...The concept of this essay is to compare and contrast between the Scientific School of Thought and the Behaviorist School of Thought. To better understand this essay two matters must be understood, firstly understanding the meaning of management and secondly, the evolution of management. Management is a collection of different roles undertaken to achieve a job effectively. Another matter that needs to be understood is the evolution of management. Management has evolved from the classical approach to bureaucracy to human relations movement and social psychological schools and finally to modern approach to management. The individuals involved during the evolution of management are Frederick Winslow Taylor, Henri Fayol, Max Weber, and Elton Mayo. F. W. Taylor and Henri Fayol developed classical theories and were concerned with the arrangement and performance of a formal organisation. Max Weber developed a structure of organization known as bureaucracy. Weber developed six characteristics of bureaucracy as followed below: 1. Rules created by management, management will direct the lower levels of the organization by using in a steady and expected approach. 2. Separation of labour, each job is specified with different responsibilities and authority. 3. Hierarchical arrangement, each and every organization has a hierarchy of power. The top level staff gives direction to middle level staff and the middle level staff gives direction to the lower level...
Words: 1933 - Pages: 8
...Scientific Management Scientific Management was a new form of management that evolved in the late 1800’s that was based on a number of principles that analyzed the activities of individuals, which in turn, optimized efficiency and productivity. In this essay I will discuss the major advances that were pioneered by Frederick Winslow Taylor, Henry Gantt and Frank and Lillian Gilbreth. Frederick Winslow Taylor was thought of as the most influential business guru of the twentieth century. (154) Taylor was a well -educated man that started his work as a laborer and quickly moved up to a chief engineer at Midvale Steel Company. Through his various positions and experience within this company he discovered many problems that were apparent between management and laborer. His first attempt in his creation of Scientific Management was to combat a process called “soldiering”. Taylor observed how the process of soldering led to low production because workers had intentionally worked slow, while making management believe they were working faster. Taylor identified two types of soldiering that workers practiced: natural and systematic. Natural soldiering was referred to as the “the natural instinct and tendency of men to take it easy.” Managers tried to overcome natural soldiering by forcing workers to be more productive. (123) Systematic soldiering was when workers all together would reason with one another to work slower. Taylor believed that workers systematically soldiered...
Words: 2484 - Pages: 10
...“In the past the man has been first; in the future the system must be first.” (1. Taylor 1911: IV) This essay will explore why Taylor called his theory of management ‘scientific’. It will at first look at some fundamentals in Taylors work: measuring, standardizing and curing soldiering, then look at what happened with the perfect man, and further on conclude why this describes management as ‘scientific’. Firstly the essay will look at how Taylor measured manufacturing. Taylor discovered by dividing every movement done by a man into small pieces and time each piece, you can calculate the fastest possible way to do the work. For example Gilbreth (2. 1910-1924) measured how workers stamped dating requisitions, the results are shown in the following table: 1. One handed method | 1900 cards per hour | | 2. Two handed method | 2300 cards per hour | 21% more output | 3. Two hands and one foot method | 3050 cards per hour | 61% more output | (2. Developed from http://archive.org/details/OriginalFilm) As shown in the table provided, Gilbreth measured how much time was spent on stamping dates on cards. Based on these measurements he invented improvements to the stamping motions. That gave extraordinary results. In the last test with two-handed movement and stamping with a pedal he got 61% more output than in the first test with one handed stamping. By making all the workers do the same movement, the manager could get 1150 more cards stamped per worker per hour. Gilbreth basically...
Words: 726 - Pages: 3
...influential is Scientific Management in 21st Century? Please note: The referencing system used in this essay is NOT the Harvard System and therefore INCORRECT practice. Please ignore this style of referencing, the essay is shown as a model of good practice only re structure and analysis. How influential is scientific management in the 21st century? 1. Scientific management was originally developed in the 1800s by an economist, Adam Smith. He was interested in a factory that operated and produced pins, and through the breaking down of tasks e.g. division of labour he increased output from 20 pins per employee per day to 4,800 pins. However the greatest break through in scientific management came in the 1900s during the peak of the industrial revolution, and due to the emergence of the factory system more attention was being given to methods or factors that could contribute towards increasing output levels. It was here that Frederick Taylor began his studies into this field and his ideas were later furthered by individuals such as Gilbreth and Gantt. Despite each individual having a significant input into the study of scientific management Taylor was widely regarded as the ‘Father of Scientific Management’ and hence the term ‘Taylorism’ being introduced. 2. Technically Scientific Management is the “management thought concerned primarily with the physical efficiency of an individual worker”[1]. However George Ritzer defined Scientific Management as a procedure...
Words: 3243 - Pages: 13
...influential is Scientific Management in 21st Century? Please note: The referencing system used in this essay is NOT the Harvard System and therefore INCORRECT practice. Please ignore this style of referencing, the essay is shown as a model of good practice only re structure and analysis. How influential is scientific management in the 21st century? 1. Scientific management was originally developed in the 1800s by an economist, Adam Smith. He was interested in a factory that operated and produced pins, and through the breaking down of tasks e.g. division of labour he increased output from 20 pins per employee per day to 4,800 pins. However the greatest break through in scientific management came in the 1900s during the peak of the industrial revolution, and due to the emergence of the factory system more attention was being given to methods or factors that could contribute towards increasing output levels. It was here that Frederick Taylor began his studies into this field and his ideas were later furthered by individuals such as Gilbreth and Gantt. Despite each individual having a significant input into the study of scientific management Taylor was widely regarded as the ‘Father of Scientific Management’ and hence the term ‘Taylorism’ being introduced. 2. Technically Scientific Management is the “management thought concerned primarily with the physical efficiency of an individual worker”[1]. However George Ritzer defined Scientific Management as a procedure...
Words: 3243 - Pages: 13
...Frederick Taylor and his Contribution to Industrial Management By Isom Coleman III In partial fulfillment of the requirements for Masters of Science Degree in Workforce Education Leadership Program Fall 2014 How did current management theories develop? People have been managing work for hundreds of years, and we can trace formal management ideas to the 1700s. But the most significant developments in management theory emerged in the 20th century. We owe much of our understanding of managerial practices to the many theorists of this period, who tried to understand how best to conduct business. Historical Perspective One of the earliest of these theorists was Frederick Winslow Taylor. Frederick Winslow Taylor (March 20, 1856 – March 21, 1915) was an American mechanical engineer who sought to improve industrial efficiency. He was one of the first management consultants. Taylor was one of the intellectual leaders of the Efficiency Movement and his ideas, broadly conceived, were highly influential in the Progressive Era. Taylor summed up his efficiency techniques in his book The Principles of Scientific Management. He started the Scientific Management movement, and he and his associates were the first people to study the work process scientifically. They studied how work was performed, and they looked at how this affected worker productivity. Taylor's philosophy focused on the belief that making people work as hard as they could was not as efficient...
Words: 1032 - Pages: 5
...flowing from the people through elected institutions to the public administrator, that makes public administration distinctively public. Faithful execution of these laws is the highest calling of public administrators and the core of administrative accountability. The Nature of Knowledge in Public Administration Public administration refers to two distinguishable but intimately related activities: (1) a professional practice (profession, occupation, field of activity), and (2) an academic field which seeks to understand, extend, criticize, and improve that professional practice as well as to train individuals for that practice. The simple meaning of the term is quite direct: it refers on the one hand to the administration or management of matters which have mainly to do with the society, polity, and its subparts which are not fundamentally private, familial, commercial, or characteristic, and on the other hand to the well-organized study of such matters. In this simplest meaning, public administration has to do with supervision the realm of governmental and other public activities. This simple description conveys the core of public administration and perhaps covers the vast majority of activities and concerns of modern public administration. The concept of ‘Public Administration’ was started during eighteenth century; it was the mainstream approach toward the issue of motivation in Administration. Public and private in this respect are conflicting...
Words: 3843 - Pages: 16
...strived to develop one all encompassing theory that would improve management’s effectiveness within an organization and methods for dealing with the challenges they faced (Hartman, n.d.). There are three primary “classical” theories: Scientific Management, Bureaucratic Management / Autocratic management, and Administrative Management. This paper will discuss the three primary management theories as well as discuss several other theories relating to some of the primaries, and some that were slight precursors to the classical movement such as Change Management and Autocratic Management (Sridhar, n.d.). Classical Perspective The oldest of the "formal" viewpoints of management emerged during the late nineteenth and came to be known as the classical perspective. The classical perspective roots in management occurred rapidly through expanding manufacturing organizations that typified U.S and European industrialization. Early contributions were made by management practitioners and theorist from several corners of the world (Eastern, n.d.). The classical perspective consists of three main subfields: 1. Scientific Management (by Frederick Taylor) 2. Bureaucracy Management (by Max Weber) 3. Administrative Management (by Henry Fayol) Scientific Management Theory In the 19th century machinery was changing the means of production, and managers needed to find more efficient ways of production. Traditional methods of production, where a worker did all the steps to manufacture a good...
Words: 4106 - Pages: 17
...many different approaches of management theory. These theories exist because they are no longer relevant in today's environment, but a number of theories have been implemented as scientific management and human relations. Classical management emphasizes productivity by promoting efficient employees with bonuses. Human Relations emphasis on the motivation of the employees of both financial rewards and a variety of social factors , such as praise , a sense of belonging , and a sense of accomplishment . Scientific management uses incentives to encourage workers. This idea comes from Henry Gantt who introduced a bonus system, where workers have an incentive to complete their daily tasks by rewarding them with bonuses. Scientific management assumes employees as a “Rational Economic Man” are motivated by nothing else but money. Employees are paid more on the level of output, bonuses to achieve goals. Nevertheless, Human relations approaches, which are also focused on the welfare of workers, look after, and health needs will increase productivity, as Mayo said. Importantly, it means that workers are generally happier, thus enhancing their work productivity, as demonstrated in the Hawthorne studies .Therefore, this essay will compare and contrast the “Scientific management” and “Human Relations” approaches. During the term of the management classic, it is called a formal management science. The classical theory has focused on a decentralized management system and the relationship officially...
Words: 3061 - Pages: 13
...Introduction Scientific Management tries to increase productivity by increasing efficiency and wages of the workers. It finds out the best method for performing each job. It selects employees by using Scientific Selection Procedures. It provides Scientific Training and Development to the employees. It believes in having a close co-operation between management and employees. It uses Division of Labour. It tries to produce maximum output by fixing Performance Standards for each job and by having a Differential Piece-Rate System for payment of wages. Frederick W. Taylor was one of the most influential management theorists and is widely acclaimed as the ‘father of scientific management’. According to Northcraft and Neale (1990, p.41), “Scientific management took its name from the careful and systematic observational techniques it used to design jobs and arrange work for the rank-and-file factory worker”. Principles of Scientific Management The techniques, contributions and general principles of Scientific Management Theory are as follows:- 1. Performance Standards F.W. Taylor found out that there were no scientific performance standards. No one knew exactly how much work a worker should do in one hour or in one day. The work was fixed assuming rule of thumb or the amount of work done by an average worker. Taylor introduced Time and Motion Studies to fix performance standards. He fixed performance standards for time, cost, and quality of work, which lead to uniformity of work...
Words: 2719 - Pages: 11
...output, efficiency, profits, and wages. However his scientific principles worked and are still applied today in modern organizations. Therefore there are a lot of good and strong aspects in Taylorism theory applied in production, service and knowledge industry’s which is practiced in todays organizations-structure, rules, data collection analysis, performance reports, time deadlines. Taylorism has been very strong in the Industrialization of the BRIC economies, their economies-GDP-are expanding at a very high rate. China has a GDP growth of 7% to 12% during the GFC. However a social cost is cheap labour, de-skilling, disempowerment , silence and marginalization of workers. The issue is will there be structural and social change in China? Will there be a revolution one day against the system and the scientific principles of the government? There is definitely the rise of the middle class whom are wealthy and are diversifying to other parts of the world? Why? Are they unhappy living in China? Answers to these questions can imply that Taylorism has also a dark side, an extreme if taken over its full capacity. Forces of greed, selfishness, disassociation , non caring, non well being can also be prevalent. GOOD ASPECTS OF TAYLORISM ‘Toyota Motor Corporation in Freemon, California, pinned its recent success squarely on the “intelligent interpretation and application of Taylor’s time and motion studies.’(Kanigel,1997,p5) ‘Taylors work was, and still remains revolutionary. The...
Words: 1483 - Pages: 6
...TRADE UNIVERSITY | SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT AND HUMAN RELATIONS MOVEMENT – APPLICATION IN ORGANISATIONS OF THE 21st CENTURY | BUSINESS CORE INTERGRATED PROGRAMME – MR. TRAN QUOC TRUNG | PHAM THI YEN NHI – 1301BF5038 – K52BFA 5/22/2015 | In recent years, human society is having the most dramatically unmatched development speed. To meet the demand of today modern age and become pioneers or successful managers, each of us must have prompt and sensible ability to realize which changes are occurring and which trends are going to expand in the future. In order to realize those changes quickly and successfully, leaders of the 21st century should base on scientific management and human relations movement, which are respectively basic managing theories of Frederick W. Taylor and Elton Mayo. This leads to management and also art of managing have been playing a significant role in every side of our life. Moreover, to manage a world that never stops changing at present and in the future, managers, manage process and organizational methods will have many differentiations (Management in 21st century, Subir Chowdhury). Therefore, this essay will concentrate on the way how scientific management and human relations are applied in organizations of the 21st century. Some aspects such as: definition, practical examples and the applications of the theories in each circumstance of present will be mentioned. Scientific management is a manage theory developed by F. W. Taylor, based on the analysis...
Words: 3281 - Pages: 14
...THE EVOLUTION OF MANAGEMENT THOUGHT Second Edition DANIEL A. WREN The University of Oklahoma JOHN WILEY AND SONS New York • Chichester • Brisbane • Toronto CONTENTS PART ONE EARLY MANAGEMENT THOUGHT A PROLOGUE TO THE PAST 3 A Cultural Framework: The Economic Facet. The Social Facet. The Political Facet. P eople, Management, and Organizations: The Human Being. Organizations and Management. MANAGEMENT BEFORE INDUSTRIALIZATION 15 Management in Early Civilizations: The Near East. The Far East. Egypt. The Hebrews. Greece. Rome. The Catholic Church. Feudalism and the Middle Ages. The Revival of Commerce. T he Cultural Rebirth: The Protestant Ethic. A Criticism of the Weberian Thesis. Modern Support for Weber. The Liberty Ethic. The Market Ethic. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVE The Industrial Revolution in England: The Age of Machines. Management: the Fourth Factor of Production. M anagement Problems in the Early Factory: The Search for Managerial Talent. The Labor Problem. The Shortage of Skilled Labor. Training. Discipline and Motivation. Management Functions in the Early 42 Xll CONTENTS Factory. Cultural Consequences of the Industrial Revolution: The Condition of the Worker. Child and Female Labor. MANAGEMENT PIONEERS IN THE FACTORY SYSTEM Robert Owen: The Search for a New Harmony: Early Managerial Experiences. The Call for Reform. Charles Babbage: The Irascible Genius: The First Computer....
Words: 1240 - Pages: 5
...Introduction There is an old controversy going on which is “Is management an art or a science?”. Management is everywhere. It can be found in offices , schools, banks, Hospitals etc. Whether it be a profit or non-profit organization, it is required for the smooth transition of the business. There is no agreed definition for the term management but according to Harold Koontz, Management is defined as “the art of getting things done through others and with formally organized groups” (Koontz, 1954)..To be effective in management, A manager should have should have undergone necessary training and Should possess some individual skills. This essay seeks to explore the question ‘Is management an art or a science? This essay will analyze whether management from the perspective of an art and a science. .Management as an art Ayn Rand (1905-1982) defines art as “a selective re-creation of reality according to an artist’s metaphysical value-judgments. If those who believe that management were an art, they are those people who believe that there is no specific way to learn management and it just takes two things i.e. personality and ability to learn and understand management. Additionaly these people would also believe that people can’t be taught to be effective managers, throughout the years they become better through experience and training. But For Schein, (2001) People’s attention towards the environment becomes more clear ,provoke them to question long-held beliefs, encourage developing...
Words: 1726 - Pages: 7
