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Cara Berpikir Sistem dan Penerapannya dalam Analisis Permasalahan-Permasalahan Sosial | Oleh: Any Sulistyowati, Ketua Yayasan ELSPPAT | Di awal millenium ini dunia sedang menghadapi beberapa persoalan besar yang saling terkait satu sama lain dalam satu jalinan permasalahan yang kompleks. Persoalan-persoalan tersebut tidak dapat diselesaikan hanya dengan mengandalkan satu bidang keahlian saja, tanpa mengubah secara mendasar cara kita memandang persoalan tersebut. Cara berpikir sistem adalah salah satu pendekatan yang dapat digunakan untuk memandang persoalan secara lebih holistik.

Latar Belakang
Setelah duaribu tahun yang tercatat dalam penanggalan, dunia ini telah mengalami perubahan besar di segala bidang kehidupan. Kemajuan teknologi secara signifikan telah menjadikan dunia terhubung dalam suatu jaringan informasi yang memungkinkan orang berkomunikasi dengan orang di belahan dunia yang lain dalam hitungan detik, memberikan pemahaman bahwa bumi hanyalah setiik air di tengah lautan tata surya yang maha luas, memungkinkan orang tahu bahwa di dalam segenggam tanah di hutan tropis Amazon terkandung beraneka ragam spesies bakteri yang jumlahnya jauh lebih banyak daripada populasi seluruh umat manusia di dunia ini.

Kemajuan ini bukannya tidak berdampak. Kemiskinan sebagai ekspresi dari kesenjangan dan ketidakadilan sosial dan kerusakan lingkungan besar-besaran adalah salah satu potret umum yang terjadi di negara-negara yang melakukan pembangunan. Setelah melakukan pembangunan dengan sukses yang tampak dalam GNP dan GDP, ternyata pembangunan menyisakan berbagai persoalan seperti hutang luar negeri yang tak terbayar, kerusakan hutan, berkurangnya sumber daya alam yang tak dapat diperbaharui, berkurangnya kualitas sumber daya alam yang dapat diperbaharui, meningkatnya kesenjangan sosial, meningkatnya kemiskinan, pelanggaran HAM, perang, dan akumulasi kapital dunia ke tangan perusahaan-perusahaan multinasional yang tak terjangkau oleh hukum negara.

Ilmu pengetahuan modern telah memecah persoalan-persoalan dunia ini menjadi bagian-bagian kecil, misalnya berdasarkan sektor. Masalah ekonomi dipecahkan oleh ekonom, masalah politik dipecahkan oleh politikus. Masalah lingkungan dipecahkan oleh para ahli Ekologi. Pendekatan ini disebut pendekatan reduksionis.. Padahal semua persoalan ini bukanlah persoalan yang berbeda-beda, melainkan hanyalah sisi-sisi yang berbeda dari bangunan yang sama, realitas dunia ini. Persoalan ini berhubungan satu dengan yang lain dalam satu jaring-jaring permasalahan yang kompleks. Apa yang diputuskan oleh sekelompok elite di sidang PBB akan berpengaruh terhadap kehidupan para petani di Banglades dan sebaliknya. Keputusan untuk berhenti bertani yang dilakukan oleh salah seorang petani di pelosok Irian akan berpengaruh pada persediaan pangan dunia.

Dunia sedang mencari bentuknya. Dunia sedang berevolusi ke satu tingkat peradaban baru yang lebih berkualitas daripada tingkat peradaban sebelumnya. Hal ini berarti harus ada penyelesaian terhadap persoalan-persoalan umum dunia seperti ketidakadilan sosial, kemiskinan dan kerusakan lingkungan tadi. Dengan paradigma yang lama, yakni pendekatan reduksionis, permasalahan-permasalahan tadi tidak mungkin terselesaikan.
Dibutuhkan sebuah paradigma baru mengenai cara manusia memandang persolan dunia ini yang akan menentukan langkah-langkah penyelesaian yang akan diambil. Hal itu dapat terjadi jika segenap umat manusia bekerja-sama ke arah perubahan itu.

Cara berpikir sistem adalah salah satu pendekatan yang diperlukan agar manusia dapat memandang persoalan-persoalan dunia ini dengan lebih menyeluruh dan dengan demikian pengambilan keputusan dan pilihan aksi dapat dibuat lebih terarah kepada sumber-sumber persoalan yang akan mengubah sistem secara efektif.

Pendekatan Sistem

Sistem adalah sekumpulan elemen yang berhubungan satu dengan yang lainnya dan membentuk fungsi tertentu.

Sistem dikelompokkan menjadi dua yaitu sistem statis yang tidak berubah terhadap waktu dan sistem dinamis yang sellau berubah dengan berubahnya waktu.

Ilmu pengetahuan modern telah mencapai kemajuannya dengan memecah-mecah sistem menjadi bagian-bagian yang lebih kecil dan mempelajari secara mendalam masing-masing bagian itu. Pendekatan ini tidak berlaku untuk sistem. Sebuah sistem adalah lebih daripada bila seluruh komponennya dijumlahkan. Dan sistem akan bekerja bila seluruh komponennya terletak dan terhubung pada tempatnya.

Termasuk di dalam cara berpikir sistem adalah kemampuan untuk melihat melalui lensa yang berbeda. Lensa-lensa tersebut adalah time horizon (rentang waktu) dan space horizon (rentang tempat).Pemilihan lensa akan mempengaruhi isu yang diangkat dan cara penanganan masalah. Misalnya masalah banjir di Jakarta. Perspektif waktu beberapa minggu akan menyebabkan orang memandag banjir sebagai persoalan yang memerlukan evakuasi bagi para korban dan pembangunan tanggul darurat. Perspektif waktu 5 sampai 10 tahun menempatkan banjir sebagai isu kebutuhan pembangunan bendungan baru. Perspektif 30 tahun menempatkan banjir sebagai dampak dari kebijakan tata ruang yang salah. Dalam interval 100 tahun, banjir dapat disadari sebagai dinamika pergeseran aliran sungai dan isu yang diangkat adalah kebijakan tata ruang yang disesuaikan dengan dinamika tersebut. Keseluruhan pengertian dari fenomena banjir tidak berasal dari satu perspektif saja. Dengan kata lain, tidak ada satu pun lensa yang hanya benar sendiri.

Dalam kurun waktu yang lebih panjang, banjir dapat dilihat sebagai salah satu bagian dari fenomena perubahan dunia yang konstan dan bagaimana banjir di sungai Gangga India dapat mempengaruhi pasar pangan global.

Para pemikir sistem mengubah tingkat perhatian (level of perspective) mereka dari masalah kepada sistem yang memuat masalah tersebut. Tingkat ini dapat mencakup paradigma, data, perilaku, struktur sebab akibat (cause-and-effect structure), kebijakan, maupun institusi dan budaya. Pada setiap tingkat diperlukan pemahaman tersendiri akan sistem yang dimaksud.

Hal-hal yang perlu dipahami

Beberapa nilai yang terkandung dalam cara berpikir sistem :
1. Menghargai bagaimana model mental mempengaruhi cara pandang kita
2. Mengubah perspektif untuk melihat leverage point baru
3. Melihat pada kesalingtergantungan (interdependencies)
4. Merasakan dan menghargai kepentingan jangka panjang dan lingkungan
5. Memperkirakan yang biasanya tidak diperkirakan
6. Berfokus pada struktur yang membangun dan menyebabkan perilaku sistem
7. Menyadari bagian yang tersulit tanpa tendensi untuk menyelesaikannya dengan tergesa-gesa
8. Mencari pengalaman
9. Menggunakan bahasa pola dasar dan analogi untuk mengantisipasi perilaku dan kecenderungan untuk berubah.

Ada tiga bentuk representasi yang membantu menjelaskan perilaku sistem:
1. Data dalam urutan waktu (time series data): Data ini adalah data perilaku riil sistem yang terjadi pada saat tertentu, misalnya tinggi air di sungai ketika banjir pada saat tertentu. Ini adalah cara paling sederhana untuk mengamati sistem.
2. Diagram modus referensi (Reference Mode Diagram): Ini menggambarkan gerakan dari 3 atau 4 variable kunci yang saling berhubungan (sebuah pola perilaku) pada sistem selama jangka waktu tertentu. Diagram ini didasarkan pada rentang waktu yang cukup untuk melihat struktur yang membentuk perilaku.
3. Diagram struktural (Structural Diagram): Diagram struktural adalah jaringan hubungan sebab-akibat (cause-and-effect relationships) yang menentukan perilaku sistem. Diagram struktural ini terdiri atas link dan loop yang membentuk pola hubungan sebab akibat. Link adalah hubungan antara dua variabel di dalam sistem. Disebut positif apabila penambahan pada satu variable menyebabkan penambahan juga pada variable yang lain. Loop adalah satu lingkaran sebab akibat yang terdapat di dalam sistem. Loop disebut positif apabila penambahan pada satu variabel menyebabkan penambahan pada sistem tersebut secara global. Sebuah sistem dapat terdiri atas banyak loop. Sebuah loop yang dominan mempengaruhi perilaku sistem disebut dominant loop.

Contoh :
Hubungan antara populasi dan kelahiran adalah sebuah link positif. Semakin banyak populasi akan menyebabkan semakin banyak kelahiran. Hubungan antara kelahiran dan populasi adalah sebuah link yang juga positif. Semakin banyak kelahiran akan menyebabkan semakin banyak populasi. Kedua link positif ini akan membentuk loop positif. Artinya penambahan pada salah satu variabel, baik populasi maupun kelahiran akan menyebabkan penambahan terus menerus pada dua variabel tersebut.Hubungan antara populasi dengan kematian adalah sebuah link positif. Semakin banyak populasi akan menyebabkan orang yang ami semakin banyak. Sebaliknya hubungan antara kematian dengan populasi adalah link negatif. Semakin banyak kematian maka jumlah populasi akan semakin menurun. Hubungan keseluruhan antara populasi dengan kematian membentuk loop negatif.Studi kasus
Kasus berikut ini adalah persoalan yang dihadapi oleh para petani di sebuah desa di Bogor. Penduduk desa tersebut rata-rata memiliki lebih dari dua anak meskipun banyak ibu mengaku mengikuti program KB.

Sebagian besar penduduk desa tersebut buta huruf dan sedikit di antaranya pernah sekolah meskipun tidak tamat sekolah dasar. Sebagian dari mereka tingkat keinginan sekolahnya rendah sementara sisanya yang berkeinginan kuat terbentur masalah biaya.

Mata pencaharian utama mereka adalah bertani. Selama dua puluh tahun terakhir pola budidaya yang dominan berlangsung di desa tersebut adalah pola revolusi hijau, tampak dari cirinya yang intensif menggunakan pupuk kimia dan pestisida. Saat ini para petani mengeluh harga pupuk dan benih bertambah tinggi, sementara harga jual produk di tingkat petani sangat rendah. Ditambah lagi dengan hama tanaman yang makin parah, kualitas benih yang terus menurun dan kualitas tanah yang makin tidak subur.

Selain bertani penduduk juga mencari penghasilan tambahan di kota, misalnya dengan menjadi buruh atau berjualan kecil-kecilan dalam skala yang sangat kecil. Manajemen keuangan mereka masih sangat lemah terbukti dengan bercampurnya uang untuk kebutuhan usaha dengan uang untuk kebutuhan sehari-hari. Ini juga disebabkan oleh modal dan penghasilan yang mereka peroleh sangat kecil.

Dalam sepuluh tahun terakhir tingkat kepemilikan tanah para petani terus menurun seiring dengan tumbuhnya real-estate mewah di sekitar desa tersebut. Di tambah lagi desa tersebut terletak perbukitan yang sangat cocok untuk membangun kuburan Cina. Saat ini rata-rata penduduk memiliki kurang dari seperempat hektar.

Para pemuda di desa tersebut sebagian besar adalah penganggur yang menggantungkan hidupnya pada orang tua mereka atau pada pekerjaan-pekerjaan sesaat seperti menjadi tukang bangunan, kuli angkut, pedagang dan buruh pabrik musiman. Sebagian lagi hidup dalam sulitnya hidup sebagai preman dan tukang palag, menghabiskan waktu untuk minum dan judi.

Gadis-gadis desa itu terjebak pada ritual hidup mulai dari anak-anak menjadi kemudian menunggu seseorang untuk menikahinya. Sebagian dari mereka terjebak pada masalah kawin cerai dalam usia muda. Suami mereka menikah dengan orang lain, meninggalkannya bersama anak-anak mereka yang masih kecil.

Penduduk desa tersebut menganut agama Islam yang taat dan sangat tunduk kepada para kiyai. Tiga kali seminggu ibu-ibu mengikuti acara pengajian di rumah-rumahanggota kelompok secara bergantian. Naik haji adalah suatu prestise tersendiri dan dianggap lebih penting ketimbang penggunaan uang untuk keperluan lain. Syukuran adalah budaya yang dilakukan setiap ada peringatan hari-hari yang dianggap penting, misalnya perkawinan, kelahran, sunatan, serta berbagai peringatan hari raya agama. Pengeluaran untuk sosial penduduk desa ini seringkali lebih besar daripada pengeluaran pribadi mereka.

Bagaimana anda memandang masalah desa tersebut dengan pendekatan sistem ?
Apa usulan anda untuk penyelesaian masalah tersebut ? | Daftar Pustaka :
Capra, Fritjof : “Titik Balik Peradaban : Sains, masyarakat dan Kebangkitan Kebudayaan”, terjemahan 1998.
Meadows, Dennis : “System Thinking and Aplication to Global Natural resource Issues”, paper pada Trainin | Keterangan Artikel
Sumber:
Tanggal: 21 Jun 02
Catatan: - | URL Artikel : http://www.unisosdem.org/kliping_detail.php?aid=183&coid=1&caid=6
Copyright © 2002 Uni Sosial Demokrat, http://www.unisosdem.org |

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