Chapter Seven Answer
1. Describe the four type of scale?
• Nominal scale , categorize the variable only in the way to measure differences
• Ordinal scale , categorized and rank-order variables in some meaningful way
• Interval Scale , categorized and rank-order variables in some meaningful way and measure the distance between any two points on the scale
• Ration scale , categorized and rank-order variables and measure the distance between points and also taps the proportions in differences

2. How is the interval scale more sophisticated that the nominal scale and ordinal scale?
As the interval scale not only group individual according to certain category and taps the orders of this category it’s also measure the magnitude of differences in preferences among the individuals , and measure of center tendency the arithmetic mean and dispersion and stander deviations

3. What is the ratio scale consider to be the most powerful of the four scale?
As ratio scale not only magnitude of the differences but also their proportional, ratio scale provide more precision in quantifying data and greater flexibility in using powerful more powerful statistical test 4. Briefly describe the differences between attitude rating scales and rank rating scale and indicate when the two are used?
• Rating scale have several response category, use when we need to elicit responses with regard to the object or event or person
• Ranking Scale make comparison between objects, events m person used when we need to elicit the preferred choices and ranking between them

5. Why is it important to describe the goodness of measure and how is this done?
In order to be reasonable sure the instruments that we use in research do indeed measure the variables they are supposed to and measure them accurately in order to ensure more accuracy in results and enhance scientific quality of research
6- Describe the differences between formative and reflective scales
• Reflective scale that items are expected to correlate; each item in reflective scale is assumed to share a common basis where an increase in the value of construct will translate into increase the value for the all items representing the construct
• Formative scale is used when construct is viewed as explanatory combination of its indicator , where scale of items it’s not necessary to be correlated to each other

7- Explain why it does not make sense to assess the internal consistency of a formative scale
As we understand that items in formative scale not necessary to be correlated to each other and items in formative scale not homogeneous which mean that test of consistency will not tell us anything about quality of our measuring instruments

8- The Job involvement measure described in appendix is reflective in nature “comments on this statement”
AS Job involvement construct is measured by three attitude “Money - Job satisfaction -work environment “ measure by nine measurements using five rating scale “Strongly disagree – Disagree- Neither agree or nor disagree – agree – strongly agree “and its appear that any increase in construct of Job involvement will translate into increase in the value of nine measurements which mean that all three items or elements are correlates , and this is support that Job involvement in this case is reflective scale

9- “ A valid instruments is always reliable but reliable instruments may not always be valid “comments on this statements”
This statements is wrong, As Validity is concerned with whether we measure the right concept or not but reliability is about stability and consistency of measurements without bias and error free , which mean validity is necessary but not sufficient condition of test goodness of measurements , a measure should not only be valid but also valid and provide consistent results