...TAXATION LAW I. General Principles POWER OF TAXATION TAXATION – power by which the sovereign through its law-making body raises revenue to defray the necessary expenses of government from among those who in some measure are privileged to enjoy its benefits and must bear its burdens. Two Fold Nature of the Power of Taxation 1. It is an inherent attribute of sovereignty 2. It is legislative in character Extent of Taxing Power Subject to constitutional and inherent restrictions, the power of taxation is regarded as comprehensive, unlimited, plenary and supreme. Scope of Legislative Taxing Power 1. Amount or rate of tax 2. Apportionment of the tax 3. Kind of tax 4. Method of collection 5. Purpose/s of its levy, provided it is for public purpose 6. Subject to be taxed, provided it is within its jurisdiction 7. Situs of taxation TAXES – enforced proportional contributions from the persons and property levied by the law-making body of the State by virtue of its sovereignty in support of government and for public needs. Characteristics of Taxes 1. forced charge; 2. pecuniary burden payable in money; 3. levied by the legislature; 4. assessed with some reasonable rule of apportionment; (see theoretical justice) 5. imposed by the State within its jurisdiction; 6. levied for a public purpose. Requisites of A Valid Tax 1. should be for a public purpose 2. the rule of taxation shall be uniform 3. that either the person...
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...I.GENERAL PRINCIPLES ( THE POWER OF TAXATION ( Definitions: 1. Taxation: Power by which the sovereign raises revenue to defray the necessary expenses of the government from among those who in some measure are privileged to enjoy its benefits and must bear its burden. 2. Taxes: Enforced proportional contribution from properties and persons levied by the State by virtue of its sovereignty for the support of government and for public needs. ( Characteristics of Taxes: 1. forced charge; 2. generally payable in money; 3. levied by the legislature; 4. assessed with some reasonable rule of apportionment; 5. imposed by the State within its jurisdiction; 6. levied for public purpose. ( Theories or bases of taxation: 1. Lifeblood Theory Taxes are the lifeblood of the nation. Without revenue raised from taxation, the government will not survive, resulting in detriment to society. Without taxes, the government would be paralyzed for lack of motive power to activate and operate it. (CIR vs Algue, Inc., et. al.) Illustrations of Lifeblood Theory: a. Collection of taxes may not be enjoined by injunction. b. Taxes could not be the subject of compensation and set-off. c. A valid tax may result in destruction of the taxpayer's property. 2. Necessity Theory Existence of a government is a necessity and cannot continue without any means to pay for expenses. a. Marshall Dictum “ Power to tax is the power to destroy” – describes the unlimitedness of the power...
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...public needs. * Taxation is a mode of raising revenue for public purposes. Limitations on the power to tax (a) Inherent Limitations 1. The levy must be for a public purpose; 2. Non-delegation in general of the power to tax – except in matters referring to collection and enforcement; 3. Exemption from taxation of government entities; and 4. The levy of the tax within territorial limits (subject to treaty stipulations) for the exercise of “effective jurisdiction” (the problem of situs in taxation). (b) Constitutional limitations protection of the laws 1. Due process of law and equal and equal protection of the laws 2. No imprisonment for non-payment of a poll tax 3. Non-impairment of contracts 4. Power of the Prime Minister to veto any particular items in a revenue or tariff bill 5. Uniformity in taxation 6. Authority of prime Minister to fix within specified limits, tariff rates 7. Exemption of charitable institutions, churches, etc. 8. Non-impairment of the jurisdiction of Supreme Court on tax cases Classifications of taxes: (a) According to the purposes for which it is applied 1. General – imposed without predetermined purpose and therefore, may be appropriated for general public purposes. 2. Special – imposed under special laws and the tax collected may not be appropriated or diverted to some purposes other than those provided in the special law. (b) According to who bears the burden of taxation 1. Direct – those...
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...Spanish Taxation System and the Manila Food Market: Indications of an Early Commercialized Economy LUIS ALONSO ALVAREZ Translated from Spanish by Trinidad O. Regala Before the Spanish conquest, Filipinos thrived on a system of mere subsistence.The Spaniards realized that in order for them to effectively maintain control of the colony they must improve the production of food and resources in the islands. To do this, the Spaniards instituted revenue-generating measures such as systematic taxation and compulsory sale of agricultural products to the colonial government. Later, having been introduced to better farming equipment, the natives were able to practice a more intensive form of agriculture that enabled them to sell to Chinese traders at higher market prices and fulfill their tax requirements. The 16th century galleon trade and a war against the Dutch, both of which required a vast array of construction materials and manpower, put an enormous strain on food and supply requirements and prompted colonial authorities to implement more coercive taxation and forced labor. By the 17th century, a survey of Manila provisions revealed growing mercantilism and a stable food supply owed to improved trading and surplus from trade and friar farmlands. No longer dependent on galleon trade, new patterns of consumption, foreign demand for agrarian resources and a legitimate labor market at the beginning of the 19th century signaled the era of modernization and growth for the Philippine economy...
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...COMPILED NOTES: SABABAN, MAMALATEO & CHAVEZ MARIVIC B. DE GRACIA TAXATION 2 MARIVIC DE GRACIA TRANSFER TAX -refers to the burden imposed upon the right to gratuitously transfer or transmit property, tangible or intangible from one person to another. Filing: within 6 months from the date of death 15%-relative 30%-stranger Filing: within 30 days from the date of donation -are taxes imposed upon the gratuitous disposition of private property. ESTATE TAX FORMULA: KINDS OF TRANSFER TAXES: ESTATE TAX NIRC Donation mortis causa Tax levied on the transmission of properties from decedent to his heirs Tax on the privilege to transmit property at death Excise tax or privilege tax Effective upon death Tax base is the net estate Net estate amounting to P200,000 is exempted 20% highest rate DONOR’S TAX NIRC Donation inter vivos Tax levied on the transmission of properties from a living person to another living person. Gross Estate (Sec. 85) TAX ON THE TRANSFER OF REAL PROPERTY LGC Less: Ordinary Deductions (Sec. 86)_____________ Equals: Net Estate before share of surviving spouse Less: Share of surviving spouse________________ Equals: Net estate before special deductions Less: Special deductions______________________ Equals: Net taxable estate Multiply:Tax Rate (Sec 84)______________________ Equals: Estate Tax Payable If there’s tax credit available: Excise tax or privilege tax Effective during the life time of the donor Tax base is the net gift within the calendar year...
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...Efficient Taxation for a Progressive Nation By 3000 BC Egypt had become a nation of stability and distinguished itself as a country with its own system of writing that transmitted wisdom and learning from one generation to the next. A succession of pharaohs had ruled the country to administer the resources and businesses of far-flung communities. In the absence of the use of money, taxes in the form of wheat and other field produce were collected by government bureaucrats based on estimated harvest. As early as the Egyptian times, the government spent revenues that were yet to be collected. In modern times, when we hear about “deficit spending”, we learned it from the Egyptians. The wheat or grains collected were stored in granaries where they are tallied and the records kept in the books. Surpluses after every good harvest were returned to the farmers during times of want and calamities. Others were used to supply the needs of their soldiers in their camps. Before the fall of Roman Empire, Europe had become the world’s central authority and had a established trade network that stretched from England and Germany into the Mediterranean countries. Rome had also provided a means of currency or the use of money for commerce and trade. The Roman government had also left a legacy of extensive system of paved roads, aqueducts or water system, and a form of government based on the local system. From these local governments, an economic system developed where labor was provided by...
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...INCOME TAXATION GBS 1 OBJECTIVE: The students at the end of the module should be able to distinguish the different kinds of taxes, the nature, scope, basis, theory, purpose, situs, limitations, subject of taxation and escape from taxation, the powers of the sovereign, characteristics of taxes, and the basic principles of a sound tax system, as well as the different taxable income and deductions. Definition of Terms TAXATION – is a power inherent in every sovereign state to impose a charge or burden upon persons, properties or rights to raise revenues for the use and support of the government and to enable it to discharge its appropriate functions. - It is a mode of raising revenue for public purposes. (Cooley) TAX – is a forced burden, charge, imposition or contribution assessed in accordance with some reasonable rule of apportionment by authority of the sovereign state upon person, property, or rights exercised, within its jurisdiction to provide public revenues for the support of the government, administration of the law or payment of public expenses. INCOME TAX SYSTEM OF THE PHILIPPINES • GROSS INCOME TAXATION-where a Final Tax is imposed on the gross amount of specified types of income. Example: Interest, royalty, prize, dividend, capital gain • NET INCOME TAXATION- certain deductions are allowed and subtracted from the aggregates of income not subject ot final tax; the tax is computed based on the resulting net income. THEORY AND BASIS OF TAXATION > necessity to defray the...
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...E-commerce Taxation: Towards its Legalization Have you ever wanted to buy something with just one click without having to pay much as the usual? With the easy access and affordable prices, online purchasing has become the most convenient way of shopping for most teenagers. The popularity of the Internet particularly Facebook, Instagram and other social networking sites attracted many retailers to invest their businesses online without having to pay taxes like any other retailers do. By this, e-commerce continues to grow with the advancement in technology as it overshadows the traditional way of running a business by the insignificant purpose of the physical interaction between the buyer and the seller. E-commerce in itself is classified into three types: business-to-consumer in which online stores sell products to final consumers; consumer-to-consumer just in the case of eBay and Amazon and; business-to-business which involves job recruiting, online advertising, credit, sales, and the like (U, 2002, p.6). With the emergence of e-commerce, brick and mortar stores are slowly starting to degrade, thus alarming the government on the collection of lesser tax since the law regarding electronic commerce taxation is still being debated. This income generating phenomenon has been an attractive target to the government to cope with its huge loss on tax collection. So why pay tax? Richard Carlson (2002) once said, “At tax time, it helps to remember that if your tax obligation has increased...
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...BUSINESS AND TRANSFER TAXATION 6th Edition (BY: VALENCIA & ROXAS) 40 SUGGESTED ANSWERS Chapter 6: DONOR’S TAX CHAPTER 6 DONOR’S TAX Problem 6-1 1. False – during the lifetime of the donor. 2. True 3. True 4. False – there is no consideration in donation. 5. True 6. False – It is enough that the duly representative of the incapacitated donee to receive the donation. 7. True 8. False – Real property donation must be put in writing regardless of value. 9. True 10. False – The value of donated personal property must exceed P5,000. 11. True 12. True 13. False – not gifts. 14. False – constitutes dividend income. 15. True Problem 6-2 1. False – dowry is not allowed to nonresident alien donor. 2. False – the donee’s identity is not material to make the donation valid. The donor can make donation to an unborn child. 3. True 4. True 5. False – If resident alien donates, he shall be subject to donor’s tax in the Philippines for his properties within and outside the Philippines 6. True 7. True 8. True 9. False – only one-half of the share is donated. 10. False – only if the gift is on account of marriage. 11. False – only the first P100,000 is exempt. 12. False – may be subject to business tax such as VAT, custom duties, or excise tax. 13. False - When the donee is a stranger, the tax rate is 30%. 14. ...
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...ATENEO CENTRAL BAR OPERATIONS 2007 Taxation Law SUMMER REVIEWER PART I – GENERAL PRINCIPLES TAXATION – power inherent in every sovereign State to impose a charge or burden upon persons, properties, or rights to raise revenues for the use and support of the government to enable it to discharge its appropriate functions SCOPE OF TAXATION TAXATION IS: Unlimited, Far-reaching, Plenary Comprehensive Supreme STAGES OF TAXATION: (LAP) 1. Levy 2. Assessment 3. Payment Basic Principles of a Sound Tax System 1. Fiscal Adequacy 2. Theoretical Justice 3. Administrative Feasibility INHERENT LIMITATIONS (SPING) 1) Situs or territoriality of taxation 2) Must be for a Public purpose • Test is whether proceeds will be used for something which is the duty of the State to provide. • Legislature is not required to adopt a policy of “all or none.” • Incidental benefit to individual does not defeat exemption 3) International comity • Property of a foreign State of government may not be taxed by another 4) Non-delegability of the taxing power • Contemplates power to QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor determine kind,thisobject, extent, are needed to see picture. amount, coverage, and situs of tax; • Distinguish from power to assess and collect • Exemptions: (a) presidential taxing powers; (b) local governments 5) Exemptions of Government agencies • Taking money from one pocket • to the other Applies only to entities exercising government functions (acta jure imperii) CONSTITUTIONAL...
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...Income Taxation (2009 Edition) Chapter 1 True or False 1-1 1. True 2. False. Taxation covers person, properties, rights and transactions. 3. False. Person in taxation includes the concept of partnership, corporation, estate and trust. 4. True 5. False. Taxation as a legislative process is under the power of the legislative body, the Congress. 6. False. Taxation is the primary source of government revenue. Usually, the government resorts to borrowing if taxes collected are not sufficient to defray its budgetary requirements. 7. True 8. True 9. False. Basically, taxes imposed are based on the ability of the taxpayer to pay. 10. False. It is the primary obligation of the state to protect all the constituents regardless of whether they pay or not their tax liabilities. True or False 1-2 1. True 2. True 3. True 4. True 5. True 6. False. The President cannot delegate the power of taxation, since taxation is not vested in the President. Taxation is vested in the legislative body. 7. False. Taxation cannot be separated from the state. The moment a state exists, taxation also exists. 8. False. The making of tax law is undertaken ahead of the collection of taxes. 9. False. Levying refers to the making of tax laws. 10. False. Only the legislative body, the Congress, can grant tax exemptions. True or False 1-3 1. False. It is the legislative branch of the government that is vested with the power of taxation. 2. False...
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...Indian BPOs – Waking up to the Philippines opportunity 1. How has the global economic downturn, discussed in the opening profile and throughout this chapter, impacted jobs outsourcing in the BPO industry? Starting out as a mortgage crises in the United States the economic crisis spread globally and lead to a worldwide recession. In such a difficult time, companies need to reduce costs and improve their performance in order to remain competitive on the market. Obviously, Outsourcing provides many benefits, such as improvement of process performance, reduction of fixed costs, increased flexibility, greater focus on core competencies and strategic business operations. The BPO service market presents growth estimated in 10 to 20% in the period 2008-2009, particularly in the last two quarters of 2008 and first quarters of 2009. However, in the short term, companies might not consider outsourcing as a solution in a financial crisis due to upfront investment and lack of managerial capabilities. In the first place, companies’ primary goal is to survive. They won’t start new projects. Thus, in times of crisis, company prefer cost reduction and investment delays rather than BPO and Offshoring. Nevertheless, in the long term, the economic crisis would result in an increase in demand for BPO services once the economy starts recovering. Furthermore, delay of other projects in times of crisis and recession also contributes to the expansion in the BPO industry. Companies will want to...
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...Income Taxation (2009 Edition) Chapter 1 True or False 1-1 1. True 2. False. Taxation covers person, properties, rights and transactions. 3. False. Person in taxation includes the concept of partnership, corporation, estate and trust. 4. True 5. False. Taxation as a legislative process is under the power of the legislative body, the Congress. 6. False. Taxation is the primary source of government revenue. Usually, the government resorts to borrowing if taxes collected are not sufficient to defray its budgetary requirements. 7. True 8. True 9. False. Basically, taxes imposed are based on the ability of the taxpayer to pay. 10. False. It is the primary obligation of the state to protect all the constituents regardless of whether they pay or not their tax liabilities. True or False 1-2 1. True 2. True 3. True 4. True 5. True 6. False. The President cannot delegate the power of taxation, since taxation is not vested in the President. Taxation is vested in the legislative body. 7. False. Taxation cannot be separated from the state. The moment a state exists, taxation also exists. 8. False. The making of tax law is undertaken ahead of the collection of taxes. 9. False. Levying refers to the making of tax laws. 10. False. Only the legislative body, the Congress, can grant tax exemptions. True or False 1-3 1. False. It is the legislative branch of the government that is vested with the power of taxation. 2. False...
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...PGC | Philippine Government & Constitution Prelims Reviewer THE CONCEPT OF STATE State o o Community of persons more or less numerous in number occupying the definite territory with government free of external control Elements: People A state can’t be a state without rational beings World is governed by laws of men People determines the law that can be applied Laws in this context: Laws of men ; not laws of nature Law: Law is ordinance of reason promulgated by the authority for the common good o 4 elements Reason Rule of action Anything that governs us is of reason Promulgated/Promulgation o Act of making o Informing others of the law o Congress is mandated/required to publish laws By the authority Congress makes the law Everything that we do is provided by the congress National in scope Local scope: mini-congress o Ordinance: available only to the place where official is elected Ordinance For the common good Majority: 50%+1 Territory Not limited to the land Pertains to the land, water, sea and air Countr has exclusive power and right If you’ll go to the other country, you’ll pay You have to know your territory o As a sovereign people, you are free to go to your territory without asking permission Government Agent of state ; not the actual state Forms of government o Monarchial Run by royalties Saudi, Brunei, Bahrain, UAE The King and Queen has actual powers Note: England is not a monarchial country ; the establishment...
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...public administration covers a wide range of issues and topics affecting government operations like taxation, public expenditures and borrowing, resource allocation, revenue administration, auditing and intergovernmental relations. As Briones (1996) puts it, “public fiscal administration embraces the formulation, implementation, and evaluation of policies and decisions on taxation and revenue administration; resource allocation, budgeting, and public expenditure; public borrowing and debt management; and accounting and auditing.” Through the years, many researches were devoted on these topics and issues; the government has also introduced reforms like reforms in tax administration, value added tax (VAT), expanded value added tax (E-VAT), procurement reforms, the medium-term expenditure framework (MTEF), accounting reforms, re-engineering the bureaucracy program (REBP), transforming local finance, and many others. Fiscal policy refers to the "measures employed by governments to stabilize the economy, specifically by manipulating the levels and allocations of taxes and government expenditures. Fiscal measures are frequently used in tandem with monetary policy to achieve certain goals."[1] In the Philippines, this is characterized by continuous and increasing levels of debt and budget deficits, though there have been improvements in the last few years.[2] The Philippine...
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