhi: A Critical History Father of Nonviolence 56 Satyagraha in South Africa 59 Textile Strike 66 Noncooperation Movement 1919-22 70 Religious Conflicts 80 Salt Satyagraha 87 Congress Ministries 97 The War Years 101 Independence and Bloodshed 111 Part III 17 18 19 20 Nonviolence in the Anti-Nuclear Movement Nonviolent Direct Action 120 Consensus Decision Making 123 Open, Friendly, and Respectful 136 Civil Disobedience 142 Epilogue 151 Notes 154 ©2002 by Howard Ryan. All rights reserved. Readers have my permission to use and distribute for non-profit and educational purposes. Critique of Nonviolent Politics 2 Preface (2002) Critique of Nonviolent Politics may be the only comprehensive critique of nonviolent theory that has been written. I wrote it between 1980 and 1984, while living in Berkeley, California. Since 1977, I had been active in the movement against nuclear power and weapons which, in California, focused its protests at the Diablo Canyon Nuclear Plant near San Luis Obispo, and at the University of California's Lawrence Livermore Labs where nuclear weapons are designed. Nonviolence was the prevailing political theory in the movement...
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...institutions such as colleges and Universities could be referred to as laws/ rules. • There are laws of science, which are basis formulas and set standards to be applied in the field of different sciences. • There is also the layman’s idea of what law is. He will have a rough idea of where the law came from - the politicians (which are his description of parliament) and the judges. He knows that if he steals and he is caught he will be punished. He also knows that if a drunk driver knocks him down and injures him, he will have the law on his side. However, he will know nothing of the branches of law (law of tort and criminal law) which gives him a remedy in law. He will normally obey law because of the punishment that accompanies disobedience. Normally, he will obey laws because they will appear to him to be common sense. • There is also the definition given to the word law by different scholars and by different schools of thought i.e. jurisprudence. This is the science of the theory of law it is the study of the principles of...
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...Conformity, Obedience and Authority Discipline within the Uniformed Public Services is very important; they have responsibilities to the public concerning their safety and well-being within society. Discipline is used in all sectors of the Public Services; this means that they are more likely to do what is required of them even if they disagree with what they’ve been asked to do. However, it can always be written in the report afterwards so it is made clear to those in the higher ranks who may read it. Discipline ensures that all Uniformed Public Services and the public are not put in unnecessary danger. The need and role of discipline within the Police In the police the role of discipline is essential. This is because should Members of the police wish to abuse his or her power, they can’t do so as easily as there are consequences that have been put into place to reduce it happening. For example, if a police offer pulled someone to the side and requested to search them, the individual has the right to request a reason for the search. The officer would need to have a good reason. Good reasons may be the individual looks like a suspect pending investigation or they have a strong reason to believe that the individual is carrying illegal substances on their person. This is a very good thing because the police used to be able to stop anyone without giving reasons. During 2010 and 2011 in England the number of stop and searches that then lead to arrests was over 60020 individuals...
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...Chapter 1 Summary The narrator speaks of his grandparents, freed slaves who, after the Civil War, believed that they were separate but equal—that they had achieved equality with whites despite segregation. The narrator’s grandfather lived a meek and quiet life after being freed. On his deathbed, however, he spoke bitterly to the narrator’s father, comparing the lives of black Americans to warfare and noting that he himself felt like a traitor. He counseled the narrator’s father to undermine the whites with “yeses” and “grins” and advised his family to “agree ’em to death and destruction.” Now the narrator too lives meekly; he too receives praise from the white members of his town. His grandfather’s words haunt him, for the old man deemed such meekness to be treachery. The narrator recalls delivering the class speech at his high school graduation. The speech urges humility and submission as key to the advancement of black Americans. It proves such a success that the town arranges to have him deliver it at a gathering of the community’s leading white citizens. The narrator arrives and receives instructions to take part in the “battle royal” that figures as part of the evening’s entertainment. The narrator and some of his classmates (who are black) don boxing gloves and enter the ring. A naked, blonde, white woman with an American flag painted on her stomach parades about; some of the white men demand that the black boys look at her and others threaten them if they don’t...
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...with the Bangladesh Army immediately before that date, and persons enrolled under this Act; 7[ (bb) persons subject to the Navy Ordinance, 1961, or the Air Force Act, 1953, when seconded for service with the Bangladesh Army, to such extent and subject to such regulations as the Government may direct;] (c) persons not otherwise subject to this Act, who, on active service, in camp, on the march, or at any frontier post specified by the Government by notification in this behalf, are employed by, or are in the service of or are followers of, or accompany any portion of the Bangladesh Army; (d) persons not otherwise subject to this Act who are accused of- (i) seducing or attempting to seduce any person subject to this Act from his duty or allegiance to Government, or (ii) having committed, in relation to any work of...
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...INTRODUCTION A very simple understanding of Human Rights is that the rights which are inherent to all human beings, whatever be the nationality, Place of residence, sex, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion or any other status and discrimination should not be there among the people. “The concept of human rights, though the British claim that they knew from the time of their Magna Carta(1215),were to incorporated in the Indian Police Act,1861 and as such the accountability of the police for human rights violation as not at all a concern for the English at a time when they drafted the Indian Police Act in 1861.When India became independent, most of the Indian states drafted their State Police Acts and even there, the experts who drafted the Acts was concerned with the drafting of the Acts in tune with the Colonial Indian Police Act rather than doing the same keeping in mind the principles of the Human Rights as guaranteed by Indian Constitution and Police Accountability”. “Under the Police Act 1861,which is still in force, Police in India is nothing more than a government department lacking the autonomy under rule of law that exists for the police in other leading democracies. No doubt the Constitution of India is the supreme law of the land but the police are governed by the repressive 1861 Police Act and the regressive Indian Penal Code (IPC) and Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC)”. Police are the important mass of the justice system so it is their responsibility to protect...
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...a party seeks to establish a status, a right, or a particular fact. CIVIL PROCEDURE CLASSIFICATION OF ACTIONS (A) As to nature ORDINARY ACTION Governed by rules. CIVIL ordinary SPECIAL CIVIL ACTION Also governed by ordinary rules but SUBJECT to specific rules prescribed (Rules 62 to 71). Special features not found in ordinary civil actions. RULE 1 GENERAL PROVISIONS Section 1. Title of the Rules The Rules of Court are not penal statutes. They cannot be given retroactive effect. They can, however, be made applicable to cases pending at the time of their passage and therefore are retroactive in that sense. Under the 1987 Constitution, the rule-making power of the Supreme Court has the following limitations: 1. It must provide a simplified and inexpensive procedure for the speedy disposition of cases; 2. Uniform for all courts of the same grade; and 3. Shall not diminish, increase or modify substantive rights (Art: VIII Section 5[5]). Section 2. In what courts applicable Section 3. Cases governed ACTION CLAIM An ordinary suit in a A right possessed by one court of justice. against another. One party prosecutes The moment said claim is another for the filed before a court, the enforcement or claim is converted into an protection of a right or action or suit. QuickT the prevention or redress ime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. of a wrong. APPLICABILITY: 1. Civil Action – one by which a party sues another for the enforcement or protection...
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