... The reason for policy analysis reflects around the assessment of policies from the government by critiquing the failures and successes. The United States implement several policies to deal with criminal activity and social issues, for instance The United States Human Trafficking Policy, this policy is not a successful one but this policy is steadily improving with sustainable reform. The criminal justice system practice the model of Packard’s Due Process, established with the promise form the United States Constitution for individuals civil liberties and rights. This paper will evaluate the issues that courts and law enforcement deals with while working and implementing prior polices. United States Human Trafficking Policy Human trafficking is a tough crime to identify, because of the existence and the transnational nature of an increasingly sophisticated arrangement in assisting organize crime. Trafficking in person is most productive agency in international crimes. According to the United States Justice Department (2001), International Labor Organization predicts that 17,500 individuals are trafficked annually in the United States. The United States had numerous legal advantages to stop human trafficking, mainly using legal and state techniques like Trafficking Victims Protection Act. The United States policies against Trafficking in Person (TIP) which consist of law enforcement stopping TIP and programs funded to aid the victims. They also budget funds, makes additional...
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...Rough Draft: Human Trafficking and its Relationship throughout these United States A serious crime that virtually affects every country in the world is human trafficking. Human trafficking is a multi-national criminal business that’s roots are tied into “trans-criminal organizations, small criminal networks and local gangs, violations of labor and immigration codes, and government corruption” (Richard, 1999; U.S. Government Accountability Office, 2006.). Typically human trafficking has been defined as trading women and children for prostitution. As of late, trafficking has grown to include other types of force, fraud, or coercion, beyond sexual exploitation (USDHHS, pg. 3). The United States Congress has defined human trafficking into two categories, sex trafficking and labor trafficking. Human trafficking has grown since it first gained entrance into the political spotlight in 1996. Of the two, sex trafficking is the most talked about in America. The Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 (TVPA) defines sex trafficking as, “[the] recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for the purpose of a commercial sex act in which [the act] is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person forced to perform such an act is younger than 18” (USDHHS, pg. 3). A commercial sex act refers to a sexual act committed in order to receive a valuable typically intrinsic in nature. The types of sex trafficking include prostitution, pornography,...
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...Worldwide Must Place More Focus On Human Trafficking A collection of current articles regarding human trafficking has been collected throughout this semester. The news reports vary greatly in geographic location but the underlying message that these events share is unified and clear. Governments worldwide must create specialized agencies, victim relief units, and allocate more funds towards the understanding and prevention of this growing crime. Due to the complexity of human trafficking, non-traditional law enforcement must be used. As stated in several of the articles gathered, a growing need for information sharing between organizations has become necessary. With enhanced human trafficking policies and implementation; accurate crime statistics can be gathered, victims can be identified, perpetrators can be prosecuted, and organized crime patterns can be seen. This paper will be broken down into several components that cover this multi-faceted, illegal industry. First, a description and definition of human trafficking will be given. The current prevention methods will follow, including rough statistics gathered around the world. Next, I will outline the difficulties that law enforcement encounter with human trafficking. The strategies for improvement will make up the bulk of the paper. Human trafficking has been deemed the 21st century slave trade. Inadequate laws against trafficking and police negligence have allowed for this human rights violation to develop into...
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...fees through prostitution, 12 hours a day, and six days a week. Guards were posted at the doors. Attempted escapes were punished with severe beatings. The bosses considered rape a training method. Mexican farm workers paid $20 for a condom and 15 minutes with a woman, though on average they received $3 per encounter. It became impossible for the women to pay their debts, since the bosses added charges for room, board and miscellaneous fines to the original transportation fee. Eventually two 15 year-olds successfully fled to the Mexican consulate and the traffickers were arrested. The women face deportation to Mexico, where some of the original recruiters are still at large. (D’Agostino, Joseph. “The New Illegal Immigrants: Sex Slaves.” Human Events 7/2/99, Vol. 55, Issue 24, p. 4) Freedom is a short, powerful word we take for granted every day. It is hard to fully appreciate freedom when we have never had it snatched away from us. We get to choose our jobs, where we live, what we eat. If we are unhappy with any of our life situations we have the freedom to leave and engage in some other activity that satisfies us. Unfortunately, some people are not so lucky. They live the majority of their lives without ever experiencing freedom due to the various practices of modern day slavery. Today, there are millions of people around the world being kidnapped, virulently mistreated and sometimes even murdered, all to facilitate cheap or free labour and sexual...
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...Human trafficking and slavery have existed before written biblical time. No one can pinpoint its true origins though. Human trafficking is defined around the world as the recruiting, transporting, retention against there will of persons through fraud, threats, deception, monetary or other beneficial gain, for the purpose of exploiting these persons. (United Nations ESCAP (UNESCAP), 2010) I will discuss some of the history of human trafficking and what it has developed into, and some ways in which it is combated. The act of trafficking in people has been carried out for thousands of years; little to no information is available about its true beginning (Free Legal Advice Help, 2007). Written history notes that when two tribes or nations went to war, the defeating army would capture and enslave the remaining men, women, and children of the defeated army as punishment for transgressions against the winning army. They would be forced to work under very harsh conditions, with little food or water, and shelter was arcane at best. If work was not performed to their masters’ expectations, they would be beaten, sold, or put to death. Women would be used as sex slaves or house servants. Another point of view is that human trafficking began in the 1700s when children were forced to work off their parents debts in factories, on farms, or in the coal mines. These children would be forced to continue to work even after the debt had been repaid and would continue up through adulthood. (Free...
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...Human Trafficking: A Hidden Disease. Human trafficking has never been widely acknowledged in the United States, as many view the issue as an international problem. Human trafficking comes in two ways, international and domestic. International trafficking can be forced child labor or prostitution, whereas domestic is, for the most part, child prostitution (Levy). Close to twenty-seven million people are trafficked in the world, around 14,500 are brought to the United States from other countries (Buffett 116). Meanwhile, many children living in America are taken off the street and forced to become something most people could hardly comprehend. This issue is coming from all sides in America,...
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...Human Trafficking Worldwide The scope of Human Trafficking Human trafficking is modern day slavery. In 2009, The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) gathered information from 155 countries regarding the scope and statistics of human trafficking. The data collected sheds light on a very grim and devastating affliction upon people and their human rights. Human trafficking has three elements. The first is the course of action that comprise “recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons.” The second element is the methods by which the victims are obtained. These include “threat or use of force, coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power or vulnerability, or giving payments or benefits to a person in control of the victim.” The third element of human trafficking is the intention behind the action which consists of “exploitation, which includes exploiting the prostitution of others, sexual exploitation, forced labour, slavery or similar practices and the removal of organs” (UNODC, 2011). Sexual exploitation is the predominant form of human trafficking. It accounts for 79% of all reported and documented human trafficking. The second most widespread form of human trafficking is forced labour. The reported incidents of forced labour make up 18% of human rights injustices by way of human trafficking. It can be assumed that this is a perversion of numbers as this form of violations is less likely...
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...like human trafficking, drug trafficking, and many of gangs. The many trends that police are dealing with are getting worst by the minute. Trends that are currently affecting policing are human trafficking, gangs, illegal migrations and drug trafficking. Sex trafficking, labor trafficking, and unknown labor all fall under human trafficking. Federally funded human trafficking task forces opened a total of 2,515 suspected incidents of human trafficking for investigation between January 1, 2008, and June 30, 2010 (BJS, 2013). Out of the 2,515 of human trafficking sex trafficking had the most incident totaling at 2,065. Sex trafficking has become a trend that the police cannot stop. There are so many people out there kidnapping runaway victim to make money. They are having young runaway victim sell their body for their personal gain. In the street police officer like to call them pimps or madams. Pimp is a man who solicits for a prostitute or brothel and lives off the earnings. Madam is a woman who runs a brothel. Labor trafficking is a form of modern-day slavery in which individuals perform labor or services through the use of force, fraud, or coercion. Labor trafficking includes situations of debt bondage, forced labor, and involuntary child labor. 350 were labor trafficking cases out of the 2,515. Unknown human trafficking could not be defined as labor or trafficking but as child selling, mail order brides and unspecified internet solicitations. 172 were unknown trafficking case...
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...like human trafficking, drug trafficking, and many of gangs. The many trends that police are dealing with are getting worst by the minute. Trends that are currently affecting policing are human trafficking, gangs, illegal migrations and drug trafficking. Sex trafficking, labor trafficking, and unknown labor all fall under human trafficking. Federally funded human trafficking task forces opened a total of 2,515 suspected incidents of human trafficking for investigation between January 1, 2008, and June 30, 2010 (BJS, 2011). Out of the 2,515 of human trafficking sex trafficking had the most incident totaling at 2,065. Sex trafficking has become a trend that the police cannot stop. There are so many people out there kidnapping runaway victim to make money. They are having young runaway victim sell their body for their personal gain. In the street police officer like to call them pimps or madams. Pimp is a man who solicits for a prostitute or brothel and lives off the earnings. Madam is a woman who runs a brothel. Labor trafficking is a form of modern-day slavery in which individuals perform labor or services through the use of force, fraud, or coercion. Labor trafficking includes situations of debt bondage, forced labor, and involuntary child labor. 350 were labor trafficking case out of the 2,515. Unknown human trafficking could not be defined as labor or trafficking but as child selling, mail order brides and unspecified internet solicitations. 172 were unknown trafficking case...
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...The New Slaves: Sex Trafficking in America When most Americans hear the term ‘sex trafficking’ thoughts of helpless women and children in poor, developing, countries come to mind. However, most Americans would be downright shocked and dismayed to learn that many victims of sex trafficking reside right here in the United States. Moreover, many of the victims of sex trafficking in America were victimized by other Americans. This is a pressing national issue to which neither small, rural towns or large, urban cities is immune. What is Sex Trafficking? According to the US State Department’s 2013 Trafficking in Persons report, Sex trafficking is defined as: The act of recruiting, harboring, transporting, providing, or obtaining a person for commercial sex acts through the use of force, fraud, or coercion… defining what constitutes sex trafficking is important because it allows for non-victims to identify possible victims of sex trafficking, and it creates a clear and distinct framework in which to identify, capture, charge, and convict the perpetrators of sex trafficking in the United States. Who are the victims of Sex Trafficking? Sex trafficking victims span all races, ages, gender, etc. Many of the victims of sex trafficking in america are usually impoverished, poorly educated, and live in areas that afford very little upward mobility or opportunities to make a living. Many adult trafficking victims in the United states were swindled by seemingly innocuous work...
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...Introduction It is estimated that more than 27 million men, women, and children around the world are in what has become known as Human Trafficking. This year marks the 150th anniversary of the introduction of the Emancipation Proclamation and along with the United States of America; the rest of the world is united in ending slavery around the world. Even with newer laws to address the modern slave trade, such as the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) and the U.N. Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children (Palermo Protocol) slavery in the world continues to be a serious crisis. Sex slavery is one of the horrible outcomes of Trafficking in Persons. Central/South Asia is one of the worse areas for the sex slave trade. India is what is seen as a cross-road for the sex slave trade affecting millions of children. In 1996, the First World Congress passed the Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children (CSEC) in Stockholm, Sweden. The world recognized that sexual violations of children exist in all nations regardless of cultural differences or geographic location. The CSEC was adopted by 122 governments and five years later in the Second World Congress in Yokohama, Japan, the number of countries rose to 159. India has had some of the most severe problems with sex slavery, especially among children. In 2005, Indian’s National Rights Commission (NHRC) estimated that 44,000 children go missing in the country every year...
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...Stacey Pena April 4, 2012 Deborah AP Humanities Silenced Human Trafficking What is Human Trafficking? Many people are familiar with human trafficking, but do not hear about it as much as murders or robberies on the news. It is like it never happens. I always question myself about what can be done to put a stop to this and make people aware of this crisis. People are being taken and others do not even know what is going on around them. Nicholas Kristof is one of the individuals that is working towards making a change and helping other girls become free from this terrible experience. They create helpful organizations that put up a fight. Organizations are creating awareness towards the public about human trafficking. They are working on cases that involve the victims and have created groups to help overcome this life changing experience. Trafficking is a profitable industry. It has been identified as the fastest growing criminal industry in the world. It is second only to drug trafficking as the most profitable illegal industry in the world. In 2004, the total annual revenue for human trafficking was estimated to be between $5 billion and $9 billion (Cornell University). Even so, there are a lot of organizations out there helping. Many people are not aware about the human trafficking that is going on in the world and the things people go through while being trafficked. There are a lot of organizations out there helping, but are not creating awareness. There...
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...criminal activities. This has resulted in an unmatched scale of international crime. Global Crime Global crime threatens the safety and security of every person throughout the world. International crime is drug smuggling, human trafficking, trading in weapons, actions that involve serious violence and physical harm. Global crimes do not respect geographic borders. Non-violent crimes involve extortion, fraud, money laundering, counterfeiting, economic espionage, intellectual property theft, and cybercrimes. These global crimes are not influenced by violence, but cause major damage to those affected. Global Drug Trade According to the UN Drug Report 2012, between 153, and 300 million people consumed illicit drugs at least once last year (Wolf, 2012). Around 10% of users are considered “problem drug users”; this is a disturbing percentage because more than 100,000 people die each year as a result of illicit drug use (Wolf, 2012). The problems associated with the illegal drug trade continue to grow globally. Global drug abuse and ease of access have become extremely complex, as trafficking routes are shorter, varied, and easily traversed, and as the demand for heroin, cocaine, ecstasy, and amphetamines become increasingly global, so does drug trafficking (Interpol, 2011). The increasing demand for narcotics is...
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...“SOLD IN WAR: Women Trafficking and Armed Conflicts Introduction: A universal attribute of any society, tribe, or nation is its capacity and obvious willingness to wage wars. Whether or not to vanquish, to colonize, to protect, to develop, or to with ease set up a symbolic superiority, a nation’s use of military actions performs an primary function within the definition of that nation’s identification. Whatever the marketed purpose of a war, nonetheless, it is finally a social occasion that regularly allows for the dying and suffering of each warring parties and civilians and for the exploitation of thousands of men and women, children and adults on a grand scale. The chaos and turmoil of wartime seems to carry out the worst qualities in human beings. In an article published in the University of St. Thomas Law Journal it highlights that a major tenet of the laws of war is that “civilians, and women and children in particular, are to be protected from the trials and suffering of war to the fullest extent possible”. Therefore, it is ultimately the task of each military and its members to make sure their behaviors are consistent with the specifications in International Humanitarian Law (IHL). Even though the complete avoidance of civilian deaths and suffering is not realistic, it is the responsibility of an armed force to not intentionally target civilians and to consider operations in terms of the concepts of distinction, military necessity and proportionality. By their very nature...
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...“I am one or two days away from death; they will shoot me dead, thus if you give birth to a son please name him after me.” ----An Eritrean victim of human trafficking from The Sinai Desert INTRODUCTION This paper examines the issue of human trafficking as it relates to human security in the Horn of Africa. Trafficking takes place by criminal means through the threat or use of force, coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of positions of power or abuse of positions of vulnerability. Further, it relates to all stages of the trafficking process: recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of person. An agreed definition of human trafficking exists under Article 3 of the “Palermo Protocol” on trafficking in persons which went into effect on 25 December 2003. This internationally agreed definition focuses on exploitation of human beings – be it for sexual exploitation, other forms of forced labor, slavery, servitude, or for the removal of human organs. Trafficking is not just a transnational crime across international borders; the definition applies to internal domestic trafficking of human beings. In the Horn of Africa (HOA), both cross border and internal trafficking of women and children is prevalent. For example, in Ethiopia, children are being trafficked into armed conflict where it is reported that over 20,000 of them have been victims. Almost all of the countries in the region have been identified as sources, transit points or destination...
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