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Tamadun China

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Submitted By chuiling95
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Bangsa Cina adalah gabungan 5 kaum yang besar dipanggil dengan nama Zhong Hua Min Zu atau dikenali sebagai bangsa Tionghua. Pada peringkat awal, bangsa Cina dikenali sebagai nama bangsa Hua Xia, kemudian bertukar nama kepada bangsa Han semasa Dinasti Han dan bangsa Tang semasa Dinasti Tang. Gabungan lima kaum Zhong Hua Min Zu iaitu Han, Hui, Manchu, Mongol dan Zang.
Bagi mentakrifkan konsep Negara dalam tamadun China, negara dikenali sebagai Zhong Guo atau Tiongkok yang memberi maksud iaitu ‘Negara Tengah”. Konsep Zhong Hua atau Tionghua merupakan gabungan dari istilah Zhong Guo dan Hua Xia yang merujuk kepada wilayah tanah jajahan pemerintahan dinasti Cina iaitu Han yang mengamalkan budaya Zhong Yen. Konsep Min Zu pula merujukkan kepada pelbagai jenis bangsa seperti bangsa Cina, Hua Xia, Han, Tang dan Hui kerana pembentukan bangsa Cina berlandas kepada lima kumpulan bangsa. Konsep Negara merujuk kepada semangat untuk ‘mengkeluargakan’ atau menggabungkan semua unit-unit kecil kenegaraan iaitu gabungan Guo yang bermaksud Negara dengan Jia yang bermaksud keluarga. Dalam tamadun China, bangsa Cina amat menyakinkan bahawa mempunyai sebuah negara barulah mempunyai sebuah keluarga.
Bagi asas sistem kenegaraan dan sistem kekeluargaan dalam tamadun ini adalah Zhong dan Xiao. Konsep Zhong memberi maksud taat dan konsep ini merupakan asas dalam sistem kenegaraan. Konsep Zhong ini juga bermaksud taat kepada Negara dengan melakukan sesuatu kerja sedaya upaya dan sebaik mungkin yang memanfaatkan kepentingan Negara dan tidak memudaratkan serta tidak mengkhianati Negara. Konsep Xiao yang bermaksud berbakti iaitu suatu kesedaran untuk membalas atau berbuat baik dengan memenuhi tanggungjawab diri sendiri terhadap ibubapa atau sesiapa yang pernah berbuat baik terhadap diri dan konsep ini adalah asas dalam sistem kekeluargaan. Ini adalah kerana hanya ibu bapa yang sanggup dan rela untuk membesarkkan anak-anak sendiri sehingga dewasa. Kemudiannya, anak-anak yang telah dewasa baru mempunyai peluang untuk taat dan setia kepada raja dan Negara. Dalam budaya Cina, sistem kekeluargaan Cina merupakan asas kepada sistem kenegaraan kerana semangat kekeluargaan adalah lebih diutamakan daripada semangat kenegaraan. Maka, konsep Xiao adalah lebih penting dan ditekankan oleh masyarakat Cina berbanding dengan konsep Zhong.

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