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Oleh Wiyoso Hadi, Pegawai Direktorat Jenderal Pajak Saat ini baru sekitar 20 juta atau 18% dari total 110 juta pekerja aktif di Indonesia yang ber-NPWP. Sedangkan dari 12,9 juta perusahaan yang beroperasi di Indonesia baru hampir 2 juta atau 15,5% perusahaan badan yang ber-NPWP. Artinya, 82% pekerja aktif dan 84,5% perusahaan badan di Indonesia belum ber-NPWP. Alasan mereka belum ber-NPWP bermacam-macam. Mulai dari ingin menghindari pajak, merasa tidak punya waktu ngurus NPWP, atau alasan-alasan lainnya. Tapi yang menarik adalah, ada juga yang enggan ber-NPWP karena berkeyakinan bahwa pajak adalah haram dalam agama. Pertanyaan sekarang adalah apakah memang pajak itu diharamkan dalam agama? Mari ditelisik dari sisi spiritual-keagamaan Hindu, Buddha, Kristen dan Islam. Dari sisi Hindu diatur di dalam kitab Manawa Dharma Sastra (MNS), terutama pada bagian yang membahas kewajiban Catur Varna (empat golongan): Brahmana, Ksatria, Vaisya, dan Sudra, bahwa diwajibkan bagi setiap Varna untuk membayar pajak. Pajak yang dipungut harus untuk keadilan dan pemerataan sosial. Sehingga orang cacat dan orang yang tidak memiliki sesuatu tidak diwajibkan membayar pajak. Menurut MNS, pajak adalah pungutan sebagai balas jasa rakyat atas jaminan keamanan yang diberikan raja atau negara. Mengacu pada MNS, maka seorang ksatria (raja atau petugas-petugas pemerintah) yang dalam keadaan negara susah mengambil seperempat dari hasil panen dinyatakan bebas dari kesalahan kalau ia melindungi rakyatnya dengan sebaik-baiknya menurut kemampuannya. Artinya raja ataupun negara dibenarkan untuk memungut pajak agar dapat memberi perlindungan dan keamanan kepada masyarakat. Kemudian dalam Veda, kitab suci umat Hindu, diatur bahwa raja atau negara dapat menjatuhkan sanksi kepada wajib pajak yang berusaha menghindari dari kewajiban membayar pajak, seperti dengan memalsukan data-data barang yang harus dikenai pajak misalnya. Atas penghindaran pajak semacam itu, wajib pajak dapat dikenai sanksi oleh raja atau negara berupa denda beberapa kali lipat dari nilai pajak yang harusnya ia bayar. Lalu bagaimana dari sisi Buddha? Sabda sang Buddha Gotama dalam kitab Anguttara Nikaya, "Dengan harta kekayaan yang dikumpulkannya dengan semangat, dengan cara sah dan tanpa kekerasan, seseorang dapat membuat dirinya, orangtuanya, istri dan anaknya juga bahagia, pelayan dan bawahannya, sahabat dan kenalannya dan orang-orang lain juga bahagia." Yaitu, lanjut sang Buddha, dengan cara "Membayar pajak dan memberikan persembahan kepada orang suci untuk mengumpulkan pahala." Artinya, seorang Buddhis yang taat agama akan membayar pajak kepada pemerintah sesuai dengan kemampuan yang dimilikinya. Sedangkan dalam tradisi Kristen, dikisahkan dalam Injil Matius 17 ayat 24 sampai 27 bahwa Yesus Kristus adalah seorang warga negara yang taat membayar pajak. Di Kapernaum, Yesus dan murid-muridnya didatangi pemungut pajak. Bertanyalah si pemungut pajak kepada Petrus: "Apakah gurumu (Yesus) tidak membayar pajak dua dirham itu?" Dijawab Petrus: "Memang mesti membayar?" Dan ketika Petrus masuk rumah, Yesus mendahului dengan pertanyaan: "Apakah pendapatmu, Simon? Dari siapakah raja-raja di dunia ini memungut bea dan pajak? Dari rakyatnya atau dari orang asing?" Jawab Petrus: "Dari orang asing!" Maka kata Yesus kepadanya: "Jadi, bebaslah rakyatnya. Tetapi supaya jangan kita menjadi batu sandungan bagi mereka, pergilah memancing ke danau. Dan ikan pertama yang kau pancing tangkaplah dan bukalah mulutnya, maka engkau akan menemukan mata uang empat dirham di dalamnya. Ambillah itu dan bayarkanlah (pajak) kepada mereka, bagiku, dan bagimu juga." Hukum Pajak menurut Islam Lalu bagaimana dalam Islam? Dari sisi Islam terdapat dua pendapat tentang pajak. Sejumlah ulama ada yang mengharamkan pajak, namun jumhur (mayoritas) ulama menghalalkan pajak. Kalangan ulama yang mengharamkan pajak mengacu pada hadits Nabi saw. yang menegaskan bahwa: "Tidak akan masuk surga orang yang memungut mukus" (HR. Abu Dawud, Ahmad, al-Baihaqi, al-Hakim, Ibn Khuzaimah). Dan sabda Nabi saw: "Sesungguhnya penarik mukus (tempatnya ada/diadzab) di neraka. " [HR Ahmad 4/109, Abu Dawud kitab Al-Imarah : 7] Ulama-ulama Madzhab Wahabi seperti Muhammad Nashiruddin al-Albani, Abdul Aziz bin Abdullah bin Baz, Muhammad bin Shalih al-'Utsaimin, dan Adz-Dzahabi menyamakan mukus ataupun 'usyr (artinya sepersepuluh) sebagai pajak atau cukai sehingga mereka, para ulama Wahabi itu, mengharamkan pajak dan bea cukai, dan menfatwakan bahwa petugas pajak maupun petugas bea cukai adalah pelaku dosa besar sehingga akan diazab dan tempat kembalinya adalah neraka jahannam. Lalu bagaimana dengan jumhur (mayoritas) ulama lainnya? Jumhur ulama berpendapat mukus ataupun 'usyr tidak dapat digeneralisasikan sebagai bea cukai apalagi pajak. Secara etimologis, mukus artinya pengurangan dengan penzhaliman. Sehingga mukus adalah segala pungutan (uang) yang diambil oleh makis (pemungut mukus atau kolektor retribusi) dari para pedagang yang lewat dengan cara-cara zhalim. Lalu apakah pajak yang dipungut pemerintah untuk membiayai fasilitas publik untuk dinikmati oleh para pembayar pajak itu juga adalah pungutan yang menzholimi (baca: mukus)? Para jumhur ulama Ahlul Sunnah wal Jama'ah dari empat madzhab, Syafi'i, Hanafi, Maliki dan Hanbali, sepakat bahwa pajak tidak dapat serta merta di-qiyas-kan (di-analogi-kan) sebagai mukus. Jumhur ulama sepakat bahwa pajak yang dipungut/dipotong oleh pemerintah guna mendanai dan memenuhi kebutuhan masyarakat luas seperti: membiayai tersedianya fasilitas-fasilitas jalan, jembatan, transportasi publik, listrik dengan harga terjangkau, rumah sakit murah pemerintah, obat-obat generik, keamanan oleh TNI dan POLRI, sekolah-sekolah murah negeri hingga ke pedesaan dan daerah terpencil, dan fasilitas-fasilitas layanan publik lainnya adalah bukan mukus sehingga halal untuk dipungut/dipotong sebagai pajak oleh pemerintah untuk kepentingan masyarakat juga. Bahkan mulai masa kepemerintahan khalifah kedua Islam, Sayyidina 'Umar bin al-Khaththab ra., pemerintah negara Islam saat itu memungut 'usyr alias pajak 10% atau cukai sebesar 10% atas suatu komoditas demi kemaslahatan masyarakat. 'Abdur Razaq dalam Mushannaf 'Abd ar-Razaq meriwayatkan dari 'Abdullah ibn 'Umar ra. yang menuturkan bahwa ayahnya 'Umar bin Khaththab ra. memungut pajak dari Nabth (gandum dan minyak zaitun) sebesar ½ 'usyr (5%) agar mereka lebih banyak membawanya ke Madinah. Sayyidina 'Umar bin Khaththab ra juga memungut 'usyr (10%) dari komoditas al-Quthniyah (biji-bijian seperti Adas, Buncis, dsb). Peristiwa fakta sejarah itu juga diriwayatkan oleh Ibn Abiy Syai'bah di dalam Mushannaf Ibn Abi Syai'bah dari 'Ubaydullah bin 'Abdullah ra. Maka tak heran jika jumhur ulama Madzhab Syafi'i, seperti Imam al-Ghazali, menyatakan bahwa memungut uang (pajak) selain zakat pada rakyat diperbolehkan jika memang diperlukan dan kas di Baitul Mal tidak lagi mencukupi untuk membiayai kebutuhan negara baik untuk perang atau keperluan negara lainnya. Namun jika masih ada dana di Baitul Mal, maka tidak boleh. Kemudian jumhur ulama Madzhab Hanafi, seperti Muhammad 'Uma'im al-Barkati, menyamakan pajak dengan naibah (jamaknya nawaib). Ia berpendapat bahwa naibah (pajak) boleh jika memang dibutuhkan untuk keperluan umum atau keperluan perang. Lalu jumhur ulama Madzhab Maliki, seperti Imam Al-Qurtubi, mengemukakan bahwa para ulama Madzhab Maliki sepakat atas dibolehkannya menarik pungutan (pajak) selain zakat apabila dibutuhkan. Selanjutnya jumhur ulama Madzhab Hanbali, seperti Ibnu Taimiyah, membolehkan pengumpulan pajak yang mereka sebut dengan al-kalf as-sulthaniyah. Jumhur ulama Madzhab Hanbali menilai bahwa pajak yang diambil dari orang-orang yang mampu secara ekonomis merupakan jihad harta. Juga ulama-ulama kontemporer seperti Rashid Ridha, Mahmud Syaltut, Abu Zahrah dan Yusuf Qardhawi berpendapat bahwa pajak dihalalkan dalam Islam. Rashid Ridha dalam Tafsir Al-Manar V/39 menafsirkan Qur'an Surat An-Nisaa' ayat ke-29 dengan penjelasan sebagai berikut, bahwa : "... adanya kewajiban bagi orang kaya untuk memberikan sebagian hartanya (dalam bentuk zakat) untuk kemaslahatan umum, dan mereka hendaknya dimotivasi untuk mereka mengeluarkan uang (di luar zakat) untuk kebaikan". Lalu Yusuf al-Qardhawi (Qaradawi) dalam kitab Fiqhuz Zakah (II/1077) menjelaskan bahwa negara terkadang tidak mampu untuk memenuhi kebutuhan pembangunannya. Untuk itu tiada jalan lain kecuali dengan mengumpulkan pajak. Dan hal itu, menurut al-Qardhawi, dapat dikategorikan sebagai salahsatu bentuk jihad harta. Selanjutnya, mufti Al-Azhar Mesir, Mahmud Syaltut, dalam kitab Al-Fatawa al-Kubra, menegaskan bahwa hakim boleh memungut pajak dari orang yang mampu secara ekonomis untuk kemaslahatan asalkan tidak berlebihan (melampaui batas). Juga Muhammad Abu Zahrah membolehkan pajak disamping zakat. Abu Zahrah menuturkan bahwa pajak tidak ada pada era Nabi saw, namun itu bukan karena pajak diharamkan dalam Islam, tapi karena pada masa itu solidaritas tolong menolong antar umat Islam dan semangat berinfak di luar zakat sangatlah tinggi. Dan persaudaraan yang terjalin antara kaum 'Anshar dan Muhajirin berhasil mempersempit jarak sosial dan ekonomi umat pada saat itu. Sehingga tidak diperlukan campur tangan negara dengan menarik pajak. Nah, dapat disimpulkan bahwa pajak tidak serta merta diharamkan dalam syari'at agama Hindu, Buddha, Kristen dan Islam kecuali oleh fatwa-fatwa beberapa ulama madzhab Wahabi. Sebagaimana pemerintahan Islam Sayyidina 'Umar bin Khattab ra yang menarik pajak ('usyr) 5% dan pajak 10% untuk menciptakan pertumbuhan dan menjaga stabilitas perekonomian negara, maka pemerintahan-pemerintahan negara berpenduduk Islam di dunia sekarang pun menarik pajak bukan dengan niat untuk menzholimi tapi untuk berfungsi sebagai salahsatu instrumen kebijakan fiskal untuk mewujudkan kemakmuran bangsa dan negara. *) Tulisan ini merupakan pendapat pribadi penulis dan bukan cerminan sikap instansi dimana penulis bekerja. * English * Bahasa Indonesia
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...Abstract I’m a CPA whom in which is working as a tax professional engaged to provide tax advice to my client with operations in the United States and internationally. My client has specifically requested information on strategies that she can use to minimize tax effects of foreign sourced income. First and foremost I must explain to my client the meaning of foreign sourced income. Foreign sourced income is, "...income earned from investments made outside of the domiciled country of the investing entity such as mutual fund and that is typically taxed at the foreign source." (Hanlon, Seth. 2012) Within the U.S., foreign sourced income is taxable to recipients although a foreign tax credit may be available for eligible taxpayers. Generally, it’s true that foreign income is taxed less heavily than U.S. income, both foreign and U.S. taxes on foreign sources income are likely to increase in the future. The increase will gradually take place, however, while being effective rates of taxation will continue to rise, leading to multinational companies to find new ways to take advantage of existing tax havens. Create a letter to communicate to your client Dear Client, To my understanding you're in the need of a professional opinion on tax advice with operations in the United States and internationally. Due to you having operations in the United States and also international you must report your worldwide income on your tax returns. Stated by the IRS "... if you are a U.S. citizen...

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Retiring Outside of the Usa

...will essentially be marketing is the countries themselves as a retirement destination for Americans that wish to retire outside of the United States. This service would have a primary location in the United States with satellite offices located in the capital cities of each country. This idea was inspired when I when I came across an article on Costa Rica and how it used to be a destination for retirees. Costa Rica was the first country to make a concerted effort to attract foreign retirees with a program of special benefits. Its pensionado program was responsible for bringing tens of thousands of foreign retirees, mostly Americans, to the country in the 1980s and 1990s. While the pensionado visa is still available in Costa Rica, many of the tax breaks and other special perks it once offerened have been discontinued. Costa Rica has also become expensive, both as a place to live and a place to own a home. For these reasons, while Costa Rica is perhaps the world’s best-known overseas retirement haven, it no longer qualifies as one of the best. This led me to search for countries that would fit the needs of those looking to retire outside of the United States. I am happy to report that I found the three countries of Belize, Panama, and Malaysia which more than fit the requirements. The first country on the list is Panama, which has picked up where Costa Rica left off. Officially the Republic of Panama it is the southernmost country of Central America. It is situated on...

Words: 2436 - Pages: 10