...Packet Switching The concept of packet switching was first developed in the early 1960s, by researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Packet switching is the dividing of messages into packets before they are sent, transmitting each packet individually, and then reassembling them into the original message once all of them have arrived at the intended destination. Packets are the fundamental unit of information transport in all modern computer networks, and increasingly in other communications networks as well. Each packet, which can be of fixed or variable size depending on the protocol, consists of a header, body, and a trailer. The body contains a segment of the message being transmitted. The header contains a set of instructions regarding the packet's data, the number of packets into which the message has been divided, the identification number of the particular packet, the protocol, packet length and synchronization. Packets are typically routed from source to destination using network switches and routers. Each packet contains address information that identifies the sending computer and intended recipient. Using these addresses, network switches and routers determine how best to transfer the packet to its destination Pros and Cons of Packet Switching Packet switching is the alternative to circuit switching protocols used historically for telephone (voice) networks and sometimes with ISDN connections. Compared to circuit switching, packet switching...
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...__________________________ «_____»_________________________2012 год Алматы 2012 СОДЕРЖАНИЕ 1 Annotation 3 2 PACKET SWITCHING 3 3 КОММУТАЦИЯ ПАКЕТОВ 6 ТЕРМИНОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ СЛОВАРЬ 10 СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ 11 Annotation This text describes packet switching, its modes and history. The main topic of this text is how packet switching works. Packet switching is a digital networking communications method that groups all transmitted data – regardless of content, type, or structure – into suitably sized blocks, called packets. The concept of switching small blocks of data was first explored by Paul Baran in the early 1960s. Independently, Donald Davies at the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) in the UK had developed the same ideas a few years. Two major packet switching modes exist; (1) connectionless packet switching, also known as datagram switching, and (2) connection-oriented packet switching, also known as virtual circuit switching. In the first case each packet includes complete addressing or routing information. 1 PACKET SWITCHING Packet switching is a digital networking communications method that groups all transmitted data – regardless of content, type, or structure – into suitably sized...
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...Customer loyalty and the effect of switching costs as a moderator variable A case in the Turkish mobile phone market Serkan Aydin and Go¨khan O ¨ zer School of Business Administration, Gebze Institute of Technology, Gebze, Turkey, and O ¨ mer Arasil Telecommunications Authority, Ankara, Turkey Abstract Purpose – In the GSM mobile telephony sector, the main condition for protecting the subscriber base is to win customer loyalty, a key necessity for the maintenance of a brand’s life in the long term. To achieve this aim, customer satisfaction and trust must be measured and “switching costs” identified. The latter render subscribers’ preference for rival operators more expensive. In this connection, this paper’s aim is to measure the effects of customer satisfaction and trust on customer loyalty, and the direct and indirect effect of “switching cost” on customer loyalty. Design/methodology/approach – The data set covered 1,662 mobile phone users in Turkey. The data were analyzed by moderated regression analysis to test the hypotheses. Findings – The findings of this study show that the switching cost factor directly affects loyalty, and has a moderator effect on both customer satisfaction and trust. Therefore, it plays a crucial role in winning customer loyalty. In short, it is a quasi moderator. However, switching costs was measured as a unidimensional factor, but switching costs in fact contains psychological, financial and procedural sub-dimensions. Therefore...
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...Before I started my research in Code-Switching, I had very little knowledge of what code switching actually was. Through my research, I came to find that code means language; switching means alternating between. Right as I started my research, I started to notice that authors spell “code switching” in different ways. For example, they use it as two words, with a hyphen between them, or as one word. The different ways to spell code switching is a perfect example of the meaning of the word/s itself. Switching languages can mean a variety of things. As the articles I annotate below indicate, language switching can occur without notice, between dialects of a language, between different languages, and so on. Due to its broadness, it is important to focus on a topic of interest when researching code switching. I decided to focus on the advantages and benefits that Code Switching provides. The articles I reviewed give reasons why code switching happens, and some articles present many explanations. However, the main reasons as put forth by Arnfast and Jorgensen (2003), imitate the three main reasons that code switchers give for using their skill. These reasons are: to fill in linguistic gaps for words, acquisition or maintenance of social power, and social acceptance. After much research and by reading several studies of these approaches, I came to the conclusion that code switching is used rarely for one purpose. It is also doubtful that the users are completely aware of all the reasons...
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...Meshing vs. Code Switching: Which One Should be Taught in Schools? In the article “Twitterish,” John McWhorter explains the need for different forms of literacy and multimodality – Standard English and new digital literacies. He also, in a way, talks about code switching and code meshing because he shows how people can switch between different literacies and how they can also incorporate both Standard English and digital literacies into speech and writing together. John White’s paper goes into much greater detail about what code switching is and how to teach it in schools. He says that code switching – the act of changing from a culturally imbued discourse to Standard English, but not necessarily vice versa – is a priority to teach to...
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...discuss the current bill that would like to ban using the method of “code-switching” from the “home language” of AAE (African American Vernacular English) speakers. I have read a study conducted by a Umass professor regarding this issue, and I have read the bill thoroughly. My recommendation to you is to vote against the bill, and I have some very good reasons for it. Banning the AAE instruction will do more harm then good. Although the bill proposes some good reasons for needing to speak mainstream English, it misses a few key points. They claim that linguistic skills like writing and reading are necessary to an individuals success. They don’t realize however, that AAE is a structured language following rules and patterns. The “code-switching” can actually be a useful technique in teaching AAE speakers how to communicate “properly” in mainstream English. Proponents of the bill state that the primary purpose of the education system is to prepare students for success in their careers and to participate equally in society. I think that by banning the teaching of AAE to mainstream English will actually prevent children who speak AAE at home from having an equal opportunity in the first place. It is not separate but equal, since these children are starting from a different version of a language altogether. Their foundation in AAE would make normal English instruction worthless. Since AAE follows rules, “code-switching” is a totally viable option. The proponents are saying that teaching...
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...roduct Description LAN Switching and Wireless CCNA Exploration Labs and Study Guide Allan Johnson LAN Switching and Wireless, CCNA Exploration Labs and Study Guide is designed to help you learn about and apply your knowledge of the LAN switching and wireless topics from Version 4 of the Cisco® Networking Academy® CCNA® Exploration curriculum. Each chapter contains a Study Guide section and a Labs and Activities section. Study Guide The dozens of exercises in this book help you learn the concepts and configurations crucial to your success as a CCNA exam candidate. Each chapter is slightly different and includes matching, multiple-choice, fill-in-the-blank, and open-ended questions designed to help you Review vocabulary Strengthen troubleshooting skills Boost configuration skills Reinforce concepts Research topics Packet Tracer Activities—This icon identifies exercises interspersed throughout the Study Guide section where you can practice or visualize a specific task using Packet Tracer, a powerful network simulation program developed by Cisco. Labs and Activities The Labs and Activities sections begin with a Command Reference table and include all the online curriculum labs to ensure that you have mastered the practical skills needed to succeed in this course. Hands-On Labs—This icon identifies the hands-on labs created for each chapter. Work through all the Basic, Challenge, and Troubleshooting labs as provided to gain a deep understanding...
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...nd swFactors behind the brand switching in telecom industry The issue of Customer’s switching to other service providers have been the cause of intensive research from many years now and have given rise to many theories.Due to the increased competition in the telecommunication industry it has become extremely important for the companies to pay attention towards retaining of the customers.This research study particularly investigated the causes of customer switching behavior.A prolific way to gain the knowledge about the switching behavior of customers is basically to examine the various factors that play imtegral role in switching behavior. This qualitative research study has offered new insights by defining and identifying the customer’s rationale to switch from one service provider to another. The model is estimated using the data set on the number of switching behavior. A total of 100 respondents were surveyed to identify the factors that have a greater effect on the customer satisfaction.The data were analyzed by the Optimal Scaling (Categorical Regression)to test the hypothesis. The model identified that… CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION This research tried to find out the underlying factors that made the customer to switchover to another service provider in telecom industry. The telecommunication industry is one of the most important industries of the world. In order to gain competitive advantage as competition is getting more and more intense, the companies are compelled to...
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...Code Switching Code Switching, in terms of language, is the use of more than one language, by a person or more, during their conversations with each other. Code Switching is done simply because those persons know more than one language and have more than one language in common. This switch may last for a couple of sentences, for only a single phrase or may be only for a single word. It depends on how the persons take it with themselves and the others. In the article Code Switching it is written that “the switch is commonly made according to the subject of discourse, but may be for a variety of other reasons such as the mood of the speaker. For example, a person might only swear in French Language” ( 1 ). As described in the article Code Switching, there are number of situations why code switching occurs: A family that has recently immigrated to a country where a different language is spoken may switch back and forth between that language and their mother tongue, while they are learning the new language……...(this phenomenon is Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria)……………… Also, in countries with a large number of people from different ethnic backgrounds, communities will commonly switch between the language of their indigenous roots……….. code switching regularly happens between North American Mormon missionaries stationed overseas.”( 1 ) Because of the effectiveness of code switching it is widely used during our conversation. Code switching helps us to express ourselves...
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...Estimating Switching Costs in the Mobile Telecommunications Industry in the UK∗ Lukasz Grzybowski Center for Information and Network Economics Munich Graduate School of Economics September 2004 Preliminary version, Comments are welcome Abstract In this paper I estimate the magnitude of switching costs in the UK mobile industry. Using a survey data with individual choices of network operators in two consecutive years I find a presence of very strong average switching costs, which make the majority of consumers reluctant to switch networks. The size of average switching costs differs significantly across networks and the observed switching may be due to heterogeneous switching costs across consumers. The willingness to switch networks depends to some extend on consumer’s characteristics. Keywords: mobile telephony, switching costs, discrete choice. JEL Classification: C25, D12, L96 ∗ I would like to thank Volkswagen Stiftung and Munich Graduate School of Economics for the generous financial support which made this research possible. All errors are mine. 1 1 Introduction The presence of switching costs has a critical impact on the consumers’ behavior and firms’ strategies in many industries. The anticompetitive effects of switching costs are of major concern for the regulators. Therefore, the identification and measurement of the magnitude of switching costs should provide important information for the regulators. In particular, the mobile telephony may be subject...
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...NATIONAL INSTITUTE OFTECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES | A STUDY ON VARIOUS FACETS OF BRAND SWITCHING. | | A PROJECT SUBMITTED AS A PART OF PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF 1ST SEMESTER MARKETING MANAGEMENT PROJECT. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We express our sincere gratitude to our project guide Dr. KAUSHIK MANDOL, who showed us the guidelines for this project and gave us the necessary inputs about the project. Despite of his busy engagement he spared his valuable time to provide us guidance for comprehensive of this project. We would also like to thank our Head of the Department, PROF. AVIJAN DUTTA, for his encouragement and support throughout our entire project work, without which this project could not be completed. We would also like to thank our professors for their help and guidance for all the management subjects. We are grateful to all our friends who have encouraged and provided moral support throughout this project work. Last but not the least, we would like to specially thank all our family members for their unending support and inspiration. Contents Executive summary. Section 1.01 MAJOR FINDINGS. 3 Section 1.02 CONCLUSIONS. 3 Problem recognition. Section 2.01 Background of the problem 4 Research Design. Section 3.01 Preliminary survey. 5 Section 3.02 Pilot survey. 6 Section 3.03 Household Survey 11 Data Analysis. Section 3.01 Using SPSS. 14 Section 3.02 Analysis report. 14 Plan of Data Analysis. Section...
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...THE ROLE OF LANGUAGE CODESWITCHING IN INCREASING ADVERTISING EFFECTIVENESS AMONG MEXICAN-AMERICAN YOUTH by MELISSA MAIER BISHOP Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Arlington in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT ARLINGTON December 2006 Copyright © by Melissa Maier Bishop 2006 All Rights Reserved ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A wise professor told me before starting my PhD work to not forget my distractions. Therefore, this work is dedicated to my three favorite distractions—my husband Jeff and my two sons, Abel and Peyton. Thank you, Jeff, for all of your encouragement, your support, and your shoulder to lean on and your ear to listen during the past five years as we’ve come together on this journey. Thank you, Abel and Peyton, for sharing me with my studies and for often keeping me company while I studied for my exams and wrote my papers. Thank you also to my wonderful committee who were all so encouraging and patient with me, especially my Chair, Dr. Mark Peterson. Your excitement for my ideas inspired me as well as your belief in me. You have an unselfish and self-sacrificing nature that shines through you, and you are a gift to all of your students. Many thanks also to Dr. Roger Dickinson, who was a great support to me over the past five years and a big reason I decided to join the program in the first place. Thanks to my parents and to Jeff’s parents...
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...SYNOPSIS 1. TITLE: “Factors responsible for Brand switching from Samsung to Nokia in smartphones in Indore region ”. 2. BRIEF OVERVIEW: 15 years ago, having a mobile phone was considered a luxury, but now it is a very common commodity. Just look around and you will see someone talking on a mobile phone. This device has become an integral part of our life. It is very interesting to see how the mobile handset market has evolved from ten years before to what it is now. What is even more interesting is how competition plays a very important role in determining the market condition today and tomorrow. Initially when Motorola introduced the mobile handset it was said that this device had a huge potential and that prediction has come true. For 14 years Nokia has held the top position of the global mobile phone market, however according to a Reuters poll of analysts, Samsung Electronics is outselling the Finnish mobile giant, but now we can see that people are switching their brands from nokia to other brands so we here want to find and study the factors in our research report that are responsible for the sudden change in the preference of the customers who previously used to buy the Nokia Cellphones but now prefer Samsung over Nokia. 3. BRIEF LITERATURE REVIEW: Following Researches have been conducted on Brand switching: * Consumers Propensity to Switch: A STUDY ON Mobile phone Industry * SWITCHING TENDENCIES OF CONSUMERS OF MOBILE PHONE SERVICES IN PUNJAB...
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...for marketers and consumer researchers. Study suggests that an organization which is having so many loyal customers will lead them to greater share and high profit (Buzzellet al., 1975),(Raj,1985), and Jensen and Hansen, 2006). Dick and Basu (1994)suggest that brand loyal customers will engage in positive word of mouth for company and even do not accept the marketing strategies of competitors. Price According to Kotler and Armstrong (2010)price is one the important factor which plays a vital role in brand switching, price is that amount which consumer pays for any product or service, while purchasing or using of that product or service. If service providers charge price sensible and give the better services than it will create customer satisfaction and very less consumer will switch to another brand, because price fairness is an extremely significant concern that leads toward satisfaction (Martinet al., 2007). That’s mean price has a positive impact on brand switching. If service provider charge high price than more consumers will switch to another brand (Herrmannet al., 2007).Service Quality Service quality is defined as approach which can be known as the services received by customers as compared to expectations regarding it (Parasuramanet al., 1988). As Guatam and Chandhok (2011)suggest that Customers expectations and perceived performance having the direct relationship for the better experience of the perceived service quality. Service quality can measuredthrough following...
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...World Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 2. No. 1. January 2012. Pp. 54 - 73 Predicting Brand Loyalty and Product Involvement Behavior of Indian Teenagers Incorporating the Moderating Effect of Brand Influence Score. *Debasis Bhattacharya, ** Dipak Saha and ***Shuvendu Dey Creating and maintaining strong brand and a band wagon of loyal customers have become increasingly difficult in today's competitive environment due to proliferation of numerous brands in a generic product category. Brand loyalty has been shown to be associated with higher rates of return on investment due to increase in the market share. Past studies in this area reveal the dependence of researchers to administer the scale developed by Kapferer and Laurent as well as the scale developed by Zaichkowsky to capture product involvement facet. Studies reveal that teenagers in India spend more than Rs 66000 million in a year only on clothing items. Astonishingly, very few studies have been undertaken to relate the brand loyalty and product involvement behavior of teenagers. The data for this study is gathered from a cross section of teenagers drawn from different socioeconomic backgrounds from the major metros of Indi during the third quarter of 2010. In this paper apart including only involvement from including product involvement brand influence scores, brand trust and the size of the consideration set have been incorporated to predict brand loyalty of teens. The findings of the study reveal that multi-dimensional...
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